Sim kawm ntsuas dab tsi tshwm sim. Mechanisms piav yog vim li cas thiab yuav ua li cas nws tshwm sim.
Qhov thib peb tseem ceeb lub tswv yim kev tsiv tshaj yooj yooj yim thwmsim yog mechanisms. Mechanisms qhia rau peb yog vim li cas los yog yuav ua li cas ib tug kev kho mob tshwm sim los ib cov nyhuv. Tus txheej txheem ntawm searching rau mechanisms tej thaum kuj hu ua tab tom nrhiav rau intervening variables los yog mediating zog. Txawm tias thwmsim zoo rau kwv yees causal los, lawv muaj feem ntau tsis tsim los qhia mechanisms. Cov muaj hnub nyoog thwmsim yuav pab tau kom peb paub mechanisms nyob rau hauv ob txoj kev: 1) lawv pab kom peb mus sau ntxiv cov txheej txheem cov ntaub ntawv thiab 2) lawv pab kom peb los ntsuam xyuas ntau yam kev kho mob.
Vim hais tias mechanisms yog lo qhia los txhais tau thawm xyoo (Hedström and Ylikoski 2010) , kuv yuav mus pib nrog ib tug piv txwv yooj yim: limes thiab scurvy (Gerber and Green 2012) . Nyob rau hauv lub 18th xyoo pua cov kws kho mob muaj ib tug zoo zoo nkauj siab hais tias thaum cov neeg tsav nkoj noj limes lawv tsis tau txais scurvy. Scurvy yog ib tug txaus ntshai tus kab mob li no yog haib ntaub ntawv. Tab sis, cov kws kho mob tsis paub yog vim li cas limes tiv thaiv scurvy. Nws tsis yog kom txog thaum 1932, yuav luag 200 xyoo tom qab ntawd, uas zaum yuav nti qhia tias vitamin C yog vim li cas hais tias txiv qaub tiv thaiv scurvy (Carpenter 1988, p 191) . Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, vitamin C yog lub mechanism los ntawm kev uas limes tiv thaiv scurvy (Daim duab 4.9). Ntawm cov hoob kawm, kev txheeb xyuas cov mechanism yog qho tseem ceeb heev ncav-ntau ntau science yog hais txog kev to taub yog vim li cas tej yam tshwm sim. Nrhiav mechanisms yog qho tseem ceeb heev suab. Thaum peb to taub vim li cas ib tug kev kho mob ua hauj lwm, peb muaj peev xwm muaj feem tsim tshiab kev kho mob uas ua hauj lwm txawm zoo dua.
Tu siab, cais mechanisms yog heev yooj yim. Tsis zoo li limes thiab scurvy, nyob rau hauv ntau cov kev sib raug nqis, kev kho mob tej zaum koj khiav lag luam los ntawm ntau sib xyaw pathways, uas ua rau kev rho tawm ntawm mechanisms tsis tshua muaj neeg yooj yim. Txawm li cas los, nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev cai thiab lub zog siv, kev soj ntsuam tau sim cais tawm mechanisms los mus sau cov txheej txheem cov ntaub ntawv thiab kev soj ntsuam txog kev kho mob.
Ib txoj kev kuaj tau mechanisms yog los mus sau cov txheej txheem ntaub ntawv hais txog yuav ua li cas cov kev kho mob uas raug tau mechanisms. Piv txwv li, rov qab hais tias Allcott (2011) pom tias Home Energy Reports tshwm sim los neeg kom txo tau lawv hluav taws xob pab. Tab sis, yuav ua li cas ua cov lus ceeb toom sab hluav taws xob pab? Yuav ua li cas yog cov mechanisms? Nyob rau hauv ib qab-up kev tshawb no, Allcott and Rogers (2014) tau koom tes nrog ib lub hwj chim lub tuam txhab uas, los ntawm ib tug rebate kev pab cuam, tau mas yuav kis tau cov lus qhia txog uas tau txais kev pab kho lawv cov khoom siv rau ntau zog npaum qauv. Allcott and Rogers (2014) pom tias ib nyuag ntau neeg uas tau txais lub tsev zog Reports kho lawv cov khoom siv. Tab sis, qhov no txawv yog li ntawd me me hais tias nws yuav tsuas tau dab tsi rau 2% ntawm cov txo nyob rau hauv lub zog siv nyob rau hauv lub kho tsev neeg. Nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus, kws hloov khoom dua tshiab twb tsis tseem ceeb mechanism los ntawm kev uas lub tsev Zog Daim ntawv qhia txog poob hluav taws xob noj.
