4.4 Tsiv tshaj yooj yooj yim thwmsim

Wb dhau mus yooj yim thwmsim. Peb lub tswv yim no yog cov pab nplua nuj thwmsim: validity, heterogeneity ntawm kev kho mob los, thiab mechanism.

Soj ntsuam uas tuaj tshiab rau thwmsim feem ntau siab rau ib tug heev, nqaim lo lus nug: qhov no kev kho mob "ua hauj lwm"? Piv txwv li, yog ib tug xov tooj hu los ntawm ib tug volunteer txhawb ib tug neeg mus pov npav? Puas hloov ib lub website khawm los ntawm kob xiav rau ntsuab nce nias-los ntawm tus nqi? Tu siab, xoob phrasing hais txog dab tsi "ua hauj lwm" obscures qhov tseeb hais tias narrowly teem thwmsim tsis tshua qhia rau koj seb ib tug kev kho mob "ua hauj lwm" nyob rau hauv ib tug general kev txiav txim zoo. Es, narrowly teem thwmsim teb ntau npaum li cas lo lus nug: yog dab tsi yog qhov nruab nrab cov nyhuv ntawm no txog kev kho nrog no tej kev siv rau qhov no nyob ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv lub sij hawm no? Kuv mam li hu thwmsim uas hais txog qhov no nqaim lo lus nug yooj yim thwmsim.

Tej yam yooj yim thwmsim yuav muab nqi lus, tab sis lawv tsis teb ntau cov lus nug uas yog ob qho tib si ib qho tseem ceeb thiab nthuav xws li: yog muaj ib co neeg uas cov kev kho mob muaj ib tug loj los yog me me nyhuv ?; yog muaj lwm kev kho mob uas yuav zoo tshaj ?; thiab yuav ua li cas no xyaum ua tej yam muaj feem rau nrug kev theories?

Nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav qhia cov nqi ntawm tsiv tshaj yooj yooj yim thwmsim, cia peb xav txog ib qho uas kuv nyiam analog teb thwmsim, ib txoj kev kawm los ntawm P. Wesley Schultz thiab lug txhawb cov miv nyob rau hauv lub kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev sib raug zoo kev cai thiab lub zog noj (Schultz et al. 2007) . Schultz thiab lug txhawb cov miv dai doorhangers rau 300 cov tsev neeg nyob rau hauv San Marcos, California, thiab cov doorhangers tauj txawv lus tsim los txhawb kom muaj zog txuag. Ces, Schultz thiab lug txhawb cov miv ntsuas cov nyhuv ntawm cov lus nyob rau hauv hluav taws xob noj, ob leeg tom qab ib lub lim tiam thiab peb lub lis piam; saib daim duab 4.3 rau ib tug xav paub ntxiv ntawm cov kev sim tsim.

Daim duab 4.3: Schematic tsim los ntawm Schultz et al. (2007). Lub teb xyaum ua tej yam koom tes nrog xyuas txog 300 cov tsev neeg nyob rau hauv San Marcos, California tsib lub sij hawm dhau ib yim lub lim tiam lub sij hawm. Nyob rau txhua xyuas tus neeg tshawb fawb manually coj ib tug nyeem ntawv los ntawm lub tsev lub hwj chim 'meter'. Nyob rau ob tug ntawm cov mus ntsib tus neeg tshawb fawb muab tso rau doorhangers rau lub tsev muab kev pab ib co lus qhia txog lawv lub zog pab. Cov kev tshawb fawb lo lus nug yog ua li cas cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov lus yuav kev cuam tshuam lub zog siv.

Daim duab 4.3: Schematic tsim los ntawm Schultz et al. (2007) . Lub teb xyaum ua tej yam koom tes nrog xyuas txog 300 cov tsev neeg nyob rau hauv San Marcos, California tsib lub sij hawm dhau ib yim lub lim tiam lub sij hawm. Nyob rau txhua xyuas tus neeg tshawb fawb manually coj ib tug nyeem ntawv los ntawm lub tsev lub hwj chim 'meter'. Nyob rau ob tug ntawm cov mus ntsib tus neeg tshawb fawb muab tso rau doorhangers rau lub tsev muab kev pab ib co lus qhia txog lawv lub zog pab. Cov kev tshawb fawb lo lus nug yog ua li cas cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov lus yuav kev cuam tshuam lub zog siv.

