4.4.1 Ndaba

Ndaba na-ezo aka ole na ihe nnwale akwado a ọzọ n'ozuzu ọgwụgwụ.

Ọ dịghị nnwale zuru okè, na-eme nnyocha mepụtara ọtụtụ okwu na-akọwa na o kwere omume nsogbu. Ndaba na-ezo aka ókè nke ihe a akpan akpan nnwale akwado ụfọdụ ndị ọzọ n'ozuzu ọgwụgwụ. Social ọkà mmụta sayensị achọpụtawo na ọ na-enye aka kewaa ndaba n'ime anọ bụ isi e: mgbakọ na mwepụ ọgwụgwụ ndaba, esịtidem ndaba, rụọ ndaba, na mpụga ndaba (Shadish, Cook, and Campbell 2001, Ch 2) . Ịmụta ndị a echiche ga-enye gị a echiche checklist maka critiquing ma rụọ ọrụ na imewe na analysis nke nnwale, na ọ ga-enyere gị ekwurịta okwu na ndị ọzọ na-eme nnyocha.

Statistical ọgwụgwụ ndaba hiwere isi gburugburu ma mgbakọ na mwepụ analysis nke nnwale e mere n'ụzọ ziri ezi. Na onodu nke Schultz et al. (2007) dị otú ahụ Ajụjụ a nwere ike ihiwe isi ma na ha agbakọrọ ha p-ụkpụrụ n'ụzọ ziri ezi. Statistical analysis bụ n'ofè akporo nke akwụkwọ a, ma m nwere ike ikwu na mgbakọ na mwepụ ụkpụrụ dị mkpa iji chepụta ma nyochaa nwere agbanweghị na dijitalụ afọ. Otú ọ dị, dị iche iche data na gburugburu ebe obibi na dijitalụ nwere adịghị ike ọhụrụ mgbakọ na mwepụ ohere (eg, na iji igwe mmụta ụzọ na-eme atụmatụ heterogeneity ọgwụgwọ mmetụta (Imai and Ratkovic 2013) ) na ọhụrụ mgbakọ nsogbu (eg, igbochi na oke nwere (Higgins, Sävje, and Sekhon 2016) ).

Esịtidem ndaba hiwere isi gburugburu ma ibuo usoro e ji rụọ ha n'ụzọ ziri ezi. -Alọghachi nnwale nke Schultz et al. (2007) , ajụjụ banyere esịtidem ndaba nwere ike akpakwa gburugburu randomization, nnyefe nke ọgwụgwọ, na-amata ọtụtụ esi. Dị ka ihe atụ, i nwere ike na-echegbu na nnyocha na-enyere aka na agụghị electric mita reliably. N'ezie, Schultz na ndị ọrụ ibe ha nchegbu banyere nsogbu a na ha nwere a sample nke mita na-agụ ugboro abụọ; dabara nke ọma, nke a rụpụtara nnoo ka yiri. Ke ofụri ofụri, Schultz na ndị ọrụ ibe 'nnwale yiri ka elu esịtidem ndaba, ma nke a abụghị ekwecha; mgbagwoju ubi na online nwere mgbe na-agba n'ime nsogbu n'ezie anapụta nri ọgwụgwọ aka nri ndị mmadụ na odomo a ga esi maka onye ọ bụla. Ọ dabara nke ọma, dijitalụ afọ pụrụ inye aka belata nchegbu banyere esịtidem ndaba n'ihi na ọ na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo mfe iji hụ na ọgwụgwọ a napụtara dị ka e mere ndị na-azọrọ na e nweta ya na tụọ a ga esi maka ndị niile sonyere.

Rụọ ndaba emmepe gburugburu egwuregwu n'etiti data na usoro iwu chepụtara. Nte ikenemede ke Ibuot 2, chepụtara bụ nkịtị banye n'eluigwe na-elekọta mmadụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị mere banyere. O di nwute na, ndị a nkịtị banye n'eluigwe adịghị mgbe niile nwere doro anya ọkwụkwọ na nha. Alaghachi Schultz et al. (2007) , na-ekwu na injunctive-elekọta mmadụ norms ike belata ọkụ eletrik eji na-achọ na-eme nnyocha na-chepụta a ọgwụgwụ nke a ga ịgbanwe ihe "injunctive-elekọta mmadụ norms" (eg, ihe emoticon) na tụọ "eletrik eji". Na analọg nwere, ọtụtụ nnyocha e mere ha agwọ ọrịa na tụrụ ha onwe ha ga esi. Nke a na obibia ana achi achi na, ka o kwere mee, ndị nwere dakọtara na nkịtị chepụtara na-amu. Na dijitalụ nwere ebe na-eme nnyocha na onye òtù ọlụlụ na ụlọ ọrụ ma ọ bụ ọchịchị napụta agwọ ọrịa na-eji mgbe niile-on data na usoro tụọ ha pụta egwuregwu n'etiti nnwale na usoro iwu chepụtara pụrụ ịdị ala uko. N'ihi ya, m na-atụ anya na mmepụta ya ndaba ga na-aka enwe a ibu nchegbu na dijitalụ nwere karịa analọg nwere.

