Kev ua ub no

Ntsiab:

  • degree ntawm teeb meem: ib qho yooj yim yooj yim , medium nruab nrab , nyuaj nyuaj , Nyuaj nyuaj heev
  • yuav tsum tau kev ua lej ( yuav tsum tau kev ua lej )
  • yuav tsum tau cai ( yuav tsum tau cai )
  • cov ntaub ntawv sau ( cov ntaub ntawv sau )
  • kuv favorites ( kuv nyiam )

  1. [ nruab nrab , kuv nyiam ] Algorithmic rhuav yog ib qho teeb meem nrog Google kab mob khaub thuas Tiam sis. Nyeem daim ntawv los ntawm Lazer et al. (2014) , thiab sau ib luv luv, ntshiab email rau ib tug engineer ntawm Google piav qhov teeb meem thiab muab ib lub tswv yim ntawm yuav ua li cas mus kho qhov teeb meem.

  2. [ nruab nrab ] Bollen, Mao, and Zeng (2011) neeg pab leg ntaubntawv uas cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm Twitter yuav siv twv seb rau Tshuag lag luam. Qhov kev txiav coj mus rau lub creation ntawm ib tug hedge fund-Derwent Capital Ciaj uas muag-nqis peev nyob rau hauv cov Tshuag lag luam raws li cov ntaub ntawv sau los ntawm Twitter (Jordan 2010) . Yuav ua li cas pov thawj yuav koj xav mus saib ua ntej muab koj cov nyiaj nyob rau hauv uas fund?

  3. [ yooj yim ] Thaum ib co pej xeem noj qab haus huv pab lawg e-luam yeeb li ib tug zoo kev pab rau kev haus luam yeeb tas, lwm leej lwm tus ceeb toom txog lub peev xwm txaus ntshai, xws li cov high-theem ntawm nicotine. Xav txog tej yam uas ib tug soj ntsuam txiav txim siab mus kawm pej xeem lub tswv yim mus rau e-luam yeeb los mus sau e-luam yeeb-txog Twitter posts thiab kev sentiment tsom xam.

    1. Yuav ua li cas yog cov peb tau biases tias koj yog feem ntau txhawj xeeb txog nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no?
    2. Clark et al. (2016) khiav xwb xws li ib txoj kev tshawb no. Xub thawj, lawv sau 850,000 tweets uas siv e-luam yeeb-txog keywords los ntawm Lub ib hlis ntuj 2012 los ntawm lub Kaum Ob Hlis 2014. Thaum los ze zog kev soj ntsuam, lawv pom tau hais tias muaj ntau yam ntawm cov tweets tau cia (ie, tsis ua los ntawm tib neeg) thiab ntau yam ntawm cov automated tweets twb yeej tseem zoo commercials. Lawv tsim ib tug tib neeg kom paub tias Algorithm cais Automated tweets los ntawm organic tweets. Siv no Human Ntes Algorithm lawv pom tias 80% ntawm cov tweets tau caw kaw lus. Puas no nrhiav hloov koj cov lus teb rau ib feem (a)?
    3. Thaum lawv piv rau cov sentiment nyob rau hauv cov organic thiab Automated tweets lawv pom tias lub automated tweets zoo dua tshaj organic tweets (6.17 tiv tiag 5.84). Puas no nrhiav hloov koj cov lus teb rau (b)?

  4. [ yooj yim ] Nyob rau hauv Kaum ib hlis 2009, Twitter hloov cov nqe lus nug nyob rau hauv lub tweet box los ntawm "Yuav ua li cas yog koj ua?" Mus rau "dab tsi tshwm sim?" (Https://blog.twitter.com/2009/whats-happening).