Lub xyaum ua tej yam muaj ob tug tej yam kev mob. Nyob rau hauv lub mob thawj, cov tsev neeg uas tau txais kev zog cov tswv yim txuag (xws li, kev siv kiv cua es tsis txhob cua txias) thiab cov ntaub ntawv hais txog lawv tsev neeg lub zog pab piv rau qhov nruab nrab ntawm lub zog pab nyob rau hauv lawv zej zog. Schultz thiab lug txhawb cov miv hu ua lub piav normative mob vim hais tias cov lus qhia txog lub zog siv nyob rau hauv lawv cov zej zog qhia txog raug tus cwj pwm (ie, ib tug piav txog cai). Thaum Schultz thiab lug txhawb cov miv ntsia lub resulting zog pab nyob rau hauv pab pawg neeg no, cov kev kho mob nyob rau muaj tsis ntxim, tog twg los nyob rau hauv lub luv luv-term los yog lub sij hawm ntev; nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus, cov kev kho mob tsis zoo li "ua hauj lwm" (Daim duab 4.4).

Tab sis, qhov zoo ces, Schultz et al. (2007) tsis khom rau no simplistic tsom xam. Ua ntej lub sim pib lawv piav rau lawv tias hnyav cov neeg siv ntawm hluav taws xob-neeg saum toj no qhov phem-yuav txo lawv cov kev noj, thiab hais tias lub teeb cov neeg siv ntawm hluav taws xob-neeg hauv qab no lub mean-tej zaum yuav ua tau kom lawv noj. Thaum lawv ntsia cov ntaub ntawv, uas yog raws nraim li cas lawv pom (Daim duab 4.4). Yog li, yog dab tsi ntsia zoo li ib tug kev kho mob uas twb muaj tsis ntxim yog ua tau ib tug kev kho mob uas muaj ob tug offsetting los. Cov soj ntsuam ntawm hu ua lub counter-tsim nce ntawm cov teeb neeg siv ib boomerang nyhuv.

Daim duab 4.4: tau los ntawm Schultz et al. (2007). Tus thawj vaj huam sib luag qhia tau hais tias yuav piav txog cai kev kho mob muaj ib tug kwv yees li ntawm xoom nruab nrab kev kho mob nyhuv. Txawm li cas los, qhov thib ob vaj huam sib luag qhia tau hais tias hais tias qhov no nruab nrab kev kho mob nyhuv yog ua tau li ntawm ob offsetting los. Rau hnyav cov neeg siv, cov kev kho mob tsis pab tab sis rau lub teeb cov neeg siv, cov kev kho mob nce pab. Thaum kawg, peb vaj huam sib luag qhia tau hais tias tus thib ob kev kho mob, uas siv piav thiab injunctive cai, muaj roughly cov nyhuv tib yam rau hnyav neeg siv tab sis mitigated lub boomerang ntxim rau cov teeb cov neeg siv.

Daim duab 4.4: tau los ntawm Schultz et al. (2007) . Tus thawj vaj huam sib luag qhia tau hais tias yuav piav txog cai kev kho mob muaj ib tug kwv yees li ntawm xoom nruab nrab kev kho mob nyhuv. Txawm li cas los, qhov thib ob vaj huam sib luag qhia tau hais tias hais tias qhov no nruab nrab kev kho mob nyhuv yog ua tau li ntawm ob offsetting los. Rau hnyav cov neeg siv, cov kev kho mob tsis pab tab sis rau lub teeb cov neeg siv, cov kev kho mob nce pab. Thaum kawg, peb vaj huam sib luag qhia tau hais tias tus thib ob kev kho mob, uas siv piav thiab injunctive cai, muaj roughly cov nyhuv tib yam rau hnyav neeg siv tab sis mitigated lub boomerang ntxim rau cov teeb cov neeg siv.

Ntxiv mus, Schultz thiab lug txhawb cov miv xav no tau, thiab nyob rau hauv lub thib ob mob lawv deployed ib tug me ntsis txawv kev kho mob, ib tug ntsees tsim los mus tshem tawm cov boomerang nyhuv. Cov tsev neeg nyob rau hauv lub thib ob mob tau txais lub caij nyoog tib kho mob-general zog txuag lub tswv yim thiab cov lus qhia txog lawv tsev neeg lub zog pab muab piv rau tus ze-nrog ib tug me me ntxiv: rau cov neeg uas muaj hauv qab no-qhov nruab nrab noj, tus neeg tshawb fawb ntxiv ib :) thiab rau cov neeg uas muaj saum toj no-qhov nruab nrab noj lawv ntxiv ib :(. cov emoticons tau tsim los ua dab tsi tus neeg tshawb fawb hu ua injunctive kev cai. injunctive cai xa mus rau to taub txog dab tsi yog ntau pom zoo (thiab disapproved) whereas piav cai xa mus rau to taub txog dab tsi yog ntau ua (Reno, Cialdini, and Kallgren 1993) .

