5.4.3 Xaus
Faib cov ntaub ntawv sau los yog ua tau, thiab nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej tej zaum yuav koom nrog technology thiab passive kev koom tes.
Raws li eBird qha, faib cov ntaub ntawv sau yuav siv tau rau kev tshawb fawb. Ntxiv mus, PhotoCity qhia tau hais tias cov teeb meem muaj feem xyuam rau piv txwv thiab cov ntaub ntawv zoo yog muaj feem solvable.
Yuav ua li cas tej zaum yuav faib cov ntaub ntawv sau ua hauj lwm rau kev sib raug zoo kev tshawb fawb? Ib tug piv txwv zoo rau los ntawm lub chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm Susan Watkins thiab nws lug txhawb cov miv nyob rau hauv lub Malawi Txhua Project (Watkins and Swidler 2009; Kaler, Watkins, and Angotti 2015) . Nyob rau hauv qhov project no, 22 uas nyob hauv zos hu ua "neeg sau xov xwm" -kept "conversational phau ntawv" uas kaw, nyob rau hauv kom meej, tham lawv hnov hais txog AIDS nyob rau hauv lub neej txhua hnub ntawm neeg zoo tib yam (thaum lub sij hawm lub project pib, hais txog 15% ntawm cov neeg laus nyob rau hauv Malawi tau tus kab mob HIV (Bello, Chipeta, and Aberle-Grasse 2006) ). Vim hais tias ntawm lawv cov sab raws li txoj cai, cov neeg sau xov xwm twb tau hnov sib tham uas tej zaum yuav tau muab tsis cuag rau Susan Watkins thiab nws Western kev tshawb fawb collaborators (Kuv mam li sib tham txog cov ethics ntawm no tom qab nyob rau hauv tshooj thaum kuv muaj tswv yim hais txog tsim koj tus kheej loj sib koom tes project ). Cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm cov Malawi Txhua Project tau coj mus rau ib tug xov tooj ntawm ib qho tseem ceeb uas nrhiav tau. Piv txwv li, ua ntej peb tes num pib, muaj ntau yam neeg sab nraud ntseeg hais tias muaj yog silence txog AIDS nyob rau hauv sub-Saharan Africa, tab sis lub hnub pom hais tias qhov no yog kom meej meej tsis yog cov ntaub: neeg sau xov xwm hnov pua pua ntawm kev sib tham nyob rau hauv lub npe, nyob rau hauv qhov chaw raws li ntau haiv neeg raws li kev pam tuag , tuav, thiab lub koom txoos. Ntxiv mus, qhov xwm ntawm cov kev sib tham pab kev soj ntsuam to taub zoo dua ib co ntawm cov ua hauj hnab looj siv; txoj kev uas lub hnab looj siv framed nyob rau hauv pej xeem noj qab haus huv cov lus yog inconsistent nrog txoj kev hais tias nws twb tham nyob rau hauv lub neej txhua hnub (Tavory and Swidler 2009) .
Ntawm cov hoob kawm, zoo li cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm eBird, cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm lub Malawi Txhua Project yog tsis zoo tag nrho, ib qhov teeb meem los sib tham nyob rau hauv kom meej los ntawm Watkins thiab lug txhawb cov miv. Piv txwv li, lub kaw lus sib tham tsis yog ib tug random qauv ntawm tag nrho cov tau sib tham. Theej, lawv yog ib tug tsis tiav census sib tham txog AIDS. Nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm cov ntaub ntawv zoo, tus neeg tshawb fawb ntseeg hais tias lawv neeg sau xov xwm nyob high-zoo reporters, raws li evidenced los ntawm taub hau hauv phau ntawv thiab thoob plaws txhua hnub. Ntxiv mus, thaum txaus sau xov xwm yog deployed nyob rau hauv ib tug me me txaus qhov chaw thiab ntawv no yog teem rau ib lub ntsiab lus, redundancy los ua tau, uas tsub kom kev cog qoob loo nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv zoo. Piv txwv li, ib tug txiv neej neeg ua hauj lwm hu ua "Stella" tsom mus ob peb zaug nyob rau hauv lub hnub ntawm plaub txawv neeg sau xov xwm (Watkins and Swidler 2009) . Raws li nws yog nyob rau hauv PhotoCity, kev siv ntawm redundancy yog ib qho tseem ceeb hauv paus ntsiab lus nrug muaj feem luj thiab kom ntseeg tau ntaub ntawv zoo nyob rau hauv faib cov ntaub ntawv sau tej yaam num. Nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav ntxiv ua rau koj qhov, Rooj 5.3 qhia tau hais tias lwm cov piv txwv ntawm faib cov ntaub ntawv sau rau cov kev sib raug tshawb fawb.
