Ihe ị gụrụ na-esote

• Okwu Mmalite (nkebi nke 3.1)

Ọtụtụ n'ime isiokwu ndị a dị n'isi nke a ka ekwupụtakwala na ntụle ndị nlekọta na-adịbeghị anya na American Association of Public Opinion Research (AAPOR), dị ka ndị Dillman (2002) , Newport (2011) , Santos (2014) , na Link (2015) .

Maka nkọwa gbasara ọdịiche dị n'etiti nchọpụta nnyocha na nyocha miri emi, lee Small (2009) . N'ihe banyere nyochaa miri emi bụ ezinụlọ nke a na - akpọ ethnography. Na nyocha nke ndi mmadu, ndi oru nyocha na emefu oge karia oge ha na ndi ozo n'uwa ha. Maka ihe ndị ọzọ gbasara esemokwu dị iche iche na mkparịta ụka miri emi, lee Jerolmack and Khan (2014) . Maka onu ogugu di iche iche, lee Pink et al. (2015) .

Nkọwa m banyere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke nnyocha nnyocha dị oke nkenke iji tinye ọtụtụ n'ime ihe omume na-akpali akpali nke meworo. Maka ihe omuma ihe omuma, lee Smith (1976) , Converse (1987) , na Igo (2008) . Maka ihe ndị ọzọ gbasara echiche atọ nke nnyocha nyocha, lee Groves (2011) na Dillman, Smyth, and Christian (2008) (nke na-agbaji atọ ahụ dịtụ iche).

Groves and Kahn (1979) -atụgharị anya na ntụgharị site na nke mbụ ruo oge nke abụọ na nchọpụta nyocha site na iji nyochaa isi na isi na nyocha ihu na ihu igwe. ( ??? ) leghachi anya n'agbata akụkọ ihe mere eme nke usoro ntinye ntinye nyocha.

Maka uzo nyocha nke nyocha jiri gbanwee n'oge gara aga na nzaghachi nke ndi mmadu, lee Tourangeau (2004) , ( ??? ) , na Couper (2011) .

• Ịza ajụjụ na nyocha (ngalaba nke 3.2)

Ihe ndị ọkà n'akparamàgwà mmadụ na - arụ ọrụ ma na - adịghị ike nke ịjụ ma na - elele anya (dịka, Baumeister, Vohs, and Funder (2007) ) na ndị ọkà mmụta mmekọrịta ọha na eze (eg, Jerolmack and Khan (2014) ; Maynard (2014) Cerulo (2014) ; Vaisey (2014) Cerulo (2014) Vaisey (2014) , Jerolmack and Khan (2014) ] Ọdịiche dị n'etiti ịjụ ma na-ahụkwa na-esite na akụ na ụba, ebe ndị nchọpụta na-ekwurịta okwu ma kpughee mmasị ha. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, onye nchọpụta nwere ike ịjụ ndị na-azaghachi ma hà na-ahọrọ iri ice cream ma ọ bụ ịga mgbatị ahụ (kwuru mmasị), ma ọ bụ nwee ike ịhụ ugboro ole ndị mmadụ na-eri ice cream wee gaa mgbatị ahụ (a na-ekpughe ihe ndị masịrị gị). E nwere nnukwu obi abụọ banyere ụfọdụ ụdị nkwupụta data dị mkpa dịka akọwara ha na Hausman (2012) .

Otu isi okwu sitere na arụmụka ndị a bụ na akụkọ a na-akọ abụghị eziokwu mgbe niile. Mana, dịka a kọwara na isi nke 2, nnukwu ihe ọmụma data nwere ike ọ gaghị ezighi ezi, ha nwere ike ghara ịnakọta na ntinye mmasị, ma ha nwere ike ọ gaghị enwe ike ịnweta ndị nchọpụta. Ya mere, echere m na, n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, omume a kọrọ nwere ike ịba uru. Ọzọkwa, isi okwu nke abụọ na arụmụka ndị a bụ na akụkọ gbasara mmetụta uche, ihe ọmụma, atụmanya, na echiche adịghị mma mgbe niile. Ma, ọ bụrụ na ndị nchọpụta chọrọ ịma ihe gbasara ndị a n'ime etiti ahụ-ma ọ bụ inye aka kọwaa omume ụfọdụ maọbụ ihe a ga-akọwa-mgbe ahụ, ịrịọ nwere ike ịkwado. N'ezie, ịmụta ihe gbasara obodo dị iche iche site na ịjụ ajụjụ nwere ike bụrụ nsogbu n'ihi na mgbe ụfọdụ, ndị na-azaghachi onwe ha anaghị ama ọkwa ha (Nisbett and Wilson 1977) .