Los ntawm kev ntxiv no ib tug me me Emoticon, tus neeg tshawb fawb dramatically txo tus boomerang nyhuv (Daim duab 4.4). Yog li, los ntawm kev ua no ib tug yooj yim kev hloov-kev hloov uas tau mob siab los ntawm ib tug paub daws teeb kev puas siab puas ntsws kev tshawb xav (Cialdini, Kallgren, and Reno 1991) -cov soj ntsuam tau tig ib qhov kev pab cuam los ntawm ib tug uas tsis zoo li mus ua hauj lwm rau hauv ib tug uas ua hauj lwm, thiab, ib txhij, lawv yuav ua rau kom cov kev nkag siab txog ntawm yuav ua li cas kev sib raug zoo kev cai muaj feem xyuam rau tib neeg coj cwj pwm.

Thaum no tus taw tes, txawm li cas los, tej zaum koj yuav pom tias ib yam dab tsi yog ib tug me ntsis txawv txog qhov no xyaum ua tej yam. Nyob rau hauv kev, qhov xyaum ua tej ntawm Schultz thiab lug txhawb cov miv tsis tshua muaj ib tug pab pawg neeg tswj nyob rau hauv tib txoj kev uas xaiv tswj thwmsim ua li cas. Cov kev sib piv ntawm no tsim thiab cov qauv ntawm Restivo thiab van de Rijt illustrates qhov txawv ntawm ob tug loj designs siv los ntawm kev soj ntsuam. Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab-kawm designs, xws li Restivo thiab van de Rijt, muaj ib tug kev kho mob pab pawg neeg thiab ib tug pab pawg neeg tswj, thiab nyob rau hauv tsis pub dhau-kawm tsim tus cwj pwm ntawm cov neeg yog muab piv ua ntej thiab tom qab cov kev kho mob (Greenwald 1976; Charness, Gneezy, and Kuhn 2012) . Nyob rau hauv ib tug tsis pub dhau-kawm xyaum ua tej yam nws yog raws li yog hais txhua tus neeg uas ua raws li nws tus kheej pab pawg neeg tswj. Lub zog ntawm nruab nrab ntawm-kev kawm designs yog hais tias nws muab kev tiv thaiv tiv thaiv confounders (raws li kuv tau piav ua ntej lawm), thiab lub zog ntawm tsis pub dhau-kawm thwmsim yog nce precision nyob rau hauv kev kwv yees. Thaum txhua tus neeg ua raws li lawv tus kheej tswj, nruab nrab ntawm-koom variation yog tshem tawm (saib Kev Qhia Ntxiv). Yuav kom qhia txog ib tug uas yuav tuaj tom qab thaum kuv muaj tswv yim hais txog tsim cov thwmsim, muaj ib tug zaum kawg tsim, hu ua ib tug tov tsim, uas combines tus paub precision ntawm tsis pub dhau-kawm designs thiab kev tiv thaiv tiv thaiv rhuav ntawm nruab nrab ntawm-kev kawm designs.

Daim duab 4.5: Peb sim designs. Standard xaiv tswj thwmsim siv ntawm-kev kawm designs. Ib qho piv txwv ntawm ib tug nruab nrab-kawm tsim yog Restivo thiab van de Rijt tus (2012) xyaum ua tej yam rau barnstars thiab txoj kev koom rau Wikipedia: soj ntsuam across faib koom rau hauv kev kho mob thiab kev tswj pab pawg, muab koom nyob rau hauv cov kev kho mob pab pawg neeg ib barnstar, thiab piv tau rau ob pab pawg. Ib tug thib ob hom tsim yog ib tug nyob hauv-kev kawm tsim. Lub ob thwmsim nyob rau hauv Schultz thiab colleague tus (2007) txoj kev tshawb rau kev cai thiab lub zog siv piv txwv ib tug tsis pub dhau-kawm tsim: kev soj ntsuam piv rau cov hluav taws xob siv ntawm cov neeg ua ntej thiab tom qab tau txais cov kev kho mob. Tsis pub dhau-kawm designs muaj paub statistical precision los ntawm xa ntawm kev kawm variance (saib Kev Qhia Ntxiv), tab sis lawv yog qhib rau tau confounders (xws li, kev hloov nyob rau hauv cov huab cua nyob nruab nrab ntawm lub pre-kev kho mob thiab kev kho mob lub sij hawm) (Greenwald 1976; Charness, Gneezy, thiab Kuhn 2012). Tsis pub dhau-kawm designs yog tej thaum kuj hu ua rov ntsuas designs. Thaum kawg, mixed designs muab tus paub precision ntawm tsis pub dhau-kawm designs thiab kev tiv thaiv tiv thaiv rhuav ntawm nruab nrab ntawm-kev kawm designs. Nyob rau hauv ib tug tov tsim, tug neeg soj ntsuam piv cov kev hloov nyob rau hauv hauj lwm tshwm sim rau cov neeg nyob rau hauv cov kev kho mob thiab kev tswj pab pawg. Thaum soj ntsuam ntawm twb muaj pre-kev kho mob cov lus qhia, raws li yog cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv ntau cov thwmsim, mixed designs yog preferable rau nruab nrab ntawm-kev kawm designs vim hais tias ntawm nreg nyob rau hauv precision (saib Kev Qhia Ntxiv).