    1. Yuav ua li cas koj xav hais tias cov kev hloov ntawm ras yuav muaj kev cuam tshuam uas tweet thiab / los yog dab tsi lawv tweet?
    2. Lub npe ib tug kev tshawb fawb project rau cov uas koj yuav xav lub pab "Koj ua dab tsi?" Vim li cas.
    3. Lub npe ib tug kev tshawb fawb project rau cov uas koj yuav xav lub pab "dab tsi tshwm sim?" Vim li cas.

  5. [ nruab nrab ] Kwak et al. (2010) analyzed 41.7 lab cov neeg siv profiles, 1.47 billion kev sib raug zoo, 4262 trending xai, thiab 106 lab tweets ntawm Lub rau hli ntuj 6 thiab Lub rau hli ntuj 31st, 2009. Raws li cov ntawm no lub tsom lawv xaus lus tias Twitter ua hauj lwm pab ntau raws li ib tug tshiab nruab nrab ntawm cov ntaub ntawv sib koom tshaj ib tug social network.

    1. Xav Kwak et al tus nrhiav, hom kev tshawb fawb koj yuav ua li cas nrog Twitter cov ntaub ntawv? Yuav ua li cas hom ntawm kev tshawb fawb yuav koj tsis ua li cas nrog Twitter cov ntaub ntawv? Vim li cas?
    2. Nyob rau hauv 2010, Twitter ntxiv ib leej twg Yuav Ua raws li kev pab cuam ua sawb suggestion rau cov neeg siv. Peb tswv yim pom zoo muaj qhia nyob rau tom ib lub sij hawm rau nplooj ntawv lub ntsiab. Tswv yim pom zoo yog feem ntau los ntawm ib tus "phooj ywg-of-phooj ywg," thiab kev sib nrig sib hu kuj tso tawm nyob rau hauv qhov kev pom zoo. Cov neeg siv yuav tshiab mus ntsib ib tug tshiab set ntawm cov tswv yim los yog mus xyuas ib nplooj ntawv nrog ib tug ntev daim ntawv teev cov tswv yim pom zoo. Koj xav tias qhov no tshiab feature yuav hloov koj cov lus teb rau ib feem a)? Yog vim li cas los yog vim li cas?
    3. Su, Sharma, and Goel (2016) ntsuam xyuas cov nyhuv ntawm Leej twg kom raws li cov kev pab thiab pom tau tias thaum cov neeg siv thoob plaws lub chaw spectrum pab los ntawm lub tswv yim pom zoo, feem ntau nrov neeg siv profited tshuam ntau tshaj li qhov nruab nrab. Puas no nrhiav hloov koj cov lus teb rau ib feem b)? Yog vim li cas los yog vim li cas?

  6. [ yooj yim ] "Retweets" yog feem ntau siv los ntsuas cawv thiab kis ntawm cawv rau Twitter. Chiv, cov neeg siv yuav tsum tau muab luam thiab paste rau tweet lawv nyiam, tag rau tus thawj sau nrog nws / nws kov, thiab manually ntaus "RT" ua ntej lub tweet yuav qhia tau tias nws yog ib tug Retweet. Ces, nyob rau hauv 2009 Twitter ntxiv ib tug "Retweet" khawm. Nyob rau hauv Lub rau hli ntuj 2016, Twitter ua rau nws ua tau rau cov neeg siv kom Retweet lawv tus kheej tweets (https://twitter.com/twitter/status/742749353689780224). Koj puas xav tias cov kev hloov no yuav tsum muaj kev cuam tshuam li cas koj siv "retweets" nyob rau hauv koj cov kev tshawb fawb? Yog vim li cas los yog vim li cas?

  7. [ nruab nrab , cov ntaub ntawv sau , yuav tsum tau cai ] Michel et al. (2011) tsim ib tug corpus tawm los ntawm Google lub dag zog mus digitize phau ntawv. Siv cov thawj version ntawm lub corpus, uas tau luam tawm nyob rau hauv 2009 thiab muaj tshaj 5 lab digitized phau ntawv, tus sau phau ntawv analyzed siv cov lus zaus mus soj ntsuam lus hloov thiab kev cai tiam sis. Tsis ntev Google phau ntawv Corpus los ua ib tug nrov cov ntaub ntawv qhov twg los rau kev soj ntsuam, thiab ib tug 2nd version ntawm lub database twb tso tawm nyob rau hauv 2012.