Ib tug thib ob txoj kev uas yuav kawm mechanisms yog khiav thwmsim nrog me ntsis txawv versions ntawm cov kev kho mob. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv lub sim ntawm Schultz et al. (2007) thiab tag nrho cov tom ntej Home Energy Daim ntawv qhia txog thwmsim, koom tau muab nrog ib tug kev kho mob uas muaj ob lub ntsiab qhov chaw 1) tswv yim txog cov txhab zog thiab 2) cov lus qhia txog lawv lub zog siv txheeb ze rau lawv cov phooj ywg (Daim duab 4.6). Yog li, nws yog tau hais tias lub zog tswv yim txuag yog dab tsi tshwm sim los ntawm qhov kev hloov, tsis yog tus phooj ywg cov lus qhia. Yuav kom ntsuam xyuas lub tau hais tias lub tswv yim ib leeg yuav tau txaus, Ferraro, Miranda, and Price (2011) tau koom tes nrog ib tug dej lub tuam txhab nyob ze Atlanta, GA, thiab khiav ib yam xyaum ua tej yam rau txuag dej uas muaj txog 100,000 tsev neeg. Muaj plaub yam kev mob:
Cov soj ntsuam ntawm pom tias cov tswv yim xwb kev kho mob twb tsis muaj ntxim rau cov kev siv dej nyob rau hauv lub luv luv (ib xyoos), medium (ob xyoos), thiab ntev (peb lub xyoo) lub sij hawm. Lub tswv yim + tsis txaus siab kev kho mob tshwm sim los koom kom txo tau kev siv dej, tiam sis tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub luv luv-lub sij hawm. Thaum kawg, lub tswv yim + tsis txaus siab + phooj ywg ntaub ntawv kev kho mob tshwm sim los poob pab nyob rau hauv lub luv luv, nruab nrab, thiab ntev lub sij hawm (Daim duab 4.10). Tej kev thwmsim nrog unbundled kev kho mob yog ib tug zoo txoj kev uas yuav paub tseeb seb uas yog ib feem ntawm cov kev kho mob los yog qhov twg ua ke-yog cov uas yog yuav ua tau rau cov nyhuv (Gerber and Green 2012, Sec. 10.6) . Piv txwv li, qhov xyaum ua tej ntawm Ferraro thiab lug txhawb cov miv qhia tau hais tias peb hais tias tswv yim txuag dej ib leeg yog tsis txaus kom txo tau kev siv dej.
Qhov tseeb tiag mas, ib tug yuav dhau mus lub layering ntawm Cheebtsam (tswv yim; lub tswv yim + rov hais dua; lub tswv yim + tsis txaus siab + phooj ywg ntaub ntawv) mus rau ib tug tag nrho factorial tsim-tej thaum kuj hu ua ib tug \ (2 ^ k \) factorial tsim-nyob qhov twg txhua tau ua ke ntawm lub peb hais yog kuaj (rooj 4.1). Los ntawm kev soj ntsuam txhua txhua tau ua ke ntawm Cheebtsam, soj ntsuam tau siab ntsuam xyuas cov nyhuv ntawm txhua tivthaiv nyob rau hauv kev rho tawm thiab nyob rau hauv ua ke nrog. Piv txwv li, qhov xyaum ua tej ntawm Ferraro thiab lug txhawb cov miv tsis qhia seb phooj ywg sib piv ib leeg yuav tau txaus ua rau ntev lub sij hawm kev hloov nyob rau hauv tus cwj pwm. Nyob rau hauv lub dhau los lawm, cov tag nrho factorial designs tau yooj yim khiav vim hais tias lawv yuav tsum tau ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm cov neeg thiab lawv yuav tsum tau soj ntsuam yuav tsum tau precisely tswj thiab xa ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm kev kho mob. Tab sis, cov muaj hnub nyoog tuskheej cov logistical xyuas nyob rau hauv tej lub sijhawm.
Kev kho mob | Cov yam ntxwv |
---|---|
1 | tswj |
2 | lub tswv yim |
3 | tsis txaus siab |
4 | phooj ywg ntaub ntawv |
5 | lub tswv yim + tsis txaus siab |
6 | lub tswv yim + phooj ywg ntaub ntawv |
7 | tsis txaus siab + phooj ywg ntaub ntawv |
8 | lub tswv yim + tsis txaus siab + phooj ywg ntaub ntawv |
Nyob rau hauv txoj kev, mechanisms-lub txoj los ntawm kev uas ib tug kev kho mob muaj ib cov nyhuv-yog incredibly tseem ceeb heev. Cov muaj hnub nyoog thwmsim yuav pab tau soj ntsuam kawm txog mechanisms los ntawm 1) sau ua ntaub ntawv thiab 2) enabling tag nrho factorial designs. Cov mechanisms pom tias yog cov le caag muaj peev xwm ces yog mus soj ntsuam ncaj qha los ntawm thwmsim yeej tsim los sim mechanisms (Ludwig, Kling, and Mullainathan 2011; Imai, Tingley, and Yamamoto 2013; Pirlott and MacKinnon 2016) .
Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, peb cov tswv yim-validity; heterogeneity ntawm kev kho mob los; thiab mechanisms-muab ib tug haib set ntawm cov tswv yim rau tsim thiab txhais thwmsim. Cov tswv yim pab soj ntsuam dhau mus yooj yim thwmsim hais txog dab tsi "tej hauj lwm" rau richer thwmsim uas muaj tighter mus rau kev tshawb xav, uas qhia nyob qhov twg thiab yog vim li cas kev kho mob ua hauj lwm, thiab tej zaum yuav txawm pab soj ntsuam tsim zoo dua kev kho mob. Muab no conceptual tom qab txog thwmsim, Kuv mam li tam sim no tig mus rau yuav ua li cas koj yuav ua tau kom koj thwmsim tshwm sim.