Ọzọkwa nkọwa

Ngalaba a na-iji ike mee ka a kwuru okwu ya, kama na-agụ dị ka a kọrọ.

• Okwu Mmalite (Nkebi 5.1)

Mass mmekota na-ejikọta echiche site amaala sayensị, crowdsourcing, na mkpokọta ọgụgụ isi. Citizen sayensị na-emekarị pụtara metụtara "ụmụ amaala" (ie, na-abụghị ọkà mmụta sayensị) na nkà mmụta sayensị na usoro (Crain, Cooper, and Dickinson 2014) . Crowdsourcing emekarị pụtara na-ewere a nsogbu na-emekarị edozi n'ime ihe nzukọ na kama outsourcing ya a ìgwè mmadụ (Howe 2009) . Mkpokọta ọgụgụ isi na-emekarị pụtara dị iche iche nke ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu na-eme ihe ịgụnye ihe n'ụzọ na-iyi nwere ọgụgụ isi (Malone and Bernstein 2015) . Nielsen (2012) bụ a magburu akwụkwọ-ogologo iwebata n'ime ike nke uka mmekota maka nnyocha sayensị.

E nwere ọtụtụ ụdị nke uka mmekota na-ekwesịghịkwa neatly n'ime atọ edemede na m chọrọ, m na-eche atọ kwesịrị nlebara anya pụrụ iche n'ihi na ha nwere ike ịbụ uru na-elekọta mmadụ nnyocha na ụfọdụ ebe. Otu ihe atụ bụ amụma ahịa, ebe sonyere ịzụta na ahia contracts na-ịgbapụta agbapụta dabere na a ga esi na-eme na ụwa (Wolfers and Zitzewitz 2004; Arrow et al. 2008) . Ịkọ ahịa na-esikarị eme ihe sịrị na ndị ọchịchị n'ihi na ịkọ, na ịkọ ahịa nwere nakwa na e ji ndị na-elekọta mmadụ na-eme nnyocha ikwu ihe ga-replicability nke e bipụtara ọmụmụ na akparamaagwa (Dreber et al. 2015) .

A atụ nke abụọ nke na-adịghị dabara nke ọma n'ime m categorization atụmatụ bụ PolyMath oru ngo, ebe na-eme nnyocha rụkọrọ ọrụ site na iji blọọgụ na wikis iji gosi ọhụrụ ná mgbakọ na mwepụ theorems (Gowers and Nielsen 2009; Cranshaw and Kittur 2011; Nielsen 2012; Kloumann et al. 2016) . The PolyMath ngo bụ na ụzọ ụfọdụ yiri Netflix Nrite, ma na PolyMath oru ngo sonyere ọzọ ifịk ifịk wuru na ele mmadụ anya n'ihu ngwọta nke ndị ọzọ.

A atọ atụ nke na-adịghị dabara nke ọma n'ime m categorization atụmatụ bụ oge na-agbado mobilizations dị ka Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) Network Challenge (ie, na Red a fụrụ afụ Nsogbu). N'ihi na ihe ndị a na oge mwute mobilizations-ahụ Pickard et al. (2011) , Tang et al. (2011) , na Rutherford et al. (2013) .

• Human mgbakọ (Nkebi 5.2)

Okwu ahụ bụ "mmadụ mgbakọ" si arụ ọrụ mere site na kọmputa ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị, nke na-aghọta ihe ndị ọzọ n'azụ a research ga-mma gị ike ahọtakwara nsogbu ndị nwere ike ịbụ amenable ka ya. N'ihi na ụfọdụ ihe aga-eme, kọmputa na-incredibly dị ike na ike dị anya-uku ọbụna ọkachamara ụmụ mmadụ. Dị ka ihe atụ, na cheesi, kọmputa nwere ike iti ọbụna ndị kasị mma akwa nwe-. Ma-na a na-erughị ọma ekele na-elekọta mmadụ ọkà mmụta sayensị-maka ndị ọzọ ihe aga-eme, kọmputa ndị bụ n'ezie ukwuu njọ karịa mmadụ. Yabụ, ugbu a ị dị mma karịa ọbụna ihe ndị kasị ọkaibe kọmputa na ụfọdụ ihe aga-eme metụtara nhazi nke ihe oyiyi, video, ọdịyo, na ederede. N'ihi ya-dị ka n'ihe metụtara otu ihe magburu onwe XKCD katuunu-e nwere ihe aga-eme na ndị dị mfe maka kọmputa na-esikwara ndị, ma e nwekwara ihe aga-eme na-esi ike maka kọmputa na mfe n'ihi na ndị mmadụ (ọgụgụ 5.13). Computer ọkà mmụta sayensị na-arụ ọrụ ndị a siri ike na-kọmputa-mfe-for-mmadụ ihe aga-eme, ya mere, ghọtara na ha nwere ike na-agụnye ụmụ mmadụ ná mgbakọ usoro. Nke a bụ otú Luis von Ahn (2005) kwuru na ụmụ mmadụ na mgbakọ dị mgbe mbụ o chepụtara okwu bụ na ya dissertation: "a paradigm n'ihi tinye n'ọrụ mmadụ nhazi ike na-edozi nsogbu na kọmputa ike ma dozie."

