6.6.2 to taub thiab kev tswj qhia uas muaj feem yuav

Cov ntaub ntawv uas muaj feem yuav yog lub feem ntau yuav raug nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo kev tshawb fawb; nws muaj ntau zog dramatically; thiab nws yog ib qhov nyuaj tshaj plaws uas yuav muaj rau to taub.

Qhov thib ob raug cai sib tw rau kev sib raug zoo uas muaj hnub nyoog cov kev tshawb fawb yog informational kev pheej hmoo, tej zaum raug mob los ntawm cov kev qhia tawm ntawm cov ntaub ntawv (Council 2014) . Qhia harms los ntawm cov kev qhia tawm txog tej ntaub ntawv yuav tsum tau nyiaj txiag (xws li, poob ib txoj hauj lwm), kev sib raug zoo (xws li, lossis poob ntsej muag), puas siab puas ntsws (xws li, kev nyuaj siab), los yog txawm txhaum (eg, raug ntes rau txhaum kev cai coj tus cwj pwm). Tu siab, cov muaj hnub nyoog tsub kom cov lus qhia uas muaj feem yuav dramatically-muaj xwb thiaj li ntau npaum li cas cov lus qhia txog peb tus cwj pwm. Thiab, qhia uas muaj feem yuav tau pov thawj nyuaj heev kom to taub thiab tswj piv rau yam uas twb kev txhawj xeeb nyob rau hauv analog muaj hnub nyoog kev tshawb fawb, xws li lub cev uas muaj feem yuav. Mus saib yuav ua li cas cov muaj hnub nyoog tsub kom qhia uas muaj feem yuav, xav txog cov kev hloov los ntawm daim ntawv rau hluav taws xob ntaub ntawv kho mob. Ob hom ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tsim kev pheej hmoo, tab sis lub tshuab hluav taws xob cov ntaub ntawv tsim ntau ntau dua txaus ntshai vim hais tias thaum ib tug loj heev scale lawv yuav kis tau rau ib tug tsis tau tso cai tog los yog merged nrog rau lwm cov ntaub ntawv. Social soj ntsuam nyob rau hauv lub digital muaj hnub nyoog twb khiav mus rau teeb meem nrog informational kev pheej hmoo, nyob rau hauv ib feem vim hais tias lawv tsis nkag siab yuav ua li cas yamntxwv thiab tswj nws. Yog li ntawd, kuv yuav kom muaj ib tug pab tau txoj kev uas yuav xav txog informational kev pheej hmoo, thiab ces kuv yuav muab koj ib co tswv yim rau yuav ua li cas los tswj cov lus qhia uas muaj feem yuav nyob rau hauv koj cov kev tshawb fawb thiab nyob rau hauv tso cov ntaub ntawv mus rau lwm cov kev soj ntsuam.

Ib txoj kev uas kev soj ntsuam txo qhia uas yuav yog "anonymization" ntawm cov ntaub ntawv. "Anonymization" yog tus txheej txheem ntawm tshem cuab tus kheej identifiers xws li lub npe, chaw nyob, thiab tus xov tooj ntawm cov ntaub ntawv. Txawm li cas los, qhov no mus kom ze npaum li cas tsawg zoo tshaj muaj coob tus neeg twb paub lawm, thiab nws yog, nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, tsaug thiab fundamentally xwb. Vim li ntawd, thaum twg kuv piav "anonymization," Kuv mam li siv luag cov lus hais tias hais qhia rau koj tias tus txheej txheem no tsim cov tsos ntawm lawv tab sis tsis muaj tseeb lawv.

Ib tug tiag tiag li piv txwv ntawm cov tsis ua hauj lwm ntawm "anonymization" los ntawm lub caij Kwvyees li xyoo 1990 nyob rau hauv Massachusetts (Sweeney 2002) . Cov pab pawg neeg Insurance Commission (GIC) yog ib tug tsoom fwv lub koom haum lub luag hauj lwm rau kev yuav khoom noj qab haus huv kev tuav pov hwm rau tag nrho cov xeev neeg ua hauj lwm. Los ntawm no ua hauj lwm, cov GIC sau ncauj lus kom ntxaws noj qab haus huv cov ntaub ntawv hais txog phav phav ntawm lub xeev cov neeg ua haujlwm. Nyob rau hauv ib lub dag zog rau spur kev tshawb fawb txog txoj kev los txhim kho kev noj qab nyob, GIC txiav txim siab los tso cov ntaub ntawv no rau kev soj ntsuam. Txawm li cas los, lawv tsis qhia tag nrho cov ntawm lawv cov ntaub ntawv; es, lawv "anonymized" nws los ntawm tshem ntaub ntawv xws li npe thiab chaw nyob. Txawm li cas los, lawv tshuav lwm yam ntaub ntawv uas lawv xav tias yuav pab tau rau kev soj ntsuam xws li demographic ntaub ntawv (zip code, hnub yug, haiv neeg, thiab pw ua ke) thiab ntaub ntawv kho mob (mus saib cov ntaub ntawv, mob, txoj kev) (Daim duab 6.4) (Ohm 2010) . Tu siab, qhov no "anonymization" yog tsis txaus los tiv thaiv cov ntaub ntawv.