    Txawm li cas los, Pechenick, Danforth, and Dodds (2015) ceeb toom tias kev soj ntsuam ntawm yuav tsum siab tuab cov zauv txheej txheem ntawm lub corpus ua ntej yuav siv nws rau yog nqus sab cov lus xaus. Lub ntsiab qhov teeb meem yog hais tias lub corpus yog tsev qiv ntawv zoo li, muaj ib tug ntawm txhua phau ntawv. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, ib tug neeg, muaj menyuam coob coob sau yog tau noticeably ntxig tshiab nqe lus mus rau hauv lub Google phau ntawv lexicon. Ntxiv mus, kev ntawv roos ib qho kev nce substantive feem ntawm lub corpus thoob plaws hauv lub 1900s. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, los ntawm muab piv ob versions ntawm cov lus Askiv ntawv tseeb datasets, Pechenick et al. pom ua pov thawj tias tsis txaus filtering twb siv nyob rau hauv ua tus thawj version. Tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv yuav tsum tau rau kev ua yog muaj nyob ntawm no: http://storage.googleapis.com/books/ngrams/books/datasetsv2.html

    1. Nyob rau hauv Michel li al. Tus thawj daim ntawv (2011) , lawv siv lub 1 version ntawm cov lus Askiv cov ntaub ntawv txheej, npaj lub zaus ntawm kev pab ntawm lub xyoo "1880", "1912" thiab "1973", thiab xaus lus hais tias "peb yog tsis nco qab peb yav tag los sai nrog txhua xyoos tas ib xyoos "(Fig. 3A, Michel li al.). Replicate tib zajlus siv 1) 1 version ntawm lub corpus, English dataset (tib yam li daim duab. 3A, Michel li al.)
    2. Tam sim no replicate tib zajlus nrog lub 1 version, Lus Askiv tseeb dataset.
    3. Tam sim no replicate tib zajlus nrog lub 2nd version ntawm lub corpus, English dataset.
    4. Thaum kawg, replicate tib zajlus nrog lub 2nd version, Lus Askiv tseeb dataset.
    5. Piav txog qhov sib txawv thiab zoo sib xws ntawm cov plaub plots. Koj puas pom zoo nrog Michel li al. Tus thawj txhais lus ntawm cov cai sib? (Hint: c) thiab d) yuav tsum yog tib yam li daim duab 16 nyob rau hauv Pechenick et al.)
    6. Tam sim no uas koj tau rov los ua no ib tug nrhiav siv ntau Google phau ntawv corpora, xaiv lwm hom lus hloov los yog kev cai phenomena nyob rau hauv Michel li al. Tus thawj daim ntawv. Koj puas pom zoo nrog lawv txhais nyob rau hauv lub teeb ntawm cov kev txwv nyob rau hauv Pechenick et al.? Yuav kom ua rau koj sib cav muaj zog, sim replicate tib teeb siv txawv versions ntawm cov ntaub ntawv teev li saum toj no.

  8. [ nyuaj heev , cov ntaub ntawv sau , yuav tsum tau cai , kuv nyiam ] Penney (2016) txog seb lub thoob plaws tshaj tawm txog NSA / PRISM keb soj ntsuam (ie, lub Snowden kev tshwm sim) nyob rau hauv Lub rau hli ntuj 2013 yog txuam nrog ib tug ntse thiab cia li txo nyob rau hauv tsheb khiav mus Wikipedia cov khoom rau tej yam uas tsa tus kheej kev txhawj xeeb. Yog hais tias yog li ntawd, qhov kev hloov no nyob rau hauv tus cwj pwm yuav tsum muaj raws li ib tug chilling nyhuv uas ua los ntawm loj keb soj ntsuam. Tus mus kom ze ntawm Penney (2016) yog tej zaum hu ua ib tug interrupted lub sij hawm series tsim thiab muaj feem xyuam rau lub le caag rau hauv tshooj hais txog approximating thwmsim los ntawm observational cov ntaub ntawv (Section 2.4.3).

