ntxiv tswv yim

Seem no yog tsim los siv raws li ib tug siv, es tsis yuav tsum tau nyeem raws li ib tug narrative.

• Introduction (Section 6.1)

Kev tshawb fawb ethics muaj feeb kuj muaj ntsiab lus xws li kev dag thiab kev faib nyiaj ntawm credit. Cov ntsiab lus yuav sib tham txog nyob rau hauv ntau dua kom meej nyob rau hauv Engineering (2009) .

Tshooj no yog xav zoo li tus los ntawm qhov teeb meem no nyob rau hauv lub tebchaws United States. Yog xav paub ntxiv nyob rau hauv qhov kev zoo saib xyuas cov txheej txheem nyob rau hauv lwm lub teb chaws, mus saib tshooj 6, 7, 8, thiab 9 ntawm Desposato (2016b) . Rau ib tug sib cav uas cov biomedical homthawj uas muaj tus tshooj no yog excessively American, saib Holm (1995) . Yog xav paub ntxiv keeb kwm kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm Institutional Review Cam nyob rau hauv Teb Chaws Asmeskas, saib Stark (2012) .

Lub Belmont Daim ntawv qhia txog thiab tom ntej kev cai nyob rau hauv lub US tau ua ib qho uas txawv ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab kev xyaum. Qhov no txim hluav taws xob tau criticized tom qab (Beauchamp and Saghai 2012; boyd 2016; Metcalf and Crawford 2016; Meyer 2015) . Kuv tsis ua kom qhov no txim hluav taws xob nyob rau hauv tshooj no vim kuv xav tias qhov kev zoo tej ntsiab cai thiab coj siv rau ob qho tib si nqis. Yog xav paub ntxiv nyob rau hauv kev tshawb fawb ntsuam xyuas ntawm Facebook, saib Jackman and Kanerva (2016) . Rau ib lub tswv yim rau kev tshawb fawb ntsuam xyuas ntawm tuam txhab uas muag thiab cov NGOs, saib Polonetsky, Tene, and Jerome (2015) thiab Tene and Polonetsky (2016) .

Yog xav paub ntxiv nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub Ebola mas nyob rau hauv 2014, saib McDonald (2016) , thiab rau ntau ntxiv txog tus kheej kev txaus ntshai ntawm mobile ntaub ntawv xov tooj, mus saib Mayer, Mutchler, and Mitchell (2016) . Rau ib qho piv txwv ntawm ntsoog-txog kev tshawb fawb uas siv cov xov tooj txawb cov ntaub ntawv, saib Bengtsson et al. (2011) thiab Lu, Bengtsson, and Holme (2012) .

• Peb piv txwv (Section 6.2)

Muaj coob tus neeg tau sau hais txog Emotional Contagion. Cov phau ntawv journal tshawb fawb Ethics mob siab lawv tag nrho qhov teeb meem nyob rau hauv Lub ib hlis ntuj 2016 tham txog qhov xyaum ua tej; saib Hunter and Evans (2016) rau ib tug txheej txheem cej luam. Cov zaug ntawm qhov National Academics ntawm Science luam tawm ob daim hais txog cov kev xyaum ua tej yam: Kahn, Vayena, and Mastroianni (2014) thiab Fiske and Hauser (2014) . Lwm yam daim txog qhov xyaum ua tej xws li: Puschmann and Bozdag (2014) ; Meyer (2014) ; Grimmelmann (2015) ; Meyer (2015) ; Selinger and Hartzog (2015) ; Kleinsman and Buckley (2015) ; Shaw (2015) ; Flick (2015) .

Yog xav paub ntxiv nyob rau hauv Encore, saib Jones and Feamster (2015) .

• Cov no yog sib txawv (Section 6.3)

Nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm loj keb soj ntsuam, sab overviews yog muab nyob rau hauv Mayer-Schönberger (2009) thiab Marx (2016) . Rau ib pob zeb ua piv txwv ntawm cov kev hloov cov nqi ntawm keb soj ntsuam, Bankston and Soltani (2013) kwv yees tias nrhiav ib tug criminal neeg phem siv xov tooj ntawm tes yog hais txog 50 lub sij hawm pheej yig dua tshaj siv lub cev keb soj ntsuam. Bell and Gemmell (2009) muaj ib tug ntau optimistic foundations nyob rau hauv tus kheej keb soj ntsuam. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus ua tau taug qab observable tus cwj pwm uas yog pej xeem los yog cov pej xeem (xws li, saj, Ties, thiab lub sij hawm), soj ntsuam ntawm muaj peev xwm nce xav hais tias tej yam uas muaj ntau yam neeg tuaj koom xav kom private. Piv txwv li, Michal Kosinski thiab lug txhawb cov miv pom tias lawv yuav xav hais tias sensitive ntaub ntawv txog cov neeg, xws li kev sib deev orientation thiab siv cov hom tshuaj los ntawm seemingly zoo tib yam cov cim tseg cov ntaub ntawv (Facebook Nyiam) (Kosinski, Stillwell, and Graepel 2013) . Qhov no tej zaum suab tej yam yees siv, tab sis tus mus kom ze Kosinski thiab lug txhawb cov miv siv-uas combines cov khoom siv, cov ntawv tshawb fawb, thiab saib xyuas kev kawm-yog ua tau ib yam dab tsi uas kuv twb hais rau koj hais txog. Rov qab hais tias nyob rau hauv Tshooj 3 (Nug cov lus nug) kuv hais rau koj yuav ua li cas Josh Blumenstock thiab lug txhawb cov miv (2015) ua ke daim ntawv ntsuam xyuas cov ntaub ntawv nrog mobile ntaub ntawv xov tooj rau kwv yees cov neeg txom nyem nyob rau hauv Rwanda. Qhov no qhia kiag ib yam mus kom ze, uas yuav siv tau los nraaj ntsuas cov neeg txom nyem nyob rau hauv ib tug tsim lub teb chaws, kuj yuav siv tau rau feem kev ceev ntiag tug txhaum hais.

Inconsistent kev cai thiab kev cai yuav ua tau kom cov kev tshawb fawb uas tsis hwm lub xav li cas ntawm cov neeg tuaj koom, thiab nws yuav ua tau kom "tswj txoj cai kav khw" los ntawm kev soj ntsuam (Grimmelmann 2015; Nickerson and Hyde 2016) . Nyob rau hauv kev, ib txhia soj ntsuam uas xav kom tsis txhob muaj IRB kev ntsuam xyuas muaj cov neeg koom tes uas yog tsis tau kev pab los ntawm IRBs (xws li, cov neeg ntawm tuam txhab uas muag los yog NGOs) sau thiab de-qhia cov ntaub ntawv. Tom qab ntawd, kev soj ntsuam yuav tsom xam cov de-qhia ntaub ntawv tsis muaj IRB kev ntsuam xyuas, yam tsawg kawg raws li ib txhia totaub txog tam sim no cov kev cai. Qhov no zoo IRB evasion zoo li yuav inconsistent nrog ib tug hauv paus ntsiab lus raws li mus kom ze.

Yog xav paub ntxiv nyob rau hauv lub inconsistent thiab ua kev tswv yim hais tias cov neeg muaj txog kev noj qab cov ntaub ntawv, saib Fiore-Gartland and Neff (2015) . Yog xav paub ntxiv nyob rau hauv qhov teeb meem uas heterogeneity tsim cov kev tshawb fawb ethics kev txiav txim siab saib Meyer (2013) .

Ib tug txawv ntawm analog muaj hnub nyoog thiab cov muaj hnub nyoog tshawb fawb no yog hais tias nyob rau hauv cov muaj hnub nyoog tshawb fawb sis raug zoo nrog cov neeg tuaj koom yog ntau nyob deb. Cov kev sib tshuam feem ntau tshwm sim los ntawm ib tug intermediary xws li ib lub tuam txhab, thiab muaj yog feem ntau ib tug loj lub cev thiab kev ncua deb ntawm kev soj ntsuam thiab koom. Qhov no nyob deb sis ua tej yam uas yog ib qho yooj yim nyob rau hauv analog muaj hnub nyoog tshawb fawb nyuaj nyob rau hauv cov muaj hnub nyoog kev tshawb fawb, xws li soj ntsuam kuaj tawm koom uas yuav tsum tau ntxiv tiv thaiv, tebchaws phiv cov txheej xwm, thiab remediating raug mob yog hais tias nws tshwm sim. Piv txwv li, cia txawv Emotional Contagion nrog ib tug hypothetical lab xyaum ua tej yam nyob rau tib lub ntsiab lus. Nyob rau hauv lub lab xyaum ua tej yam, soj ntsuam yuav soj ntsuam tawm tus neeg twg uas tuaj txog ntawm lub lab uas qhia cuab kev pom kev nyuaj siab. Ntxiv mus, yog hais tias tus lab xyaum ua tej yam tsim kev phiv kev tshwm sim, soj ntsuam yuav pom nws, muab kev pab rau remediate cov raug mob, thiab ces ua kev kho me ntsis rau lub sim raws tu qauv los mus tiv thaiv yav tom ntej harms. Cov nyob deb xwm ntawm kev sis raug zoo nyob rau hauv lub sij Emotional Contagion xyaum ua tej yam yuav ua rau txhua tus ntawm cov yooj yooj yim thiab paub tab paub xav kauj ruam tsis tshua muaj neeg yooj yim. Tsis tas li ntawd, kuv xav tias qhov kev ncua deb ntawm kev soj ntsuam thiab koom ua kev soj ntsuam tsawg rhiab rau qhov kev txhawj xeeb ntawm lawv cov neeg tuaj koom.