| Cov ntaub ntawv sau | citation |
|---|---|
| Kev sib tham txog tus kab mob HIV / AIDS nyob rau hauv Malawi | Watkins and Swidler (2009) ; Kaler, Watkins, and Angotti (2015) |
| Txoj kev begging nyob rau hauv London | Purdam (2014) |
| Tej teeb meem txheej xwm nyob rau hauv Eastern Congo | Windt and Humphreys (2016) |
| Economic kev ua si nyob rau hauv Nigeria thiab Liberia | Blumenstock, Keleher, and Reisinger (2016) |
| Influenza keb soj ntsuam | Noort et al. (2015) |
Tag nrho cov piv txwv piav nyob rau hauv seem no tau muab kev koom tes active kev koom tes: neeg sau xov xwm transcribed sib tham hais tias lawv tau hnov; birders uploaded lawv birding checklists; los yog players uploaded lawv cov duab. Tab sis li cas yog hais tias tus kev koom tes yog tsis siv neeg thiab tsis yuav tsum tau tej yam kev txawj los yog lub sij hawm mus xa? Qhov no yog kev cog lus muab los ntawm "participatory tsoov" los yog "cov neeg-centric tsoov." Piv txwv li, lub Pothole Patrol, ib qhov project los zaum ntawm MIT, mounted GPS nruab accelerometers hauv xya lub tsheb tavxij cabs nyob rau hauv lub Boston cheeb tsam (Eriksson et al. 2008) . Vim hais tias tsav tsheb tshaj ib tug pothole yoojyim ib cov accelerometer teeb liab, cov pab kiag li lawm, thaum muab tso rau hauv tsiv taxis, muaj peev xwm tsim pothole maps ntawm Boston. Ntawm cov hoob kawm, taxis tsis across qauv txoj kev, tab sis muab txaus taxis, tej zaum yuav muaj txaus pab them nqi rau muab cov lus qhia txog loj hlob ntawm lawv lub nroog. Ib tug thib ob kev pab ntawm passive systems uas cia siab rau technology yog hais tias lawv de-kev txawj hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm pab cov ntaub ntawv: thaum nws yuav tsum tau kev txawj los pab txhawb kom eBird (vim hais tias koj yuav tsum tau mus nti qhia noog hom), nws yuav tsum tau tsis muaj tshwj xeeb kev txawj ntse los ua rau kom Pothole Patrol.
Mus rau pem hauv ntej, Kuv xav tias hais tias muaj ntau faib cov ntaub ntawv sau tej yaam num yuav pib ua siv peev xwm ntawm cov xov tooj txawb uas yog twb nqa los ntawm billions ntawm cov neeg nyob ib ncig ntawm lub ntiaj teb no. Cov tes twb muaj ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm sensors ib qho tseem ceeb rau kev ntsuas, xws li microphones, koob yees duab, GPS pab kiag li lawm, thiab ntoos. Ntxiv mus, cov txawb tes txhawb peb-tog apps enabling soj ntsuam ib co tswj lwm cov ntaub ntawv sau twg. Thaum kawg, cov xov tooj muaj Internet-connectivity, ua rau nws ua tau rau lawv mus off-thauj cov ntaub ntawv lawv sau. Muaj ntau cov kev sib tw los ntawm tsis raug sensors rau limited roj teeb lub neej, tab sis cov teeb meem no tej zaum yuav ploj zuj zus mus thaum lub sij hawm raws li technology tsim. Tej teeb meem muaj feem xyuam rau kev ceev ntiag tug thiab ethics, rau lwm cov tes, tej zaum yuav tau txais ntau nyuab li technology npaj; Kuv mam li rov qab mus rau cov lus nug ntawm ethics thaum kuv muaj tswv yim hais txog tsim koj tus kheej loj sib koom tes.
Nyob rau hauv faib cov ntaub ntawv sau tej yaam num, tuaj pab dawb pab cov ntaub ntawv hais txog lub ntiaj teb no. Qhov no mus kom ze twb tau muab siv ntse, thiab yav tom ntej siv yuav muaj nyob rau piv txwv thiab cov ntaub ntawv zoo kev txhawj xeeb. Qhov zoo ces, uas twb muaj lawm tej yaam num xws li PhotoCity thiab Pothole Patrol hais daws lawv tej teeb meem. Raws li ntau tej yaam num coj kom zoo dua ntawm technology uas enables de-txawj thiab passive kev koom tes, faib cov ntaub ntawv sau tej yaam num yuav tsum dramatically nce nyob rau hauv scale, enabling soj ntsuam sau cov ntaub ntawv uas yog ib tsab tawm txwv nyob rau hauv yav tag los.