    Yuav kom xaiv lub npe keywords, Penney xa mus rau hauv daim ntawv teev uas siv los ntawm US Department of Homeland Security rau kev nrhiav thiab saib xyuas kev sib raug zoo xov xwm. Lub DHS daim ntawv teev categorizes tej yam kev tshawb fawb cov ntsiab lus uas mus rau hauv ib tug ntau ntawm teeb meem, piv txwv li "Health kev txhawj xeeb," "Infrastructure Security," thiab "phem." Rau txoj kev tshawb no pab pawg neeg, Penney siv plaub caug-yim keywords muaj feem xyuam rau "phem" (saib Table 8 Lus Qhia Ntxiv). Nws ces aggregated Wikipedia tsab xov xwm saib suav rau ib tug txhua lub hlis rau cov coj plaub caug yim Wikipedia cov khoom ntau tshaj ib tug peb caug-ob lub hlis, los ntawm thaum pib ntawm Lub ib hlis ntuj 2012 mus rau thaum xaus ntawm lub yim hli ntuj 2014. Yuav kom ntxiv dag zog nws sib cav, nws kuj tsim ob peb kev sib piv pawg los ntawm nrhiav tsab xov xwm views nyob rau lwm lub ntsiab lus.

    Tam sim no, koj yuav mus rau replicate thiab cuag Penney (2016) . Tag nrho cov nqaij nyoos cov ntaub ntawv uas koj yuav tsum tau rau qhov kev ua yog muaj nyob rau ntawm Wikipedia (https://dumps.wikimedia.org/other/pagecounts-raw/). Los yog koj yuav tau txais nws los ntawm cov R pob wikipediatrend (Meissner and Team 2016) . Thaum koj sau-up koj cov lus teb, thov nco ntsoov uas cov ntaub ntawv qhov twg los koj siv. (Faj seeb: Tib qho kev ua kuj zoo nkaus li nyob rau hauv Tshooj 6)

    1. Nyeem Penney (2016) thiab replicate Daim duab 2 uas qhia tau hais tias cov nplooj ntawv views rau "phem" -related nplooj ntawv ua ntej thiab tom qab lub Snowden kev tshwm sim. Txhais cov uas nrhiav tau.
    2. Tom ntej no, replicate Daim duab 4A, uas muab piv rau txoj kev tshawb pab pawg neeg ( "phem" -related khoom) nrog ib tug comparator pab pawg neeg siv keywords categorized nyob rau hauv "DHS & Lwm yam koom haum" los ntawm lub DHS daim ntawv teev (saib Lus Qhia Ntxiv Rooj 10). Txhais cov uas nrhiav tau.
    3. Nyob rau hauv ib feem b) koj piv rau cov kev tshawb pab pawg neeg mus rau ib comparator pab pawg neeg. Penney kuj muab piv rau ob tug lwm comparator pawg: "Infrastructure Security" -related cov khoom (Appendix Rooj 11) thiab nrov Wikipedia nplooj ntawv (Appendix Rooj 12). Tuaj nrog ib tug lwm txoj comparator pab pawg neeg, thiab ntsuam xyuas yog hais tias tus uas nrhiav tau los ntawm ib feem b) yog rhiab rau koj xaiv ntawm comparator pab pawg neeg. Uas xaiv ntawm comparator pab pawg neeg ua rau feem ntau kev txiav txim zoo? Vim li cas?
    4. Tus sau hais tias keywords hais txog "phem" tau siv los xaiv cov Wikipedia cov khoom vim hais tias cov US tsoom fwv raug nplua ua phem raws li ib tug tseem ceeb ua neeg ncajncees rau nws online keb soj ntsuam cov kev xyaum. Raws li ib daim tshev ntawm cov 48 "phem" -related keywords, Penney (2016) kuj ua ib tug daim ntawv ntsuam xyuas rau MTurk nug cov neeg yuav npaum txhua tus keywords nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm tsoom fwv Teeb meem, Tsis pub twg paub-Sensitive, thiab avoidance (Appendix Rooj 7 thiab 8). Replicate cov daim ntawv ntsuam xyuas rau MTurk thiab piv tau koj tau.
    5. Raws li cov ntsiab nyob rau hauv ib feem d) thiab koj kev nyeem ntawv ntawm qhov tsab xov xwm, koj pom zoo nrog tus neeg sau txoj kev xaiv ntawm lub ntsiab lus keywords nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no pab pawg neeg? Yog vim li cas los yog vim li cas? Yog hais tias tsis yog, dab tsi yuav koj hais xwb?