• Ọnụ ọgụgụ njehie niile (ngalaba 3.3)

Isi nke 1 nke Groves (2004) na-arụ ọrụ dị mma nke na-eme ka nkwonkwo okwu ndị na-adịghị ekwekọ na nke ndị nchọpụta nyocha jiri kọwaa usoro nchịkọta nchọpụta zuru ezu. Maka nyocha akwụkwọ nke ogologo nyocha usoro nyocha, lee Groves et al. (2009) , na maka nyocha akụkọ ihe mere eme, lee Groves and Lyberg (2010) .

Echiche nke decomposing njehie dị iche iche na mgbanwe dị iche iche na-abịa na ngwa igwe; lee, dịka ọmụmaatụ, mpaghara 7.3 nke Hastie, Tibshirani, and Friedman (2009) . Nke a na - eduga ndị nchọpụta ka ha kwuo okwu gbasara "ịjụ oyi".

N'ihe banyere nnọchiteanya, nkwalite dị ukwuu maka nsogbu nke nonresponse na nonresponse bụ Nyocha nke National Research Council bụ Nonresponse na Science Sciences: A Research Agenda (2013) . Akụkụ ọzọ bara uru nke Groves (2006) . Ọzọkwa, e bipụtara mbipụta pụrụ iche nke Journal of Official Statistics , Mkpebi Nzuzo nke Mba , na Annals nke American Academy of Political and Social Science na isiokwu nke enweghị nzaghachi. N'ikpeazụ, e nwere ọtụtụ ụzọ dị iche iche nke ịgbakọ ọnụego nzaghachi; a na-akọwa nkọwa ndị a n'ụzọ zuru ezu na akụkọ sitere n'aka The American Association of Public Opinion Researchers (AAPOR) ( ??? ) .

Maka onu ogugu na 1936 Literary Digest , see Bryson (1976) , Squire (1988) , Cahalan (1989) , na Lusinchi (2012) . Maka mkparịta ụka ọzọ banyere nghoputa a dịka ịdọ aka ná ntị banyere ịkọ data nchịkọta, lee Gayo-Avello (2011) . N'afọ 1936, George Gallup ji ụdị ihe atụ dị iche iche mara mma ma nwee ike ịmepụta atụmatụ ziri ezi na obere sample. Ọganihu Gallup na Literary Digest bụ ihe dị mkpa na mmepe nnyocha nyocha dị ka akọwapụtara na isi 3 nke @ converse_survey_1987; isi nke 4 nke Ohmer (2006) ; na isi 3 nke @ igo_averaged_2008.

N'ihe gbasara mmụba, nnukwu ihe enyemaka maka ịmepụta ajụjụ bụ Bradburn, Sudman, and Wansink (2004) . Maka ọgwụgwọ dị elu karị, lee Schuman and Presser (1996) , nke a na-elekwasị anya na ajụjụ ndị metụtara àgwà, na Saris and Gallhofer (2014) , bụ nke zuru oke. A na-ewere ụzọ dị iche iche maka mmesapụ aka na psychometrics, dị ka akọwara na ( ??? ) . More on pretesting dị na Presser and Blair (1994) , Presser et al. (2004) , na isi 8 nke Groves et al. (2009) . Maka ihe ndị ọzọ gbasara nnyocha ndị ahụ, lee Mutz (2011) .

N'ihe gbasara ọnụ ahịa, njedebe nke usoro mgbasa ozi na-akwụ ụgwọ n'etiti ahia nnyocha na nchọpụta nchọpụta bụ Groves (2004) .