Lwm qhov chaw ntawm inconsistent cai thiab cov cai. Ib txhia ntawm no inconsistency los ntawm qhov tseeb hais tias qhov kev tshawb fawb tshwm sim tag nrho cov thoob lub ntiaj teb. Piv txwv li, Encore koom tes cov neeg los ntawm thoob plaws lub ntiaj teb no, thiab yog li ntawd nws yuav raug cov ntaub ntawv tiv thaiv thiab tsis pub twg kev cai ntawm ntau lub teb chaws sib txawv. Yuav ua li cas yog hais tias tus cai tswj-thib web thov (dab tsi Encore tau ua) yog txawv nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees, lub tebchaws United States, Kenya, thiab Tuam Tshoj? Yuav ua li cas yog hais tias tus cai yog tsis txawm zoo ib yam nyob rau hauv ib zaug xwb lub teb chaws? Ib tug thib ob qhov chaw ntawm inconsistency los ntawm collaborations ntawm kev soj ntsuam ntawm nyob rau universities thiab tuam txhab uas muag; piv txwv li, Emotional Contagion yog ib tug koom tes ntawm ib cov ntaub ntawv paub txog ntawm Facebook thiab ib tug xib fwb thiab kawm tiav me nyuam kawm ntawv nyob rau ntawm Cornell. Thaum Facebook khiav loj thwmsim yog niaj hnub ua thiab, nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm, tsis yuav tsum tau tej thib peb-tog koom kev soj ntsuam. Thaum Cornell lub cai thiab cov kev cai yog heev txawv; zoo tag nrho thwmsim yuav tsum tau soj ntsuam los ntawm cov Cornell IRB. Yog li ntawd, uas set ntawm cov kev cai yuav tsum kav Emotional Contagion-Facebook los yog Cornell tus?

Yog xav paub ntxiv nyob rau hauv cov kev siv zog los txhim kho cov Common Rule, saib Evans (2013) , Council (2014) , Metcalf (2016) , thiab Hudson and Collins (2015) .

• Plaub hauv paus ntsiab lus (Section 6.4)

Lub classic hauv paus ntsiab lus raws li mus kom ze rau biomedical ethics yog Beauchamp and Childress (2012) . Lawv tshaj tawm hais tias plaub lub ntsiab hauv paus ntsiab lus yuav tsum coj biomedical ethics: Hwm rau autonomy, Nonmaleficence, beneficence, thiab kev ncaj ncees. Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm nonmaleficence yaum kom ib tug tsis txhob ua rau raug mob rau lwm tus neeg. Cov tswvyim no yog heev kev cob cog rua rau Hippocratic lub tswv yim ntawm "Koj tsis muaj kev tsim txom." Nyob rau hauv kev tshawb fawb ethics, qhov no txoj ntsiab cai no feem ntau nrog rau lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm beneficence, tab sis saib Beauchamp and Childress (2012) (Tshooj 5) rau ntxiv rau lub txim hluav taws xob ntawm ob . Rau ib tug thuam uas tej ntsiab cai yog overly American, saib Holm (1995) . Yog xav paub ntxiv nyob rau hauv balancing thaum lub hauv paus ntsiab lus teeb meem, saib Gillon (2015) .

Cov plaub hauv paus ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv tshooj no kuj tau npaj siab mus coj zoo kev ntsuam xyuas rau kev tshawb fawb tshwm sim rau tuam txhab uas muag thiab cov NGOs (Polonetsky, Tene, and Jerome 2015) los ntawm lub cev hu ua "Consumer Subject Review Cam" (CSRBs) (Calo 2013) .

• Respect rau Cov Neeg (Section 6.4.1)

Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus saib autonomy, lub Belmont Daim ntawv qhia txog tseem lees paub hais tias tsis yog txhua txhua tus neeg muaj peev xwm sawv ntawm yeej muaj tseeb nws tus kheej txiav txim. Piv txwv li, cov me nyuam, cov neeg txom nyem los ntawm tus kab mob, los yog cov neeg nyob rau hauv lub sijhawm ntawm loj txwv txoj kev ywj pheej yuav tsis tau ua raws li tag nrho autonomous cov tib neeg, thiab cov neeg no yog, yog li ntawd, yuav raug ntxiv tiv thaiv.

