Nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab ntawv nyeem, Kuv tham txog ua causal neeg pab leg ntaubntawv ntawm non-cov ntaub ntawv siv tej yam ntuj tso thwmsim thiab txuam. Nyob rau hauv no appendix, kuv yuav ua kom paub lub peev xwm ua tau qauv, thiab txhais tau ntau precisely lub tej yam kev mob uas yuav tsum tau rau causal inference los ntawm observational cov ntaub ntawv. Tshooj lus no yuav kos rau Morgan and Winship (2014) thiab Imbens and Rubin (2015) .