Chepụta 5,13: N'ihi na ụfọdụ ihe aga-eme na kọmputa na-eju, di ike nke ụmụ mmadụ na ndị ọkachamara. Ma, n'ihi na ndị ọzọ na ihe aga-eme, ndị nkịtị bụ mmadụ pụrụ outperform ọbụna ọkaibe kọmputa usoro. Nnukwu ọnụ ọgụgụ nsogbu na-agụnye ihe aga-eme na-esi ike maka kọmputa na mfe n'ihi na ụmụ mmadụ nke ọma ruru eru n'ihi na mmadụ mgbakọ ahụ. -Eji dị ka usoro a kọwara n'ebe a: http://xkcd.com/license.html

Site na nke a definition FoldIt-nke m akọwara na ngalaba na-emeghe oku-pụrụ iwere mmadụ mgbakọ oru ngo. Otú ọ dị, m na-ahọrọ na categorize FoldIt dị ka ihe na-emeghe oku na-aga n'ihi na ọ na-achọ pụrụ iche na nkà na ọ na-ewe ihe ngwọta kasị mma nye onyinye kama iji a gbawara n'etiti-etinye-ikpokọta atụmatụ.

N'ihi na ihe ndị magburu onwe n'akwụkwọ ogologo ọgwụgwọ nke ụmụ mmadụ mgbakọ, na ihe ndị kasị n'ozuzu ya nke okwu a, gụọ Law and Ahn (2011) . Isi nke 3 nke Law and Ahn (2011) nwere ihe na-akpali ntụle nke ihe mgbagwoju ikpokọta nzọụkwụ karịa ndị n'isiokwu a.

Okwu ahụ bụ "gbawara n'etiti-etinye-ikpokọta" ji mee Wickham (2011) na-akọwa a atụmatụ maka mgbakọ na mwepụ Mgbakọ, ma ọ n'ụzọ zuru okè captures usoro nke ọtụtụ mmadụ mgbakọ oru ngo. The gbawara n'etiti-etinye-ikpokọta atụmatụ bụ nke yiri nke MapReduce kpuchie mepụtara na Google (Dean and Ghemawat 2004; Dean and Ghemawat 2008) .

Abụọ nkọ mmadụ mgbakọ oru ngo na-enweghị m ohere ikwurịta bụ ESP Game (Ahn and Dabbish 2004) na reCAPTCHA (Ahn et al. 2008) . Ma ndị a na oru ngo hụrụ ihe n'ụzọ na-akwali sonyere inye kpọọ on oyiyi. Otú ọ dị, ma ndị a oru ngo na-akpọlite usoro ziri ezi ajụjụ n'ihi na, n'adịghị Galaxy Zoo, ndị na-ESP Game na reCAPTCHA amaghị otú ha data a na-eji (Lung 2012; Zittrain 2008) .

Mmụọ nsọ site ESP Game, ọtụtụ ndị nchọpụta ahụ nwara imepe ọzọ "egwu na a nzube" (Ahn and Dabbish 2008) (ie, "mmadụ dabeere mgbakọ egwuregwu" (Pe-Than, Goh, and Lee 2015) ) na ike eji na-edozi a dịgasị iche iche nke nsogbu ndị ọzọ. Ihe ndị a "egwu na a nzube" nwekọrọ ọnụ bụ na ha na-agbalị ime ka aga-eme aka na ụmụ mmadụ mgbakọ atọ ụtọ. N'ihi ya, mgbe ndị ESP Game udeme otu gbawara n'etiti-etinye-ikpokọta Ọdịdị na Galaxy Zoo, ọ dị iche na otú sonyere-akpali-fun vs. agụụ ike inyere ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị.