  9. [ yooj yim ] Efrati (2016) qhia, raws li nyob rau hauv ntaub ntawv, hais tias "tag nrho sib koom" rau Facebook tau tsis yeem los ntawm hais txog 5.5% xyoo dhau xyoo thaum "thawj tshaj tawm hauv xov sib koom" yog cia 21% xyoo dhau xyoo. Qhov no poob yog tshwj xeeb yog mob nrog Facebook cov neeg siv nyob rau hauv hnub nyoog 30 xyoo. Daim ntawv ntaus nqi qhov poob rau ob yam tseem ceeb. Ib tug yog tus txoj kev loj hlob nyob rau hauv lub xov tooj ntawm "cov phooj ywg" cov neeg muaj nyob rau hauv Facebook. Tus tod yog tias ib txhia sib koom ua si tau txav mus messaging thiab cov neeg sib tw xws li SnapChat. Daim ntawv ceeb toom kuj qhia ob peb tactics Facebook tau sim rau boost sib koom, nrog rau Xov xwm pub algorithm tweaks uas ua thawj posts ntau mas, raws li zoo raws li periodical nco txog thawj posts neeg siv "Nyob rau no hnub" ob peb xyoo dhau los. Yuav ua li cas siv, yog tias muaj, tsis cov kev tshawb pom muaj rau kev soj ntsuam uas xav kom siv Facebook raws li ib tug cov ntaub ntawv qhov twg los?

  10. [ nruab nrab ] Tumasjan et al. (2010) qhia tias kev faib ua feem ntawm tweets hais ib tug nom tswv tog matched cov kev faib ua feem ntawm votes tog tau txais nyob rau hauv lub German parliamentary kev xaiv tsa nyob rau hauv 2009 (Daim duab 2.9). Nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus, nws nyob ntawd koj yuav siv Twitter twv seb qhov kev xaiv tsa. Thaum lub sij hawm txoj kev tshawb no luam tawm nws suav hais tias tsis tshua muaj neeg exciting vim hais tias nws ciali mus hais ib tug tseem ceeb siv rau ib tug ntau qhov chaw ntawm loj cov ntaub ntawv.

