5.4.1 eBird
eBird siv cov ntaub ntawv rau cov noog los ntawm birders; tuaj pab dawb yuav muab tau geographic scale hais tias tsis muaj pab neeg tshawb fawb yuav phim.
Noog yog qhov txhia chaw, thiab ornithologists xav paub tias qhov twg txhua txhua noog yog nyob rau txhua txhua lub sij hawm ntawd. Muab xws li ib tug zoo meej dataset, ornithologists yuav nyob ntau yuav tsum muaj cov lus nug ntawm lawv lub teb. Ntawm cov hoob kawm, sau cov ntaub ntawv no yog tshaj li cov uas muaj tej kev soj ntsuam. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm uas ornithologists xav richer thiab xav paub ntau tshaj cov ntaub ntawv, "birders" -people uas mus noog saib kev lom zem-tas li tsom kwm cov noog thiab cov ntsiab dab tsi lawv pom. Cov ob cov zej zog muaj ib tug ntev li keeb kwm ntawm kev sis koom teg, tab sis tam sim no cov ua haujlwm uake tau hloov los ntawm cov muaj hnub nyoog. eBird yog ib tug faib cov ntaub ntawv sau peb tes num uas solicits ntaub ntawv los ntawm birders nyob ib ncig ntawm lub ntiaj teb no, thiab nws twb tau txais tshaj 260 lab noog sightings ntawm 250,000 koom (Kelling et al. 2015) .
Ua ntej mus rau lub lub community launch txog eBird, npaum li cas ntawm cov ntaub ntawv uas tsim los ntawm birders yog tsis mus soj ntsuam:
"Nyob rau hauv ntau txhiab closets nyob ib ncig ntawm lub ntiaj teb no niaj hnub no pw countless phau ntawv sau, index cards, annotated checklists, thiab hmoov. Cov neeg ntawm peb kev koom tes nrog birding tsev paub zoo rau hauv lub siab ntawm lub rooj sib hais dua dua txog 'kuv cov txiv ntxawm lig lub noog cov ntaub ntawv' Peb paub yuav ua li cas muaj nuj nqis lawv yuav tsum tau. Sadly, peb kuj paub tias peb yuav tsis siv lawv. " (Fitzpatrick et al. 2002)
Es tsis muaj no muaj nqi ntaub ntawv zaum tsis siv, eBird enables birders upload nws mus rau ib tug centralized, cov database. Cov ntaub ntawv uploaded rau eBird muaj rau tseem ceeb teb: leej twg, nyob qhov twg, thaum twg, yog dab tsi hom, yuav ua li cas muaj ntau yam, thiab kev rau siab. Uas tsis yog-birding txawj nyeem ntawv, "dag zog" yog hais txog txoj kev siv thaum ua pom. Cov ntaub ntawv zoo tshev pib txawm ua ntej cov ntaub ntawv yog uploaded. Birders sim xa txawv txawv qhia-xws li lus ceeb toom ntawm heev tsawg hom, heev suav, los sis tawm ntawm lub caij qhia-yog flagged, thiab lub website cia li thov cov lus qhia ntxiv, xws li duab. Tom qab sau li no ntxiv ntaub ntawv, cov flagged ntawv no yog xa mus rau ib qho ntawm pua pua ntawm cov ua haujlwm pab dawb regional ua hauj lwm rau ntxiv kev soj ntsuam. Tom qab kev tshawb xyuas los ntawm lub lub regional kws muaj txuj-xws li tau ntxiv xov xwm nrog lub birder-lub flagged ntawv no yog los muab pov tseg raws li unreliable los yog lawv nkag mus rau hauv eBird database (Kelling et al. 2012) . Qhov no database ntawm kuaj pom yog ces muaj rau leej twg nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no nrog ib tug Internet kev twb kev txuas, thiab kom deb li deb, yuav luag 100 saib xyuas cov ntaub ntawv tau siv nws (Bonney et al. 2014) . eBird kom meej meej qhia tau hais tias ua haujlwm pab dawb birders yuav tau sau cov ntaub ntawv uas yuav pab tau rau tiag tiag Ornithology kev tshawb fawb.