N'ikpeazụ, mpụga ndaba hiwere isi gburugburu ma na ihe ihe a ga-generalize ndị ọzọ ọnọdụ. Alaghachi Schultz et al. (2007) , onye pụrụ ịjụ, a ga-ahụ echiche-enye ndị mmadụ ihe ọmụma banyere ha ume ojiji na mmekọrịta ka ndị ọgbọ ha na ihe mgbaàmà nke injunctive norms (eg, ihe emoticon) -reduce ume ojiji ọ bụrụ na ọ e mere na a dị iche iche n'ụzọ na a dị iche iche ọnọdụ? N'ihi na ọtụtụ ọma-e na mma-agba ọsọ nwere, nchegbu banyere mpụga ndaba bụ hardest ilebara. N'oge gara aga, ndị a arụmụka banyere mpụga ndaba bụ ugboro ugboro nnọọ a ụyọkọ ndị nọ ọdụ n'ime ụlọ agbalị were ihe gaara mere ma ọ bụrụ na usoro e mere n'ụzọ dị iche, ma ọ bụ na a dị iche iche ebe, ma ọ bụ na mmadụ dị iche. Ọ dabara nke ọma, dijitalụ afọ enyere-eme nnyocha ịkwaga n'ofè ndị a data-free ịkọ nkọ na-amata mpụga ndaba empirically.

N'ihi na ya pụta si Schultz et al. (2007) bụ otú na-akpali akpali, a ụlọ ọrụ aha ya bụ Opower partnered na utilities na United States na-idokwa ọgwụgwọ ọzọ ọtụtụ ebe. Dabere na imewe nke Schultz et al. (2007) , Opower kere ahaziri Home Energy Reports nke nwere isi ihe abụọ modul, onye na-egosi a ezinụlọ si eletrik ojiji ikwu na ogbo ha na-emoticon na onye na-enye Atụmatụ maka ẹsụhọde ume ojiji (ọgụgụ 4.6). Mgbe ahụ, na mmekorita ya na-eme nnyocha, Opower efehe enweghị usoro na-achịkwa nwere na-amata mmetụta nke Home Energy Reports. Ọ bụ ezie na agwọ ọrịa ke a nwere na-a napụtakwara n'ụzọ nkịtị-emekarị site ochie gaferela eju mail-esi na ya pụta e tụrụ na-eji dijitalụ ngwaọrụ na ụwa nkịtị (eg, ike mita). Kama iji aka obon ozi a na research na-enyere aka na ịga ọ bụla ụlọ, ndị Opower nwere na-niile mere na mmekorita ya na ike ụlọ ọrụ na-enyere ndị na-eme nnyocha iji nweta ike agụ. N'ihi ya, ndị a na-ezughị ezu dijitalụ ubi nwere na-agba ọsọ na a oke ọnụ ọgụgụ na ala variable na-eri.

Ọgụgụ 4.6: The Home Energy Reports na Allcott (2011) nwere a Social Comparison modul na ihe Action Steps modul.

Na a mbụ set nke nwere metụtara 600,000 ezinụlọ ozi site 10 na ịba uru ụlọ ọrụ gburugburu United States, Allcott (2011) chọpụtara na Home Energy Report lowered ọkụ eletrik na oriri site 1.7%. Yabụ, na-arụpụta si ukwuu ka ibu, ihe geographically iche iche ọmụmụ ndị qualitatively-erite ụdị uru site Schultz et al. (2007) . Ma, mmetụta size bụ nta: na Schultz et al. (2007) na ezinụlọ na akọwa na injective norms ọnọdụ (onye na emoticon) belata ha ọkụ eletrik ojiji site 5%. The kpọmkwem ihe mere nke a dị iche bụ na-amaghị ama, ma Allcott (2011) kọrọ na ndị na-anata a ji aka dee emoticon dị ka akụkụ nke a ọmụmụ nkwado a mahadum nwere ike ibu mmetụta omume karịa ịnara ihe a biri ebi emoticon dị ka akụkụ nke a uka na-emepụta akụkọ si a ike ụlọ ọrụ.