Thov lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm Respect rau Cov Neeg nyob rau hauv lub digital muaj hnub nyoog yuav ua tau yooj yim. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv cov muaj hnub nyoog kev tshawb fawb, nws yuav ua tau yooj yim los mus muab ntxiv tiv thaiv rau cov neeg uas diminished muaj peev xwm ua ntawm nws tus kheej txiav txim vim hais tias kev soj ntsuam ntawm ntau paub zoo heev me ntsis txog lawv koom. Ntxiv mus, qhov kev tso cai nyob rau hauv cov muaj hnub nyoog kev tshawb fawb yog ib tug lossis loj kev sib tw. Nyob rau hauv tej rooj plaub, tiag tiag ntawv tso cai yuav raug kev txom nyem los ntawm cov transparency paradox (Nissenbaum 2011) , qhov uas cov ntaub ntawv thiab kev nkag siab yog nyob rau hauv tej teeb meem. Roughly, yog tias kev soj ntsuam ntawm muab tag nrho cov lus qhia txog qhov xwm ntawm cov ntaub ntawv sau, cov ntaub ntawv tsom xam, thiab cov ntaub ntawv kev ruaj ntseg cov kev coj, nws yuav tsis yooj yim rau ntau cov neeg to taub. Tab sis, yog tias kev soj ntsuam ntawm muab nkag ntaub ntawv, tej zaum nws yuav tsis muaj ib qho tseem ceeb kev ntaub ntawv. Nyob rau hauv kev kho mob kev tshawb fawb nyob rau hauv lub analog hnub nyoog-lub dominate chaw xam los ntawm cov Belmont Daim ntawv qhia txog-ib tug yuav xav txog tej yam ib tug kws kho mob tham ib lub zuj zus nrog txhua tus neeg los pab daws tau qhov transparency paradox. Nyob rau hauv online cov kev tshawb fawb uas muaj txhiab los yog tsheej lab ntawm cov neeg, xws li ib tug lub ntsej muag-rau-lub ntsej muag mus kom ze yog tsis yooj yim sua. Ib tug thib ob qhov teeb meem nrog kev tso cai nyob rau hauv lub digital muaj hnub nyoog yog tias nyob rau hauv tej kev tshawb fawb, xws li tsom xam ntawm loj heev cov ntaub ntawv repositories, nws yuav tsis tau yus kom tau paub tso cai los ntawm tag nrho cov neeg. Kuv tham txog cov no thiab lwm cov lus nug txog kev tso cai nyob rau hauv ntau yam nyob rau hauv Section 6.6.1. Txawm tias muaj tej teeb meem, txawm li cas los, peb yuav tsum nco ntsoov hais tias kev tso cai yog tej nuj nqis tsim nyog los yog txaus rau Respect rau Cov Neeg.

Yog xav paub ntxiv nyob rau hauv kev kho mob kev tshawb fawb ua ntej paub tso cai, saib Miller (2014) . Rau ib phau ntawv-ntev kev kho mob ntawm kev tso cai, saib Manson and O'Neill (2007) . Kuj saib cov tswv yim nyeem txog qhov kev tso cai hauv qab no.

• Beneficence (Section 6.4.2)

Harms rau cov ntsiab lus teb yog cov raug mob tias kev tshawb fawb muaj peev xwm ua rau tsis kom meej neeg tab sis mus rau kev sib raug zoo chaw. Cov tswvyim no yog ib tug me ntsis paub daws teeb, tab sis kuv mam li qhia nws nrog ob tug piv txwv: ib tug analog thiab ib cov.

Ib tug classic piv txwv ntawm harms rau cov ntsiab lus teb los ntawm cov Wichita neeg mloog Txoj kev tshawb no [ Vaughan (1967) ; Katz, Capron, and Glass (1972) ; Ch 2.] - Tej thaum kuj hu ua lub Chicago neeg mloog Project (Cornwell 2010) . Nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no soj ntsuam los ntawm cov University of Chicago, raws li ib feem ntawm ib tug loj kev tshawb txog kev sib nrauj ntawm kev cai lij choj system, nyiag kaw rau pawg neeg pab txiav deliberations nyob rau hauv Wichita, Kansas. Lub tsev hais plaub thiab cov kws lij choj nyob rau hauv lub mob tau pom zoo kaw, thiab muaj nruj kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm tus txheej txheem. Txawm li cas los, cov jurors twb unaware uas recordings tau tshwm sim. Thaum txoj kev tshawb no twb tshwm sim, muaj ib chim heev pej xeem. Lub Department of Justice pib ib qho kev tshawb ntawm txoj kev tshawb, thiab cov soj ntsuam ntawm twb hu mus rau tim khawv nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm Congress. Thaum kawg, Congress dhau ib txoj cai tshiab uas yuav ua rau nws txhaum kev cai mus nyiag sau txiav txim deliberation.