My nkọwa nke Galaxy Zoo-adọrọ on Nielsen (2012) , Adams (2012) , Clery (2011) , na Hand (2010) , na m ngosi nke research mgbaru ọsọ nke Galaxy Zoo e mfe. Maka ozi na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke galaxy nhazi ọkwa na mbara igwe na otú Galaxy Zoo-aga n'ihu nke a na omenala, lee Masters (2012) na Marshall, Lintott, and Fletcher (2015) . Building on Galaxy Zoo, ndị na-eme nnyocha dechara Galaxy Zoo 2 nke anakọtara ihe karịrị 60 nde ihe mgbagwoju morphological classifications si afọ ofufo (Masters et al. 2011) . Ọzọkwa, ha branched si n'ime nsogbu mpụga nke ụyọkọ kpakpando morphology gụnyere ịgagharị elu nke ọnwa, na-achọ mbara ala, na transcribing ochie akwụkwọ. Ugbu a, ha nile oru ngo na-anakọtara na www.zooniverse.org (Cox et al. 2015) . Otu n'ime oru ngo-snapshot Serengeti-anya na Galaxy Zoo-ụdị image nhazi ọkwa oru ngo pụkwara mere maka gburugburu ebe obibi research (Swanson et al. 2016) .

N'ihi na-eme nnyocha na-eme atụmatụ iji a Micro-ọrụ ọrụ ahịa (eg, Amazon Mechanical Turk) maka mmadụ mgbakọ oru ngo, Chandler, Paolacci, and Mueller (2013) na Wang, Ipeirotis, and Provost (2015) na-enye ndụmọdụ dị mma banyere ọrụ imewe na ndị ọzọ yiri ha okwu.

Researchers mmasị na-eke ihe m na-akpọ abụọ emana mmadụ mgbakọ usoro (eg, na sistemụ na-eji ụmụ mmadụ kpọọ ịzụ a igwe mmụta nlereanya) nwere ike inwe mmasị Shamir et al. (2014) (n'ihi na ihe atụ iji ọdịyo) na Cheng and Bernstein (2015) . Ọzọkwa, ndị a oru ngo nwere ike mere na-emeghe oku, adịru oge na-eme nnyocha mpi ike igwe mmụta ụdị na kasị ukwuu amụma arụmọrụ. Dị ka ihe atụ, ndị Galaxy Zoo otu efehe ihe na-emeghe oku na-aga na hụrụ a ụzọ ọhụrụ na outperformed onye mepụtara na Banerji et al. (2010) ; -ahụ Dieleman, Willett, and Dambre (2015) maka nkọwa.

• Open oku (Nkebi 5.3)

Open oku abụghị ihe ọhụrụ. N'ezie, otu n'ime ihe ndị kasị mma-mara emeghe oku ụbọchị laghachi 1714, mgbe Britain nzuko omeiwu kere The Lonjituudu Nrite n'ihi na onye ọ bụla nwere ike ịzụlite a ụzọ chọpụta ihe na-lonjituudu nke a ụgbọ mmiri n'oké osimiri. The nsogbu stumped ọtụtụ n'ime ihe ndị kasị ọkà mmụta sayensị nke ụbọchị, gụnyere Isaac Newton, na-emeri ihe ngwọta E mechara osụk site a clockmaker si obodo bịakwutere nsogbu dị iche iche site na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị, bụ ndị lekwasịrị anya a ngwọta nke ga-n'ụzọ ụfọdụ na-agụnye astronomy (Sobel 1996) . Dị ka ihe atụ a na-egosi, otu ihe na-emeghe oku na-eche na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma bụ na ha na-enye ohere ndị na iche iche echiche na nkà (Boudreau and Lakhani 2013) . Lee Hong and Page (2004) na Page (2008) n'ihi na ihe na uru nke di iche iche na edozi nsogbu.