    Muab qhov phem nta ntawm loj cov ntaub ntawv, tiam sis, koj yuav tsum tam sim ntawd yuav skeptical ntawm no tshwm sim. Germans rau Twitter nyob rau hauv 2009 nyob ib tug heev uas tsis yog-tus neeg sawv cev pab pawg neeg, thiab los ntawm UFW ntawm ib tug neeg sab nrauv yuav tweet txog txoj ntau ntau. Yog li, nws mas li ntawd tag nrho cov tau biases tias koj yuav xav txog tej yam yuav ua cas rho tawm. Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, cov qhabnias nyob rau Tumasjan et al. (2010) muab tau ib yam nkaus thiab zoo yuav muaj tseeb. Nyob rau hauv lawv daim ntawv, Tumasjan et al. (2010) pom tias rau nom tswv ob tog: Christian Democrats (CDU), Christian Social Democrats (CSU), SPD, Liberals (FDP), Lub Left (Tuag Linke), thiab lub Green Party (Grüne). Txawm li cas los, feem ntau hais German nom tswv tog rau Twitter ntawm lub sij hawm yog tus Pirate Party (Piraten), ib tog twg uas fights tsoom fwv kev cai ntawm lub Internet. Thaum lub Pirate tog twb muaj nyob rau hauv lub tsom xam, Twitter mentions ua ib tug txaus ntshai zog ntawm kev xaiv tsa tau (Daim duab 2.9) (Jungherr, Jürgens, and Schoen 2012) .

    Xam 2.9: Twitter mentions tshwm sim twv seb cov ntsiab ntawm cov 2009 German kev xaiv tsa (Tumasjan et al. 2010), tab sis qhov no tshwm sim hloov tawm mus rau nyob ntawm seb ib co arbitrary thiab unjustified xaiv (Jungherr, Jürgens, thiab Schoen 2012).

    Xam 2.9: Twitter mentions tshwm sim twv seb cov ntsiab ntawm cov 2009 German kev xaiv tsa (Tumasjan et al. 2010) , tab sis qhov no tshwm sim hloov tawm mus rau nyob ntawm seb ib co arbitrary thiab unjustified xaiv (Jungherr, Jürgens, and Schoen 2012) .

    Tom qab, lwm yam kev soj ntsuam ntawm ib ncig ntawm lub ntiaj teb no tau siv fancier kev-xws li siv sentiment tsom xam kom paub qhov txawv ntawm zoo thiab tsis zoo hais ntawm ob tog-nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav txhim kho lub peev xwm ntawm Twitter cov ntaub ntawv twv seb ib tug ntau yam ntawm ntau hom ntawm kev xaiv tsa (Gayo-Avello 2013; Jungherr 2015, Ch. 7.) . Ntawm no yog yuav ua li cas Huberty (2015) sau ua ke cov kev tshwm sim ntawm cov me nyuam twv seb kev xaiv tsa:

    "Tag nrho cov paub forecasting txoj kev raws li nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo xov xwm tau ua tsis tau tejyam thaum raug zov ntawm yeej muaj tseeb rau pem hauv ntej-tom nrhiav electoral forecasting. Cov failures yuav tshwm sim tau vim yuav tsum muaj thaj chaw ntawm kev sib raug zoo xov xwm, es tsis methodological los yog algorithmic teeb meem. Nyob rau hauv luv luv, kev sib raug zoo xov xwm ua tsis tau, thiab tej zaum yeej tsis yuav, muaj ib tug ruaj khov, kawm, tus sawv cev daim duab ntawm lub electorate; thiab yooj yim kuaj ntawm kev tawm tsis muaj txaus cov ntaub ntawv rau kev txhim kho cov teeb meem no rooj vag hoc. "

    Nyeem ib co ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb uas yuav ua Huberty (2015) rau cov uas xaus, thiab sau ib cov nplooj ntawv memo mus rau ib tug nom tswv sib tw piav txog yog thiab yuav ua li cas Twitter yuav tsum tau siv rau huab cua kev xaiv tsa.

  11. [ nruab nrab ] Yuav ua li cas yog qhov txawv ntawm ib tug sociologist thiab ib tug historian? Raws li Goldthorpe (1991) , lub ntsiab qhov txawv ntawm ib tug sociologist thiab ib tug historian yog tswj cov ntaub ntawv sau. Historians yog yuam kom siv relics whereas sociologists yuav kws txiav ris tsho lawv cov ntaub ntawv sau mus rau tej lub hom phiaj. Nyeem Goldthorpe (1991) . Yuav ua li cas yog qhov txawv ntawm Sociology thiab keeb kwm hais txog lub tswv yim ntawm Custommades thiab Readymades?

