2.3.2.1 tsis tiav

Tsis muaj teeb meem li cas "loj" koj "loj cov ntaub ntawv" nws tej zaum tsis muaj cov ntaub ntawv koj xav tau.

Feem ntau cov loj cov ntaub ntawv qhov chaw yog tsis tiav, nyob rau hauv lub siab hais tias lawv tsis muaj cov ntaub ntawv uas koj yuav xav kom koj tshawb nrhiav. Qhov no yog ib qho feature ntawm cov ntaub ntawv uas tau tsim rau cov hom phiaj lwm tshaj kev tshawb fawb. Muaj ntau cov kev sib raug zaum twb muaj qhov kev paub ntawm kev soj ntsuam txog nrog lub incompleteness, xws li ib tug uas twb muaj lawm daim ntawv ntsuam xyuas uas tsis nug cov lus nug koj xav. Tu siab, cov teeb meem ntawm incompleteness yuav tau ntau heev nyob rau hauv loj cov ntaub ntawv. Nyob rau hauv kuv txoj kev, loj cov ntaub ntawv nyhav yuav tsum tau uas ploj lawm peb hom ntaub ntawv pab tau rau kev tshawb fawb: demographics, tus cwj pwm nyob rau lwm lub platforms, thiab cov ntaub ntawv rau operationalize theoretical constructs.

Tag nrho peb ntawm cov ntaub ntawv ntawm incompleteness yog illustrated nyob rau hauv ib txoj kev tshawb los ntawm Gueorgi Kossinets thiab Duncan Watts (2006) hais txog cov evolution ntawm lub social network ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv. Kossinets thiab Watts pib nrog cov email cav los ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv, uas muaj leej ntaub ntawv hais txog leej twg xa emails uas nyob li cas lub sij hawm (lub soj ntsuam tsis muaj kev nkag tau mus rau lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov emails). Cov email ntaub ntawv lub suab zoo li ib tug amazing dataset, tab sis, lawv yog-txawm lawv loj thiab granularity-fundamentally tsis tag. Piv txwv li, lub email cav tsis muaj xws li cov ntaub ntawv hais txog cov pej xeem cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov menyuam kawm ntawv, xws li yog txivneej los pojniam thiab muaj hnub nyoog. Ntxiv mus, lub email cav tsis muaj xws li ntaub ntawv qhia txog kev sib txuas lus los ntawm lwm yam xov xwm, xws li hu xov tooj, cov lus ntawv, los yog lub ntsej muag-rau-lub ntsej muag sib tham. Thaum kawg, tus email cav tsis ncaj qha xws li ntaub ntawv qhia txog kev sib raug zoo, lub theoretical constructs nyob rau hauv ntau uas twb muaj lawm theories. Tom qab ntawd nyob rau hauv tshooj, thaum kuv tham txog kev tshawb fawb tswv yim, koj yuav pom yuav ua li cas Kossinets thiab Watts solved cov teeb meem.

Ntawm peb cov hom ntawm cov incompleteness, qhov teeb meem ntawm tsis tiav cov ntaub ntawv rau operationalize theoretical constructs yog qhov nyuaj tshaj plaws los daws, thiab nyob rau hauv kuv txoj kev, nws yog feem ntau ntawd overlooked los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb. Roughly, theoretical constructs yog paub daws teeb lub tswv yim uas social zaum kawm ntawv, tab sis, hmoov tsis, cov constructs yuav tsis yeej ib txwm yuav unambiguously txhais thiab ntsuas. Piv txwv li, cia xav txog tej yam ua rau empirically ntsuam xyuas cov thaj yooj yim daim ntawv thov hais tias cov neeg uas muaj ntau ntse khwv tau nyiaj ntau dua. Nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav ntsuam xyuas qhov no thov koj yuav tau mus ntsuas "txawj ntse." Tab sis, yog dab tsi txawj ntse? Piv txwv li, Gardner (2011) sib cav hais tias muaj ua tau yim ntau yam ntaub ntawv ntawm cov txawj ntse. Thiab, yog muaj cov txheej txheem uas yuav meej ntsuas ib yam ntawm cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov txawj ntse? Txawm tias enormous cov nqi ntawm cov ua hauj lwm los ntawm psychologists, cov lus nug no tseem tsis tau muaj unambiguous cov lus teb. Yog li, txawm tias ib tug kuj yooj yim daim ntawv thov-cov neeg uas muaj ntau ntse khwv tau nyiaj ntau-yuav ua tau ib qho nyuaj rau kev ntsuam xyuas empirically vim hais tias nws yuav ua tau ib qho nyuaj rau operationalize theoretical constructs nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv. Lwm yam piv txwv ntawm theoretical constructs uas tseem ceeb tab sis ib qho nyuaj rau operationalize muaj xws li "kev cai," "kev capital," thiab "kev cai ywj pheej." Social zaum hu lub match ntawm theoretical constructs thiab cov ntaub ntawv dlaim validity (Cronbach and Meehl 1955) . Thiab, raws li qhov no daim ntawv teev cov constructs qhia, txua validity yog ib qho teeb meem uas kev zaum tau struggled nrog rau ib tug ntev heev lub sij hawm, txawm tias thaum lawv tau ua hauj lwm nrog cov ntaub ntawv uas tau sau rau lub hom phiaj ntawm kev tshawb fawb. Thaum ua hauj lwm nrog cov ntaub ntawv sau rau cov hom phiaj lwm tshaj kev tshawb fawb, cov teeb meem ntawm dlaim validity yog txawm ntau nyuaj (Lazer 2015) .