Onye ọ bụla nke na-emeghe oku ikpe ke ibuot na-achọ a bit nke nwetakwuo nkọwa maka ya mere na ọ bụ nke a, Atiya. Mbụ, otu ụzọ na m ịmata ọdịiche dị n'etiti mmadụ mgbakọ na-emeghe oku na-aga oru ngo bụ ma mmepụta bụ nkezi nke niile ngwọta (ụmụ mmadụ na mgbakọ) ma ọ bụ ihe ngwọta kasị mma (emeghe oku na-aga). The Netflix Nrite bụ dịtụ tricky na nke a n'ihi na ihe ngwọta kasị mma mesịrị bụrụ a ọkaibe nkezi nke onye ngwọta, ihe bịakwutere-akpọ onye na ensemble ngwọta (Bell, Koren, and Volinsky 2010; Feuerverger, He, and Khatri 2012) . Si n'ọnọdụ nke Netflix Otú ọ dị, ihe niile ha ga-eme bụ bulie kasị mma ngwọta.

Nke abụọ, site na ụfọdụ nkọwa nke mmadụ mgbakọ (eg, Von Ahn (2005) ), FoldIt a ga-atụle ka mmadụ mgbakọ oru ngo. Otú ọ dị, m na-ahọrọ na categorize FoldIt dị ka ihe na-emeghe oku na-aga n'ihi na ọ na-achọ pụrụ iche na nkà na ọ na-ewe ihe ngwọta kasị mma nye onyinye, kama site na iji a gbawara n'etiti-etinye-ikpokọta atụmatụ.

N'ikpeazụ, onye pụrụ ịrụ ụka na ọgbọ na-Patent bụ ihe atụ nke na-ekesa data collection. M na-ahọrọ na-agụnye ya dị ka ihe na-emeghe oku na-aga n'ihi na o nwere a zoo-dị ka Ọdịdị na nanị ndị kasị mma onyinye na-eji (ebe na-ekesa data collection, echiche nke ọma na ihe ọjọọ onyinye bụ obere doro anya).

N'ihi na ihe na Netflix Nrite,-ahụ Bennett and Lanning (2007) , Thompson (2008) , Bell, Koren, and Volinsky (2010) , na Feuerverger, He, and Khatri (2012) . Maka ozi on FoldIt ahụ, Cooper et al. (2010) , Andersen et al. (2012) , na Khatib et al. (2011) ; m nkọwa nke FoldIt adọrọ on nkowa na Nielsen (2012) , Bohannon (2009) , na Hand (2010) . Maka ozi on ọgbọ na-Patent,-ahụ Noveck (2006) , Bestor and Hamp (2010) , Ledford (2007) , na Noveck (2009) .

-Erite ụdị uru nke Glaeser et al. (2016) , Mayer-Schönberger and Cukier (2013) , Chapter 10 akụkọ nnukwu uru na arụpụtaghị ihe nke ụlọ nlekọta na New York City mgbe inspections na-eduzi amụma ụdị. Na New York City, ndị a amụma ụdị e wuru obodo ọrụ, ma n'ebe ndị ọzọ, otu nwere ike iche na ha nwere ike-kere ma ọ bụ mma na-emeghe na oku (eg, Glaeser et al. (2016) ). Otú ọ dị, otu nchegbu bụ isi na amụma ụdị a na-eji igbunye ego bụ na ụdị nwere ike sikwuo ẹdude biases. Ọtụtụ ndị nnyocha ama mara "ihe mkpofu dị, ekpofu ahịhịa", na na amụma ụdị ọ pụrụ ịbụ "echiche ọjọọ na, echiche ọjọọ ya." Lee Barocas and Selbst (2016) na O'Neil (2016) n'ihi na ihe n'ihe ize ndụ ndị amụma ụdị wuru na abụchaghị eziokwu ọzụzụ data.

Otu nsogbu na nwere ike ime ka ọchịchị na iji na-emeghe n'asọmpi bụ na ọ na-achọ data ntọhapụ, nke pụrụ iduga nzuzo imebi. N'ihi na ihe banyere nzuzo na data ntọhapụ na-emeghe oku na-ahụ Narayanan, Huey, and Felten (2016) na nkwurịta okwu ahụ n'Isi nke 6.