  12. [ nyuaj ] Tsev rau ntawm lub yav dhau los lo lus nug, Goldthorpe (1991) kos ib tug xov tooj ntawm ib qho tseem ceeb cov lus teb, xws li ib tug los ntawm Nicky Hart (1994) uas sib tw Goldthorpe lub siab mus rau kws txiav ris tsho ua cov ntaub ntawv. Mus tshab lub peev xwm cov kev txwv ntawm tailor-made cov ntaub ntawv, Hart piav txog tus affluent Worker Project, ib tug loj daim ntawv ntsuam xyuas los ntsuas cov kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev sib raug zoo hauv chav kawm ntawv thiab pov ntawv xaiv tsa uas tau ua los ntawm Goldthorpe thiab lug txhawb cov miv nyob rau hauv nruab nrab-1960s. Raws li ib tug tej zaum xav tias yuav los ntawm ib tug scholar uas favored tsim cov ntaub ntawv dua pom cov ntaub ntawv, muaj nyiaj neeg ua hauj lwm Project sau cov ntaub ntawv uas twb txiav mus rau qhov chaw nyob ib tug nyuam qhuav npaj txoj kev xav txog lub neej yav tom ntej ntawm kev sib raug hauv chav kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv ib tug era zuj zus nyob qauv. Tab sis, Goldthorpe thiab lug txhawb cov miv cas "tsis nco qab" mus sau cov lus qhia txog lub pov npav cwj pwm ntawm cov poj niam. Ntawm no yog yuav ua li cas Nicky Hart (1994) ntsiab tag nrho rov:

    ". . . nws [yog] nyuaj kom tsis txhob muaj lub xaus hais tias cov poj niam raug rho vim hais tias qhov no 'txiag ua' dataset twb ceev los ntawm ib tug paradigmatic logic uas cais poj niam kev. Uas tau tsav los ntawm ib tug theoretical lub zeem muag ntawm cov chav kawm ntawv nco qab thiab kev txiav txim raws li cov txiv neej preoccupations. . . , Goldthorpe thiab nws cov npoj yaig tsim ib tug set ntawm empirical proofs uas pub thiab nurtured lawv tus kheej theoretical kev xav es tsis txhob raug lead lom lawv mus rau ib tug xeem tau ntawm adequacy. "

    Hart txuas ntxiv:

    "Lub empirical tshawb pom ntawm lub affluent Worker Project qhia rau peb paub ntxiv txog cov masculinist qhov tseem ceeb ntawm nruab nrab-xyoo pua Sociology tshaj lawv qhia rau tus dab ntawm stratification, nom ua tswv thiab cov ntaub ntawv uas lub neej."

    Yuav koj xav seb lwm cov piv txwv nyob qhov twg tailor-made cov ntaub ntawv sau muaj cov biases ntawm cov ntaub ntawv collector ua rau nws? Yuav ua li cas Qhov no piv rau algorithmic rhuav? Yuav ua li cas siv tej zaum yuav no muaj rau thaum kev soj ntsuam ntawm yuav tsum tau siv Readymades thiab thaum lawv yuav tsum tau siv Custommades?

  13. [ nruab nrab ] Nyob rau hauv tshooj no, kuv piv cov ntaub ntawv sau los ntawm kev soj ntsuam rau kev soj ntsuam nrog kev cov ntaub ntawv uas tsim los ntawm tuam txhab uas muag thiab tsoom fwv. Ib txhia neeg hu cov kev cov ntaub ntawv "nyob ntaub ntawv," uas lawv txawv nrog "tsim cov ntaub ntawv." Nws yog qhov tseeb hais tias kev cov ntaub ntawv muaj nyob los ntawm kev soj ntsuam ntawm, tab sis lawv kuj heev tsim. Piv txwv li, niaj hnub tech tuam txhab uas muag siv enormous nqi ntawm lub sij hawm thiab cov kev pab los mus sau thiab curate lawv cov ntaub ntawv. Yog li, cov kev cov ntaub ntawv yog ob leeg pom thiab tsim los, nws cia li nyob ntawm koj xav li cas (Daim duab 2.10).