Qhov kev txhawj xeeb ntawm critics ntawm lub Wichita neeg mloog Txoj kev tshawb no twb tsis ua mob rau cov neeg; es, nws yog harms rau lub ntsiab lus teb ntawm pawg neeg pab txiav deliberation. Uas yog, cov neeg ntseeg hais tias yog pawg neeg pab txiav cov neeg tsis ntseeg hais tias lawv muaj kev sib tham nyob rau hauv ib tug muaj kev ruaj ntseg thiab kev tiv thaiv qhov chaw, nws yuav nyuab zog rau pawg neeg pab txiav deliberations mus nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus txiav txim deliberation, muaj lwm cov kev sib raug zoo cov ntsiab lus uas haiv neeg muab ntxiv tiv thaiv xws li tus kws lij choj-neeg kev sib raug zoo thiab puas siab puas ntsws mob (MacCarthy 2015) .

Qhov uas harms rau cov ntsiab lus teb thiab cov kev cuam tshuam ntawm kev sib raug tshuab kuj los mus nyob rau hauv ib co teb thwmsim nyob rau hauv Political Science (Desposato 2016b) . Rau ib qho piv txwv ntawm ib tug ntau lub ntsiab lus teb-sensitive nqi-kev pab muab xam rau ib tug teb xyaum ua tej yam nyob rau hauv Political Science, saib Zimmerman (2016) .

• Kev Ncaj Ncees (Section 6.4.3)

Nyiaj Raug Mob Tom rau koom tau los sib tham nyob rau hauv ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov chaw uas muaj feem rau cov muaj hnub nyoog tshawb fawb. Lanier (2014) npaj them koom rau cov khoom siv lawv tsim. Bederson and Quinn (2011) tham txog cov nyiaj them nyob rau hauv online ua hauj lwm ciaj uas muag. Thaum kawg, Desposato (2016a) tawm tswv yim them nyiaj koom nyob rau hauv teb thwmsim. Nws cov ntsiab lus tawm hais tias txawm yog tias koom tsis tau them ncaj qha, ib tug pub dawb yuav ua tau kom ib tug pab pawg neeg ua hauj lwm rau lawv lub cev. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv Encore tus neeg tshawb fawb yuav tau ua ib tug pub dawb rau ib pab pawg neeg ua hauj lwm los pab txhawb kev nkag mus rau hauv Internet.

• Respect rau txoj cai lij choj thiab pej xeem paj (Section 6.4.4)

Cov ntsiab lus uas-of-kev pab cuam ntawv cog lus yuav tsum muaj tsawg hnyav tshaj ntawv cog lus khom ntawm sib npaug zos tog thiab tej kev cai uas tsim los ntawm tsim nyog tsoom fwv. Yam teeb meem uas soj ntsuam tau ua txhaum cov nqe lus-ntawm-kev pab cuam ntawv cog lus nyob rau hauv lub yav dhau los muaj feem xyuam nrog siv cia queries rau tshawb tus cwj pwm ntawm tuam txhab uas muag (zoo li daim teb thwmsim los ntsuas kev ntxub ntxaug). Ntxiv kev sib tham saib Vaccaro et al. (2015) , Bruckman (2016a) , Bruckman (2016b) . Rau ib qho piv txwv ntawm empirical tshawb fawb uas qhia txog cov nqe lus ntawm kev pab, saib Soeller et al. (2016) . Yog xav paub ntxiv nyob rau hauv lub tau raws li txoj cai cov teeb meem soj ntsuam fim yog hais tias lawv ua txhaum cov lus ntawm qhov kev pab saib Sandvig and Karahalios (2016) .

• Ob tug koom coj (Section 6.5)

Obviously, enormous nqi tau raug sau txog consequentialism thiab deontology. Rau ib qho piv txwv ntawm yuav ua li cas cov koom coj, thiab lwm tus neeg, muaj peev xwm yuav siv tau los yog vim li cas txog cov muaj hnub nyoog tshawb fawb, saib Zevenbergen et al. (2015) . Rau ib qho piv txwv ntawm yuav ua li cas cov koom coj yuav tau mus thov mus teb thwmsim nyob rau hauv tsim economics, saib Baele (2013) .