• Onye na-ajụ (ngalaba 3.4)

Abụọ nchịkọta akwụkwọ-ogologo oge nyocha nke ọkọlọtọ ihe atụ na atụle bụ Lohr (2009) (ihe mmeghe ọzọ) na Särndal, Swensson, and Wretman (2003) (dịkwuo elu). Otu akwụkwọ mara mma nke ogologo oge na-esochi ọgwụ na usoro ndị yiri ya bụ Särndal and Lundström (2005) . N'ebe ụfọdụ, ndị nchọpụta maara nke ọma banyere ndị na-edeghị akwụkwọ, nke na-adịghị adị n'oge gara aga. Ụdị dịgasị iche iche nke mgbanwe ndị na-adịghị na-ekwe omume ga-ekwe omume mgbe ndị na-eme nchọpụta nwere ihe ọmụma gbasara ndị na-enweghị akwụkwọ, dika Kalton and Flores-Cervantes (2003) na Smith (2011) kọwara.

Nnyocha Xbox nke W. Wang et al. (2015) eji usoro a na-akpọ mgbanwe na otutu na post-stratification ("Mr. P.") nke na-enye ndị na-eme nchọpụta aka ịchọpụta otu pụtara ọbụna mgbe e nwere ọtụtụ, ọtụtụ ìgwè. Ọ bụ ezie na e nwere ụfọdụ arụmụka banyere atụmatụ nke atụmatụ a site na usoro a, o yiri ka ebe na-enye aka ịchọpụta. A na - eji usoro mbụ mee ihe na Park, Gelman, and Bafumi (2004) , na e nweela ojiji na arụmụka (Gelman 2007; Lax and Phillips 2009; Pacheco 2011; Buttice and Highton 2013; Toshkov 2015) . Maka ihe ndị ọzọ gbasara njikọta nke ịdị arọ na otu igwe, lee Gelman (2007) .

Maka ụzọ ndị ọzọ ị ga-esi na-atụba nchọpụta weebụ, lee Schonlau et al. (2009) , Bethlehem (2010) , na Valliant and Dever (2011) . Ogwe ntanetị nwere ike iji ma eleghị anya nlele ma ọ bụ enweghị ihe gbasara nke puru omume. Maka ndị ọzọ na ntanetị online, lee Callegaro et al. (2014) .

Mgbe ụfọdụ, ndị nchọpụta achọtala na ihe gbasara ihe puru omume na ihe ndị na-abụghị ihe gbasara nke a na-emepụta atụmatụ nke ụdị (Ansolabehere and Schaffner 2014) , ma ntụgharị ndị ọzọ achọpụtala na ihe ndị na-enweghị atụ nwere njọ (Malhotra and Krosnick 2007; Yeager et al. 2011) . Otu ihe kpatara ya maka esemokwu ndị a bụ na ihe atụ ndị na-abụghị ihe gbasara omume nwere mma karịa oge. Maka echiche ndị ọzọ na-enweghị nchekwube maka ụzọ nlele ụzọ na-enweghị ike ịhụ AAPOR Task Force na Ntinyeghị Ihe Nlereanya (Baker et al. 2013) , ana m atụ aro ka ị gụọ akụkọ na-esote nchịkọta akụkọ.

• Otu esi ajụọ (ngalaba nke 3.5)

Conrad and Schober (2008) bụ mpịakọta edetu nke a na-akpọ Ịhụ Interview Survey nke Future , ọ na-enyekwa echiche dịgasị iche banyere ọdịnihu nke ịjụ ajụjụ. Couper (2011) ekwu ebe dị iche iche, na Schober et al. (2015) enye ihe atụ dị mma nke otu ụzọ nchịkọta data na-ahaziri na ntọala ọhụrụ nwere ike isi nweta data dị elu. Schober and Conrad (2015) enye otu arụmụka zuru ụwa ọnụ banyere ịnọgide na-agbanwe usoro nnyocha nyocha iji kwekọọ na mgbanwe nke ọha mmadụ.