    Daim duab 2.10: Cov duab yog ob qho tib si ib tug os thiab ib tug luav; koj pom dab tsi nyob rau ntawm koj lub foundations. Tsoom fwv thiab cov lag luam kev cov ntaub ntawv yog ob leeg pom thiab tsim los; koj pom dab tsi nyob rau ntawm koj lub foundations. Piv txwv li, tus hu cov ntaub ntawv cov ntaub ntawv sau los ntawm ib tug xov tooj ntawm tes lub tuam txhab no muaj nyob cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm lub foundations ntawm tug neeg soj ntsuam. Tab sis, cov caij nyoog tib cov ntaub ntawv yog tsim cov ntaub ntawv foundations ntawm ib tug neeg ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub teeb department ntawm tus xov tooj lub tuam txhab. Tau qhov twg los: Wikimedia Commons

    Daim duab 2.10: Cov duab yog ob qho tib si ib tug os thiab ib tug luav; koj pom dab tsi nyob rau ntawm koj lub foundations. Tsoom fwv thiab cov lag luam kev cov ntaub ntawv yog ob leeg pom thiab tsim los; koj pom dab tsi nyob rau ntawm koj lub foundations. Piv txwv li, tus hu cov ntaub ntawv cov ntaub ntawv sau los ntawm ib tug xov tooj ntawm tes lub tuam txhab no muaj nyob cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm lub foundations ntawm tug neeg soj ntsuam. Tab sis, cov caij nyoog tib cov ntaub ntawv yog tsim cov ntaub ntawv foundations ntawm ib tug neeg ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub teeb department ntawm tus xov tooj lub tuam txhab. Tau qhov twg los: Wikimedia Commons

    Muab ib qho piv txwv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv qhov twg los qhov twg pom nws ob raws li pom thiab tsim los yog yuav pab tau thaum uas siv cov ntaub ntawv qhov twg los rau kev tshawb fawb.

  14. [ yooj yim ] Nyob rau hauv ib tug txawj xav sau ntawv, Christian Sandvig thiab Eszter Hargittai (2015) qhia ob hom ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb, qhov twg cov system yog "kev ntsuas" los yog "khoom ntawm txoj kev tshawb." Ib qho piv txwv ntawm cov thawj zoo ntawm txoj kev tshawb yog qhov twg Bengtsson thiab lug txhawb cov miv (2011) siv lub xov tooj txawb cov ntaub ntawv los teev cia cov tsiv teb tsaws tom qab av qeeg nyob rau hauv Hiati tuaj nyob rau hauv 2010. Ib qho piv txwv ntawm lub thib ob zoo yog qhov twg Jensen (2007) cov kev tshawb fawb yuav ua li cas cov kev taw qhia ntawm cov xov tooj txawb thoob plaws Kerala, Is Nrias teb uas raug cov hauj lwm ntawm lub lag luam rau cov ntses. Kuv nrhiav tau qhov no yuav pab tau vim hais tias nws clarifies uas cov kev tshawb fawb uas siv cov digital cov ntaub ntawv qhov chaw yuav muaj ntau heev hom phiaj txawm yog hais tias lawv siv tib hom ntawm cov ntaub ntawv qhov twg los. Nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav ntxiv ntxiv no txim hluav taws xob, piav qhia txog plaub cov kev tshawb fawb hais tias koj twb pom: ob tug uas siv ib cov system raws li ib qho kev ntsuas thiab ob tug uas siv ib cov system raws li ib tug kwv ntawm txoj kev tshawb. Koj muaj peev xwm siv piv txwv los ntawm tshooj no, yog hais tias koj xav tau.

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