• Ntawv tso cai (Section 6.6.1)

Yog xav paub ntxiv nyob rau hauv tshawb tshawb fawb ntawm kev ntxub ntxaug, saib Pager (2007) thiab Riach and Rich (2004) . Tsis tsuas yog tsis cov kev tshawb fawb tsis muaj kev tso cai, lawv kuj koom nrog deception tsis debriefing.

Ob Desposato (2016a) thiab Humphreys (2015) kev pab tswv yim txog teb thwmsim tsis muaj kev tso cai.

Sommers and Miller (2013) xyuas ntau nqe lus nyob rau hauv dej siab ntawm cov tsis debriefing koom tom qab deception, thiab cav hais tias soj ntsuam yuav tsum tso "debriefing nyob rau hauv ib tug heev nqaim txheej tshwm sim, namely, nyob rau hauv teb kev tshawb fawb nyob rau hauv uas debriefing poses loj tswv yim tej tab sis soj ntsuam yuav muaj tsis muaj kev txhawj xeeb txog debriefing yog hais tias lawv yuav. Soj ntsuam yuav tsum tsis txhob tso cai rau tso debriefing nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav khaws ib tug naïve koom pas dej ua ke, tiv thaiv lawv tus kheej los ntawm koom kev chim siab, los yog tiv thaiv neeg koom los ntawm kev tsim txom. "Lwm tus neeg cam hais tias yog debriefing ua tsim kev mob ntau tshaj kev zoo nws yuav tsum tau zam. Debriefing yog ib rooj plaub uas ib co kev soj ntsuam prioritize Respect rau Cov Neeg tshaj beneficence, thiab ib co kev soj ntsuam ua txawv. Ib tug tau tshuaj yuav nrhiav txoj kev ua kom debriefing ib tug kawm kev rau cov neeg koom. Uas yog, es tsis xav txog debriefing li ib yam dab tsi uas yuav ua rau raug mob, tej zaum debriefing kuj yuav ib yam dab tsi uas pab koom. Rau ib qho piv txwv ntawm no hom ntawm kev kawm ntawv debriefing, saib Jagatic et al. (2007) rau debriefing me nyuam kawm ntawv tom qab ib tug kev sib raug zoo phishing xyaum ua tej yam. Psychologists tau tsim cov tswv yim rau debriefing (DS Holmes 1976a; DS Holmes 1976b; Mills 1976; Baumrind 1985; Oczak and Niedźwieńska 2007) thiab ib co ntawm cov tej zaum yuav usefully thov kom cov muaj hnub nyoog tshawb fawb. Humphreys (2015) muaj nthuav kev xav txog deferred kev tso cai, uas yog zoo txog rau lub debriefing lub tswv yim uas kuv tau piav.

Lub tswv yim ntawm nug ib tug qauv ntawm cov neeg rau cov kev tso cai yog hais txog dab tsi Humphreys (2015) hu inferred tso cai.

Ib tug ntxiv lub tswv yim uas twb tau npaj siab txog kev tso cai yog los tsim kom tau ib tug vaj huam sib luag ntawm cov neeg uas pom zoo yuav tsum tau nyob rau hauv online thwmsim (Crawford 2014) . Ib txhia sib cav hais tias qhov no vaj huam sib luag yuav tsum muaj ib tug uas tsis yog-random qauv ntawm cov neeg. Tab sis, Tshooj 3 (Nug cov lus nug) qhia tau hais tias cov teeb meem no yog muaj feem addressable siv post-stratification thiab cov qauv txuam. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev tso cai rau yuav nyob rau hauv vaj huam sib luag kuj yuav them ib tug ntau yam ntawm thwmsim. Nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus, cov neeg tuaj koom yuav tsis tau tso cai rau txhua xyaum ua tej yam zuj zus, ib lub tswvyim hu ua sab tso cai (Sheehan 2011) .

• To taub thiab kev tswj qhia uas muaj feem yuav (Section 6.6.2)