Daim duab 4.5: Peb sim designs. Standard xaiv tswj thwmsim siv ntawm-kev kawm designs. Ib qho piv txwv ntawm ib tug nruab nrab-kawm tsim yog Restivo thiab van de Rijt tus (2012) xyaum ua tej yam rau barnstars thiab txoj kev koom rau Wikipedia: soj ntsuam across faib koom rau hauv kev kho mob thiab kev tswj pab pawg, muab koom nyob rau hauv cov kev kho mob pab pawg neeg ib barnstar, thiab piv tau rau ob pab pawg. Ib tug thib ob hom tsim yog ib tug nyob hauv-kev kawm tsim. Lub ob thwmsim nyob rau hauv Schultz thiab colleague tus (2007) txoj kev tshawb rau kev cai thiab lub zog siv piv txwv ib tug tsis pub dhau-kawm tsim: kev soj ntsuam piv rau cov hluav taws xob siv ntawm cov neeg ua ntej thiab tom qab tau txais cov kev kho mob. Tsis pub dhau-kawm designs muaj paub statistical precision los ntawm xa ntawm kev kawm variance (saib Kev Qhia Ntxiv), tab sis lawv yog qhib rau tau ​​confounders (xws li, kev hloov nyob rau hauv cov huab cua nyob nruab nrab ntawm lub pre-kev kho mob thiab kev kho mob lub sij hawm) (Greenwald 1976; Charness, Gneezy, and Kuhn 2012) . Tsis pub dhau-kawm designs yog tej thaum kuj hu ua rov ntsuas designs. Thaum kawg, mixed designs muab tus paub precision ntawm tsis pub dhau-kawm designs thiab kev tiv thaiv tiv thaiv rhuav ntawm nruab nrab ntawm-kev kawm designs. Nyob rau hauv ib tug tov tsim, tug neeg soj ntsuam piv cov kev hloov nyob rau hauv hauj lwm tshwm sim rau cov neeg nyob rau hauv cov kev kho mob thiab kev tswj pab pawg. Thaum soj ntsuam ntawm twb muaj pre-kev kho mob cov lus qhia, raws li yog cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv ntau cov thwmsim, mixed designs yog preferable rau nruab nrab ntawm-kev kawm designs vim hais tias ntawm nreg nyob rau hauv precision (saib Kev Qhia Ntxiv).

Zuag qhia tag nrho, tus tsim thiab kev tshwm sim ntawm Schultz et al. (2007) qhia tus nqi ntawm tsiv tshaj yooj yooj yim thwmsim. Qhov zoo ces, koj tsis tas yuav mus yuav ib tug ntse heev los tsim kev zoo li no. Social zaum tau tsim peb cov tswv yim uas yuav coj koj mus rau richer thiab muaj tswv yim ntau thwmsim: 1) validity, 2) heterogeneity ntawm kev kho mob los, thiab 3) mechanisms. Uas yog, yog tias koj cia peb tswv yim nyob rau hauv lub siab thaum koj tsim koj xyaum ua tej yam, koj yuav lawm tsim nthuav ntau thiab pab tau thwmsim. Nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim los qhia no peb cov tswv yim nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim, kuv mam li piav qhia txog ib tug xov tooj ntawm ua raws li-up cov digital teb thwmsim uas ua rau lub elegant tsim thiab exciting tau nyob rau hauv Schultz et al. (2007) . Raws li koj yuav pom, los ntawm ntau ceev faj tsim, kev siv, tsom xam, thiab kev txhais, koj dhau lawm yuav dhau mus yooj yim thwmsim.

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