Thaum koj nyeem ntawv tshawb fawb, ib tug ceev thiab pab tau txoj kev los ntsuam xyuas tej kev txhawj xeeb txog dlaim validity yog coj lub ntsiab daim ntawv thov nyob rau hauv daim ntawv, uas yog feem ntau yog qhia nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm constructs, thiab re-qhia nws nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm cov ntaub ntawv siv. Piv txwv li, xav txog ob hypothetical kev tshawb fawb uas hais qhia tias ntse tshaj cov neeg khwv tau nyiaj ntau dua:

• Txoj kev tshawb no 1: cov neeg uas tau zoo nyob rau hauv lub Raven Progressive matrices Test-ib tug zoo kawm kev xeem ntawm analytic txawj ntse (Carpenter, Just, and Shell 1990) -have siab qhia cov nyiaj tau los nyob rau hauv lawv cov se
• Txoj kev tshawb no 2: neeg nyob rau Twitter uas siv ntev lo lus no feem ntau yuav hais khoom kim heev hom

Nyob rau hauv ob leeg, soj ntsuam yuav vajhuam hais tias lawv pom tau hais tias ntse tshaj cov neeg khwv tau nyiaj ntau dua. Tab sis, nyob rau hauv thawj txoj kev tshawb no lub theoretical constructs zoo operationalized los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv, thiab nyob rau hauv lub thib ob lawv yog cov tsis. Ntxiv mus, raws li cov piv txwv no qhia txog, ntau cov ntaub ntawv tsis tau daws tau teeb meem nrog dlaim validity. Koj yuav tsis ntseeg cov kev tshwm sim ntawm txoj kev tshawb no 2 seb nws muab kev koom tes ib tug lab tweets, ib tug billion tweets, los yog ib tug trillion tweets. Rau kev soj ntsuam tsis paub nrog lub tswv yim ntawm dlaim validity, Rooj 2.2 muab ib co piv txwv ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb uas tau operationalized theoretical constructs siv cov cim tseg cov ntaub ntawv.

Txawm tias qhov teeb meem ntawm tsis tiav cov ntaub ntawv rau operationalizing theoretical constructs yog zoo nkauj zog kom daws tau, muaj peb cov kev daws teeb meem rau qhov teeb meem ntawm tsis tiav demographic ntaub ntawv thiab tsis tag cov lus qhia txog tus cwj pwm nyob rau lwm lub platforms. Tus thawj yog yuav tau sau cov ntaub ntawv uas koj xav tau; Kuv mam li qhia rau koj txog ib qho piv txwv ntawm uas nyob rau hauv Tshooj 3 thaum kuv qhia nej txog kev tshawb fawb. Tu siab, qhov no zoo ntawm cov ntaub ntawv sau los yog tsis tau. Qhov thib ob lub ntsiab lus teb yog yuav ua li cas cov ntaub ntawv zaum hu cov neeg siv-attribute inference thiab dab tsi social zaum hu imputation. Nyob rau hauv no mus kom ze, soj ntsuam siv cov ntaub ntawv uas lawv muaj nyob rau hauv ib co neeg mus xav hais tias tej cwj pwm ntawm lwm tus neeg. Qhov thib peb tau tshuaj-ib tug siv los ntawm Kossinets thiab Watts-yog yuav muab ntau yam ntaub ntawv. Qhov no tus txheej txheem no tej zaum hu ua cov phiajcim los yog cov ntaub linkage. Kuv nyiam ua piv txwv qhia rau tus txheej txheem no twb npaj siab nyob rau hauv lub heev thawj pawg lus ntawm tus thawj heev ntawv puas tau sau rau ntaub ntawv linkage (Dunn 1946) :

"Txhua tus neeg nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no tsim ib phau ntawv ntawm lub neej. Qhov no Phau Ntawv pib nrog yug thiab xaus nrog kev tuag. Nws cov nplooj ntawv yog ua los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub hauv paus ntsiab lus txheej xwm nyob rau hauv lub neej. Cov ntaub ntawv linkage yog lub npe muab rau tus txheej txheem ntawm assembling cov nplooj ntawv ntawm phau ntawv no mus rau hauv ib tug ntim. "

Qhov no tso cai sau nyob rau hauv 1946, thiab thaum ntawd lub sij hawm, cov neeg xav hais tias Phau Ntawv ntawm lub neej yuav muaj xws li lub neej txheej xwm zoo li yug me nyuam, kev sib yuav, sib nrauj, thiab kev tuag. Txawm li cas los, tam sim no tias yog li ntawd ntau npaum li cas cov lus qhia txog cov neeg sau, cov phau ntawv ntawm lub neej yuav yog ib qho incredibly ncauj lus kom ntxaws portrait, yog hais tias cov sib txawv nplooj ntawv (ie, peb cov ib co kua nplaum), yuav tau ua txhua yam ua ke. Qhov no Phau Ntawv ntawm lub neej yuav yog ib tug zoo kev pab rau cov kev soj ntsuam. Tab sis, cov phau ntawv ntawm lub neej kuj hu tau ​​ua ib tug database ntawm puas (Ohm 2010) , uas yuav siv tau rau tag nrho cov hom ntawm unethical hom phiaj, raws li tau piav ntau rau hauv qab no thaum kuv tham txog lub rhiab xwm ntawm cov ntaub ntawv sau los ntawm loj cov ntaub ntawv qhov chaw hauv qab no thiab nyob rau hauv Tshooj 6 (Ethics).