• -Ekesa data collection (Nkebi 5.4)

My nkọwa nke eBird adọrọ on nkowa na Bhattacharjee (2005) na Robbins (2013) . N'ihi na ihe na-esi na-eme nnyocha iji mgbakọ na mwepụ ụdị nyochaa eBird data ahụ Hurlbert and Liang (2012) na Fink et al. (2010) . Maka ozi na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke nwa amaala sayensị na ornothology,-ahụ Greenwood (2007) .

Maka ozi na Malawi Journals Project, na-ahụ Watkins and Swidler (2009) na Kaler, Watkins, and Angotti (2015) . Na n'ihi na ihe on a yiri oru ngo na South Africa, na-ahụ Angotti and Sennott (2015) . N'ihi na ihe atụ nke nnyocha iji data site na Malawi Journals Project-ahụ Kaler (2004) na Angotti et al. (2014) .

• Emebe gị onwe gị (Nkebi 5.5)

My obibia àjà imewe ndụmọdụ bụ inductive, dabere na ihe atụ nke ihe ịga nke ọma na-emezughị uka mmekota oru ngo na m na nụrụ banyere. E nwekwara a iyi nke research agbali ide ihe n'ozuzu na-elekọta mmadụ psychological chepụtara na-emebe online obodo na bụ mkpa ka imewe nke uka mmekota oru ngo, na-ahụ ihe atụ, Kraut et al. (2012) .

Banyere akpali akpali sonyere, ọ bụ n'ezie ezi tricky chepụta kpọmkwem ihe mere ndị mmadụ na-ekere òkè uka mmekota oru ngo (Nov, Arazy, and Anderson 2011; Cooper et al. 2010, Raddick et al. (2013) ; Tuite et al. 2011; Preist, Massung, and Coyle 2014) . Ọ bụrụ na ị na-eme atụmatụ na-akwali sonyere na ugwo on a Micro-ọrụ ọrụ ahịa (eg, Amazon Mechanical Turk) Kittur et al. (2013) na-enye ndụmọdụ ụfọdụ.

Banyere eme na anya, n'ihi na ihe atụ nke na-atụghị anya nchoputa pụtasịrị Zoouniverse oru ngo, na-ahụ Marshall, Lintott, and Fletcher (2015) .

Banyere ịbụ usoro ziri ezi, ụfọdụ ezi n'ozuzu ji malite ihe ndị o metụtara bụ Gilbert (2015) , Salehi et al. (2015) , Schmidt (2013) , Williamson (2016) , Resnik, Elliott, and Miller (2015) , na Zittrain (2008) . N'ihi na okwu kpọmkwem metụtara iwu mbipụta na ìgwè mmadụ ọrụ, ahụ Felstiner (2011) . O'Connor (2013) na-agwa ajụjụ banyere usoro ziri ezi nlekọta nke nnyocha mgbe ọrụ nke na-eme nnyocha na sonyere ghara ịma. N'ihi metụtara nkekọrịta data mgbe echebe participats na nwa amaala sayensị oru ngo, na-ahụ Bowser et al. (2014) . Ma Purdam (2014) na Windt and Humphreys (2016) nwere ụfọdụ kwurịta usoro ziri ezi okwu na-ekesa data collection. N'ikpeazụ, ọtụtụ oru ngo na-ekweta onyinye ahụ ma ghara inye chepụtara n'aka sonyere. Na Foldit, ndị Foldit Player na-emekarị edepụtara dị ka onye edemede (Cooper et al. 2010; Khatib et al. 2011) . Na ndị ọzọ na-emeghe oku na-aga oru ngo, na-emeri ntinye aka pụrụ mgbe mgbe dee a akwụkwọ na-akọwa ha ngwọta (eg, Bell, Koren, and Volinsky (2010) na Dieleman, Willett, and Dambre (2015) ). Na Galaxy Zoo ezinụlọ nke oru ngo, di na-arụsi ọrụ ike na mkpa nkwado na-mgbe ụfọdụ kpọrọ ka ha soro ngalaba-ede akwụkwọ na akwụkwọ. Dị ka ihe atụ, Ivan Terentev na Tim Matorny, abụọ Radio Galaxy Zoo sonyere na Russia, bụ ngalaba-ede akwụkwọ na otu nke akwụkwọ na malitere site na oru ngo (Banfield et al. 2016; Galaxy Zoo 2016) .