Far ntawm tshwj xeeb, lub Netflix nqi zog tso ib qho tseem ceeb kev khoom teejtug uas datasets uas muaj ncauj lus kom ntxaws txog neeg, thiab yog li muaj ib qho tseem ceeb qhia txog tau "anonymization" uas niaj hnub social datasets. Cov ntaub ntawv nrog ntau daim ntawm cov ntaub ntawv hais txog txhua tus neeg no tej zaum yuav sib, nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim txhais thawm xyoo nyob rau hauv Narayanan and Shmatikov (2008) . Uas yog, rau txhua cov ntaub ntawv muaj cov tsis muaj cov ntaub ntawv uas yog tib yam, thiab nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb muaj cov tsis muaj cov ntaub ntawv uas yog heev uas zoo sib xws: txhua tus neeg nyob deb deb ntawm lawv nyob ze tus neeg nyob ze rau hauv lub dataset. Ib tug yuav xav txog tej yam uas cov Netflix cov ntaub ntawv tej zaum yuav sib vim hais tias muaj txog 20,000 movies rau ib tug 5 lub hnub qub scale, muaj yog hais txog \ (6 ^ {20,000} \) tau qhov tseem ceeb uas txhua tus neeg yuav muaj (6 vim hais tias nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau ib 5 hnub qub , ib tug neeg tej zaum yuav tsis tau nyob rau hauv lub yeeb yam ntawm tag nrho). Qhov no tus xov tooj yog li loj, nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau txawm to taub.

Sparsity muaj ob lub ntsiab qhov cuam tshuam. Ua ntej, nws txhais tau tias sim "anonymize" lub dataset raws li random perturbation yuav swb. Uas yog, txawm hais tias Netflix twb mus across kho ib co ntawm cov kev (uas lawv tau ua), qhov no yuav tsis muaj txaus vim hais tias cov perturbed cov ntaub ntawv tseem yog tus ze tau cov ntaub ntawv rau cov ntaub ntawv uas cov attacker muaj. Ob, sparsity txhais tau tias de-anonymization yog ua tau txawm yog hais tias tus attacker muaj txhaum los yog ncaj ncees paub. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv lub Netflix cov ntaub ntawv, cia xav txog tej yam lub attacker paub koj kev rau ob movies thiab cov hnub uas koj ua cov kev +/- 3 hnub; cia li hais tias cov ntaub ib leeg yog txaus uniquely taw 68% ntawm cov neeg nyob rau hauv lub Netflix cov ntaub ntawv. Yog hais tias lub attackers paub 8 movies uas koj tau nyob +/- 14 hnub, ces txawm yog ob tug ntawm cov paub kev yog kiag li tsis ncaj ncees lawm, 99% ntawm cov ntaub ntawv yuav tsum uniquely qhia nyob rau hauv lub dataset. Nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus, sparsity yog ib tug yuav tsum muaj teeb meem rau kev siv zog rau "anonymize" cov ntaub ntawv, uas yog tsis muaj hmoo vim hais tias feem ntau niaj hnub social dataset yog sib.

Xov tooj metadata kuj yuav tshwm sim yuav tsum tau "anonymous" thiab tsis rhiab, tab sis hais tias yog tsis yog cov ntaub. Xov tooj metadata yog kheej thiab rhiab (Mayer, Mutchler, and Mitchell 2016; Landau 2016) .

Nyob rau hauv Daim duab 6.6, kuv saib ib trade-off ntawm kev pheej hmoo rau cov neeg thiab cov kev pab rau cov kev tshawb fawb los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tso tawm. Rau ib tug sib piv ntawm kev txwv kev nkag le caag (xws li, ib tug walled vaj) thiab txwv cov ntaub ntawv le caag (xws li, ib co daim ntawv ntawm anonymization) pom Reiter and Kinney (2011) . Rau ib npaj categorization system ntawm kev pheej hmoo ntau ntawm cov ntaub ntawv, saib Sweeney, Crosas, and Bar-Sinai (2015) . Thaum kawg, rau ib tug ntau ib tug general sib tham ntawm cov ntaub ntawv sib koom, saib Yakowitz (2011) .

Yog xav paub ntxaws tsom xam ntawm no trade-off ntawm txoj kev pheej hmoo thiab nqi hluav taws xob ntawm cov ntaub ntawv, saib Brickell and Shmatikov (2008) , Ohm (2010) , Wu (2013) , Reiter (2012) , thiab Goroff (2015) . Mus saib no luam-off thov tiag cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm massively qhib online cov chav kawm (MOOCs), saib Daries et al. (2014) thiab Angiuli, Blitzstein, and Waldo (2015) .

Differential tus kheej kuj muaj ib tug lwm txoj kev mus kom ze uas yuav muab ob qho tib si siab kev pab rau cov haiv neeg thiab tsis muaj kev pheej hmoo rau koom, saib Dwork and Roth (2014) thiab Narayanan, Huey, and Felten (2016) .

Yog xav paub ntxiv nyob rau hauv lub tswvyim ntawm tus kheej yam ntaub ntawv (pii), uas yog central rau ntau ntawm cov kev cai hais txog kev tshawb fawb ethics, saib Narayanan and Shmatikov (2010) thiab Schwartz and Solove (2011) . Yog xav paub ntxiv nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv ua muaj feem rhiab, saib Ohm (2015) .