Ib tug ntawm cov beauties ntawm eBird yog hais tias nws captures "ua hauj lwm" uas yog twb tshwm sim-nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, birding. Qhov no feature enables peb tes num yuav ua tau zoo kawg li scale. Txawm li cas los, cov "ua hauj lwm" ua los ntawm birders tsis raws nraim phim cov ntaub ntawv uas yuav tsum tau ornithologists. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv eBird, cov ntaub ntawv sau yog txiav txim los ntawm qhov chaw ntawm birders tsis qhov chaw ntawm cov noog. Qhov no txhais tau tias, piv txwv li, feem ntau pom zoo li mus tshwm sim nyob ze rau txoj kev (Kelling et al. 2012; Kelling et al. 2015) . Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau qhov zoo tib faib rau rau siab tshaj qhov chaw, lub sij pom los ntawm birders tsis yeej ib txwm zoo tagnrho. Piv txwv li, ib co birders tsuas upload ntaub ntawv hais txog hom uas lawv xav nthuav es uploading ntaub ntawv rau tag nrho cov hom uas lawv pom.
eBird soj ntsuam muaj ob lub ntsiab kev daws teeb meem rau cov ntaub ntawv zoo tej teeb meem, tej teeb meem uas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ntau ntau lwm yam faib cov ntaub ntawv sau tej yaam num. Ua ntej, eBird soj ntsuam tas li sim txawj tej yam ntxiv qhov zoo ntawm cov ntaub ntawv xa los ntawm birders. Piv txwv li, eBird muaj kev kawm ntawv mus koom, thiab nws tau tsim visualizations ntawm txhua tus neeg cov ntaub ntawv hais tias, los ntawm lawv cov tsim, txhawb kom birders upload ntaub ntawv hais txog tag nrho txhua hom hais tias lawv pom, tsis yog ib tug subset (Wood et al. 2011; Wiggins 2011) . Ob, eBird soj ntsuam siv statistical qauv uas sim kho rau cov pa nrov thiab ua kev xwm ntawm cov nqaij nyoos cov ntaub ntawv. Nws yog tseem tsis tau meej yog hais tias cov statistical qauv tag nrho tshem tawm biases los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv, tab sis ornithologists yog ntseeg txaus nyob rau hauv qhov zoo tshaj ntawm tom eBird cov ntaub ntawv hais tias, raws li tau hais ua ntej lawm, nws twb tau muab siv nyob rau hauv yuav luag 100 saib xyuas scientific ntaub ntawv.
Muaj ntau uas tsis yog-ornithologists yog chiv tsis tshua muaj neeg skeptical thaum lawv hnov hais txog eBird rau thawj lub sij hawm. Nyob rau hauv kuv lub tswv yim, ib feem ntawm no skepticism los ntawm xav txog eBird nyob rau hauv lub tsis ncaj ncees lawm txoj kev. Muaj coob tus neeg ua ntej xav hais tias "Yog tus eBird cov ntaub ntawv zoo tag nrho?", Thiab cov lus teb yog kiag li tsis. Txawm li cas los, yog tsis muaj txoj cai cov lus nug. Txoj cai lo lus nug yog, "Rau tej kev tshawb fawb muaj lus nug, yog lub eBird cov ntaub ntawv zoo dua uas twb muaj lawm Ornithology cov ntaub ntawv?" Rau cov lus nug uas cov lus teb no mas nws yeej yog, nyob rau hauv ib feem vim hais tias rau ntau cov lus nug ntawm kev txaus siab yog tsis muaj tseeb lwm txoj rau faib cov ntaub ntawv sau.
Lub eBird project qha hais tias nws yog tau koom nrog rau ua haujlwm pab dawb nyob rau hauv tus sau los ntawm ib qho tseem ceeb cov ntaub ntawv. Txawm li cas los, eBird, thiab lwm yam tej yaam num, qhia tau tias txoj kev sib tw hais txog piv txwv thiab cov ntaub ntawv zoo yog kev txhawj xeeb txog faib cov ntaub ntawv sau tej yaam num. Raws li peb yuav pom nyob rau hauv lub tom ntej no seem, Txawm li cas los, nrog ntse tsim thiab technology cov kev txhawj xeeb yuav tsis tshua nyob rau hauv ib co chaw.