Ọzọkwa, ụdi nnyocha, Allcott (2015) kọrọ na onye ọzọ na 101 nwere metụtara ihe ọzọ 8 nde ezinụlọ. Na ndị a na-esote 101 nwere ndị Home Energy Report wee na-eme ka ndị mmadụ belata ha ọkụ eletrik na oriri, ma mmetụta ndị ọbụna nta. The kpọmkwem kpatara nke a ojuju na-amaghị, ma Allcott (2015) kọrọ na ndị na irè nke akụkọ yiri ka adalata karịrị oge n'ihi na ọ na n'ezie na a na-etinyere iche iche nke sonyere. More kpọmkwem, utilities na ndị ọzọ gburugburu ebe obibi ebe ndị ọzọ yiri ịmụta ihe omume mbụ ma ndị ahịa ha nọ ihe anabata ọgwụgwọ. Dị ka utilities na-erughị gburugburu ebe obibi ahịa nakweere ihe omume, ya irè pụtara na-ojuju. N'ihi ya, dị nnọọ ka randomization na nnwale ana achi achi na ọgwụgwọ na akara otu ndị yiri, randomization na research saịtị ana achi achi na atụmatụ nwere ike generalized si a otu ìgwè nke ndị keere òkè na-a ọzọ n'ozuzu bi (chee echiche laa azụ Isi nke 3 banyere ụfọdụ). Ọ bụrụ na nnyocha saịtị na-adịghị sampled enweghị usoro, mgbe ahụ, generalization-ọbụna site a n'ụzọ zuru okè e mere na-eduziri nnwale-pụrụ ịbụ mfịna.

Ọnụ, ndị a 111 nwere-10 na Allcott (2011) na 101 na Allcott (2015) -involved banyere 8.5 nde ezinụlọ nile nke United States. Ha anọgide na-egosi na Home Energy Reports belata nkezi ọkụ eletrik na oriri, n'ihi na-akwado mbụ Nchoputa nke Schultz na ndị ọrụ ibe site na 300 n'ụlọ ke California. Wezụga nanị imepụtaghachi ndị a mbụ results, ndị na-elu-nwere na-egosikwa na size nke mmetụta dịgasị site na ọnọdụ. Nke a set nke nwere na-egosi abụọ ọzọ n'ozuzu ihe banyere ikpe digital ubi nwere. Akpa, na-eme nnyocha ga-enwe ike empirically adreesị nchegbu banyere mpụga ndaba mgbe na-eri nke na-agba ọsọ nwere bụ ala, na nke a nwere ike ime ma ọ bụrụ na ihe ga-esi na-ama na-tụrụ site na-mgbe niile-on data usoro. Ya mere, ọ na-egosi na nnyocha kwesịrị na anya-maka ndị ọzọ na-akpali ma dị mkpa akparamàgwà ndị na-ama na a na-dere, wee chepụta nwere na n'elu nke a ẹdude e ji atụ akụrụngwa. Nke abụọ, a set nke nwere echetara anyị na dijitalụ ubi nwere abụghị naanị online; esiwanye m na-atụ anya na ha ga-n'ebe nile na ọtụtụ ga esi tụrụ site sensọ na wuru gburugburu ebe obibi.

The anọ na ụdị nke ndaba-mgbakọ na mwepụ ọgwụgwụ ndaba, esịtidem ndaba, rụọ ndaba, mpụga ndaba-enye a iche echiche checklist iji nyere aka na-eme nnyocha amata ma ndị na-esi otu nnwale akwado a ọzọ n'ozuzu ọgwụgwụ. Tụnyere analọg afọ nwere, na dijitalụ afọ nwere na ọ ga-adị mfe iji lebara mpụga ndaba empirically na ọ ga-adị mfe iji hụ esịtidem ndaba. N'aka nke ọzọ, mbipụta nke mmepụta ya ndaba ga-eleghị anya ihe ịma aka na dijitalụ afọ nwere (ọ bụ ezie na ọ dịghị otú ahụ na Opower nwere).