Nyob rau hauv seem no, kuv twb portrayed lub linkage ntawm txawv datasets li ib yam dab tsi uas yuav ua rau informational uas muaj feem yuav. Txawm li cas los, nws kuj yuav tsim tshiab qheb kev tshawb fawb, raws li sib cav nyob rau hauv Currie (2013) .

Yog xav paub ntxiv nyob rau hauv lub tsib safes, saib Desai, Ritchie, and Welpton (2016) . Rau ib qho piv txwv ntawm yuav ua li cas outputs yuav txheeb xyuas, saib Brownstein, Cassa, and Mandl (2006) , uas qhia tau hais tias yuav ua li cas maps ntawm tus kab mob loj heev yuav tau paub. Dwork et al. (2017) kuj txiav txim siab tawm tsam tawm tsam sau ua ib pawg ntaub ntawv, xws li statistics txog yuav ua li cas ntau tus neeg muaj ib yam kab mob.

• Tsis pub twg paub (Section 6.6.3)

Warren and Brandeis (1890) yog ib thaj av raws li txoj cai hauv tsab xov xwm txog tus kheej, thiab tsab xov xwm yog feem ntau txuam nrog lub tswv yim tias tus kheej yog ib txoj cai yuav tsum tau nyob ib leeg. Ntau tsis ntev los phau ntawv ntev kev kho mob ntawm tus kheej hais tias kuv yuav pom zoo kom muaj xws li Solove (2010) thiab Nissenbaum (2010) .

Rau ib tug saib xyuas ntawm empirical tshawb fawb yuav ua li cas tus neeg xav txog kev ceev ntiag tug, saib Acquisti, Brandimarte, and Loewenstein (2015) . Cov phau ntawv journal Science luam tawm ib tug tshwj xeeb qhov teeb meem hu ua "Lub End of Privacy", uas cov teeb meem ntawm kev ceev ntiag tug thiab cov ntaub ntawv uas muaj feem yuav los ntawm ib tug ntau yam sib txawv ntawm cov kev xaav; rau ib txoj kev saib Enserink and Chin (2015) . Calo (2011) muaj ib tug lub moj khaum rau xav txog lub harms uas los ntawm kev ceev ntiag tug kev ua txhaum. Ib thaum ntxov piv txwv ntawm kev txhawj xeeb txog kev ceev ntiag tug nyob rau hauv lub heev pib ntawm cov muaj hnub nyoog yog Packard (1964) .

• Ua kev txiav txim siab nyob rau hauv uncertainty (Section 6.6.4)

Ib tug kev sib tw thaum sim mus thov cov tsawg heev uas yuav muaj txheej txheem yog tias nws tsis yog tseeb uas nws lub neej txhua hnub yog yuav tsum tau siv rau benchmarking (Council 2014) . Piv txwv li, tsis muaj tsev nyob cov neeg muaj feem ntau ntawm cov tsis xis nyob nyob rau hauv lawv lub neej. Tab sis, uas tsis hais tias nws yog ethically permissible las tsis muaj tsev nyob cov neeg mus dua kev tshawb fawb. Vim li no, muaj rau nkawd yuav ib tug zuj zus kev pom zoo uas tsawg heev uas yuav muaj yuav tsum tau benchmarked tiv thaiv ib tug pejxeem standard, tsis yog ib tug kev pejxeem txheem. Thaum kuv feem ntau pom zoo nrog lub tswv yim ntawm ib tug pejxeem standard, kuv xav hais tias loj online platforms xws li Facebook, ib lub pejxeem txheem yog tsim nyog. Uas yog, thaum twg yog xav Emotional Contagion, kuv xav hais tias nws yog tsim nyog rau benchmark tiv thaiv txhua hnub uas muaj feem yuav rau Facebook. Ib tug tej pejxeem txuj nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no yog yooj yim npaum li mus soj ntsuam thiab yog tsis zoo li mus hla lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev ncaj ncees, uas thov kom tiv thaiv kom txhob lub nra hnyav ntawm kev tshawb fawb tsis tsis ncaj ncees rau disadvantaged pawg (xws li, cov neeg raug txim thiab yog me nyuam ntsuag).

• Tswv yim tswv yim (Section 6.7)

Lwm yam kws tshawb fawb kuj tau hu rau ntau cov ntaub ntawv kom muaj xws li raug cai appendices (Schultze and Mason 2012; Kosinski et al. 2015) . King and Sands (2015) kuj muaj cov tswv yim tswv yim.