Tourangeau and Yan (2007) nyochaa okwu nyocha nke mkparịta ụka na-enweghị isi na ajụjụ ndị siri ike, na Lind et al. (2013) enye ụfọdụ ihe kpatara ya mere ndị mmadụ nwere ike iji kọwaa ozi ndị ọzọ dị nro na nyocha nke kọmputa. Maka onu ogugu nke ndi mmadu gbara uzo na onu ogugu ndi ozo n'oru nyocha, lee Maynard and Schaeffer (1997) , Maynard, Freese, and Schaeffer (2010) , Conrad et al. (2013) , na Schaeffer et al. (2013) . Maka ihe ndị ọzọ gbasara nchọpụta ndị na-agwakọta, lee Dillman, Smyth, and Christian (2014) .

Stone et al. (2007) enye usoro nyocha akwụkwọ ogologo oge nke nlele anya oge obibi na usoro ndị metụtara ya.

Maka ndụmọdụ ndị ọzọ maka ịme nnyocha ka ihe na-atọ ụtọ ma dị oke uru maka ndị na-eme nnyocha, lee ọrụ na usoro azuziri ahazi (Dillman, Smyth, and Christian 2014) . Maka ihe atụ ọzọ na-adọrọ mmasị nke iji ngwa Facebook maka nchọpụta sayensị, hụ Bail (2015) .

• Nchọpụta e jikọtara na nnukwu data data (ngalaba 3.6)

Judson (2007) akọwa usoro nke ijikọta nyocha na data nchịkọta dị ka "ntinye ihe ọmụma" ma kwurịta ụfọdụ uru nke ụzọ a, yana inye ụfọdụ ihe atụ.

Banyere ịrịọ arịrịọ bara ụba, e nwewo ọtụtụ mgbalị ndị gara aga iji mee ka ịme ntuli aka. Iji nyochaa akwụkwọ ndị ahụ, lee Belli et al. (1999) , Ansolabehere and Hersh (2012) , Hanmer, Banks, and White (2014) , na Berent, Krosnick, and Lupia (2016) . Lee Berent, Krosnick, and Lupia (2016) maka echiche ndị ọzọ na-enweghị atụ banyere ihe ndị e mere na Ansolabehere and Hersh (2012) .

Ọ dị mkpa iburu n'uche na ọ bụ ezie na àgwà nke data Katalist siri na Ansolabehere na Hersh gbara ume, nyocha ndị ọzọ nke ndị na-ere ahịa anaghị enwe obi ụtọ. Pasek et al. (2014) achọtaraghị mma mgbe e jiri nyocha sitere na otu ụlọ ọrụ Marketing Systems (nke a n'onwe ya jikọtara data site n'aka ndị ọrụ atọ: Acxiom, Experian, na InfoUSA). Nke ahụ bụ, faịlụ data adabaghị nzaghachi nchọpụta nke ndị nchọpụta na-atụ anya na ha bụ ndị ziri ezi, faịlụ ndị na-ere na-abaghịrị data maka ọtụtụ ajụjụ, na njirimara data na-efunahụ ejikọtara ya na nyocha ọchụchọ a kọọrọ (na okwu ndị ọzọ, ihe efu data dị na-arụ ọrụ, ọ bụghị na nzuzo).

Maka ihe ndị ọzọ na ndekọ ndekọ n'etiti nnyocha na data nhazi, lee Sakshaug and Kreuter (2012) na Schnell (2013) . Maka nkọwa ndị ọzọ na ndekọ ndekọ n'ozuzu, lee Dunn (1946) na Fellegi and Sunter (1969) (akụkọ ihe mere eme) na Larsen and Winkler (2014) (oge a). E mepụtawokwa ihe ndị dị otú ahụ na sayensị kọmputa dị n'okpuru aha ndị dị ka data denuplication, njirimara njirimara, nha aha, nchọpụta abụọ, na nchọpụta ihe ndekọ abụọ (Elmagarmid, Ipeirotis, and Verykios 2007) . Enwerekwa ihe nchebe na-echekwa usoro ịdekọ njikọ nke na-achọghị ịnyefe ozi nkeonwe (Schnell 2013) . Ndị na-eme nchọpụta na Facebook mepụtara usoro iji jikọta ihe ndekọ ha na-emetụta ihe omume gbasara ntuli aka (Jones et al. 2013) ; a mere njikọ a iji nyochaa nnwale nke m ga-agwa gị banyere isi nke 4 (Bond et al. 2012) . Maka inweta ihe kariri inweta nkwenye maka njikọ ndekọ, lee Sakshaug et al. (2012) .

Ihe atụ ọzọ nke ijikọta nnyocha gbasara ọha na eze na ihe ndekọ nchịkwa gọọmenti sitere na Health and Retirement Survey na Ụlọ Nche Nchebe. Maka ihe ndị ọzọ gbasara ọmụmụ ihe ahụ, tinyere ozi banyere usoro nkwenye, lee Olson (1996, 1999) .

Usoro nke ijikọta ọtụtụ ebe nke ndekọ ndekọ ihe nchịkwa n'ime data data-usoro nke Catalist ji rụọ ọrụ-bụ nke a na-ahụkarị n'ọfịs ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ụfọdụ gọọmentị mba. Ndị nchọpụta abụọ sitere na Statistics Sweden edeela akwụkwọ zuru ezu banyere isiokwu (Wallgren and Wallgren 2007) . Maka ihe atụ nke usoro a na otu otu na United States (Olmstead County, Minnesota, ụlọ nke Mayo Clinic), lee Sauver et al. (2011) . Maka ozi gbasara njehie nke nwere ike ịpụta na ndekọ Groen (2012) , lee Groen (2012) .

Ụzọ ọzọ nke ndị na-eme nchọpụta nwere ike isi jiri nnukwu ihe ọmụma data na nchọpụta nyocha dị ka oghere ntanetị maka ndị nwere àgwà ụfọdụ. N'ụzọ dị mwute, ụzọ a nwere ike ịjụ ajụjụ metụtara nzuzo (Beskow, Sandler, and Weinberger 2006) .

N'ihe gbasara ịrịọ ajuju, nke a abụghị ihe ọhụrụ ka ọ dị ka esi akọwa ya. O nwere njikọ miri emi na mpaghara ukwu atọ dị na ọnụ ọgụgụ: ndabere post-stratification (Little 1993) , ntinye (Rubin 2004) , na obere mpaghara atụmatụ (Rao and Molina 2015) . A na - ejikọta ya na iji mgbagwoju anya na nchọpụta ahụike (Pepe 1992) .

Ọnụ ego na oge na Blumenstock, Cadamuro, and On (2015) ezo aka na ọnụ-efu-ụgwọ nke otu nyocha ọzọ - ma ghara itinye ego efu dịka ego nke nhicha na nhazi data oku. N'ozuzu, ịrịọ ịrị elu nwere ike ịnwe ụgwọ dị oke elu na ụgwọ efu dị ala yiri nke nyocha dijitalụ (lee isi 4). Maka ihe ndị ọzọ gbasara nyocha nke ekwentị mkpanaaka na mba ndị na-emepe emepe, lee Dabalen et al. (2016) .

Maka echiche gbasara otu esi emewanye ka ị jụọ ajụjụ ka mma, ana m atụ aro ịmatakwu banyere ọnụọgụ ọtụtụ (Rubin 2004) . Ozokwa, ọ bụrụ na ndị na-eme nchọpụta na-arịwanye elu na-arịọ maka nlekọta ọnụ ọgụgụ, karịa àgwà onye ọ bụla, mgbe ahụ, ịbịaru King and Lu (2008) na Hopkins and King (2010) nwere ike ịba uru. N'ikpeazụ, maka ịmatakwu banyere mmụta igwe na Blumenstock, Cadamuro, and On (2015) , lee James et al. (2013) (ihe mmeghe ọzọ) ma ọ bụ Hastie, Tibshirani, and Friedman (2009) (dịkwuo elu).

Otu okwu gbasara okwu gbasara ịrị elu bụ na enwere ike iji ya mee ka ndị mmadụ ghara ịhọrọ ikpughe na nnyocha e mere na Kosinski, Stillwell, and Graepel (2013) .