Daim duab 6.4: "anonymization" yog tus txheej txheem ntawm tshem obviously ntaub ntawv. Piv txwv li, thaum tso cov kev kho mob tuav pov hwm cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub xeev cov neeg ua haujlwm lub Massachusetts Group Insurance Commission (GIC) muab tshem tawm lub npe thiab chaw nyob ntawm cov ntaub ntawv. Kuv siv quotes nyob ib ncig ntawm lo lus "anonymization" vim hais tias cov txheej txheem qhia cov tsos ntawm lawv, tab sis tsis tiag tiag lawv.

Muab ua piv txwv lub shortcomings ntawm lub GIC "anonymization", Latanya Sweeney-ces ib tug kawm tiav me nyuam kawm ntawv ntawm MIT-them $ 20 mus kis tau cov pov npav ntaub ntawv los ntawm lub nroog ntawm Cambridge, lub hometown ntawm Massachusetts tswv xeev William Weld. Cov xaiv cov ntaub ntawv muaj cov lus qhia xws li lub npe, chaw nyob, tus zauv zip code, hnub yug, thiab yog txivneej los pojniam. Qhov tseeb hais tias cov kev kho mob cov ntaub ntawv cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov pov ntawv xaiv tsa cov ntaub ntawv qhia teb-zip code, hnub yug, thiab pw ua ke-meant tias Sweeney yuav txuas lawv. Sweeney paub hais tias Weld lub hnub yug yog lub Xya hli ntuj 31, 1945, thiab cov pov npav ntaub ntawv muaj tsuas rau cov neeg nyob rau hauv Cambridge nrog uas lub hnub yug. Ntxiv mus, ntawm cov neeg rau cov neeg, tsuas yog peb twb txiv neej. Thiab, ntawm cov neeg peb cov txiv neej, tsuas yog ib qhia Weld tus zip code. Yog li ntawd, pov ntawv xaiv tsa cov ntaub ntawv qhia tias leej twg nyob rau hauv cov kev kho mob cov ntaub ntawv nrog Weld lub ua ke ntawm hnub yug, yog pojniam los txivneej, thiab tus zip code yog William Weld. Nyob rau hauv essence, cov peb daim ntawm cov ntaub ntawv muab ib tug tshwj xeeb tuabneeg rau nws nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv. Siv no fact, Sweeney muaj peev xwm mus nrhiav Weld tus ntaub ntawv kho mob, thiab mus qhia rau nws ntawm nws feat, nws xa nws ib daim qauv ntawm nws cov ntaub ntawv (Ohm 2010) .

Xam 6.5: Re-idenification ntawm "anonymized" cov ntaub ntawv. Latanya Sweeney ua ke rau hauv lub "anonymized" cov ntaub ntawv nrog pov ntawv xaiv tsa cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav nrhiav tau cov ntaub ntawv kho mob ntawm Governor William Weld (Sweeney 2002) .

Sweeney lub chaw ua hauj lwm tso siab qhov yooj yim qauv ntawm de-anonymization tawm tsam -to txais yuav ib lub sij hawm los ntawm lub computer kev ruaj ntseg zej zog. Nyob rau hauv cov tawm tsam, ob tug cov ntaub ntawv poob lawm, tsis uas los ntawm nws tus kheej qhia rhiab ntaub ntawv, yog txuas, thiab los ntawm no linkage, rhiab cov ntaub ntawv raug. Nyob rau hauv ib co txoj kev no yog zoo li txoj kev uas ci dej qab zib thiab vinegar, ob yam tshuaj uas yog los ntawm lawv tus kheej muaj kev ruaj ntseg, yuav ua ke yuav tsim ib tug siab phem tshwm sim.

Nyob rau hauv cov lus teb rau Sweeney txoj hauj lwm, thiab lwm yam kev ua hauj lwm, kev soj ntsuam tam sim no feem ntau tshem tawm ntau npaum li cas cov lus qhia-txhua yam thiaj hu ua "Ntaub ntawv Nrhiav Cov Ntaub Ntawv" (pii) (Narayanan and Shmatikov 2010) -during tus txheej txheem ntawm "anonymization." Ntxiv mus, ntau soj ntsuam ntawm tam sim no twb paub lawm hais tias muaj tej cov ntaub ntawv-xws li ntaub ntawv kho mob, nyiaj txiag cov ntaub ntawv, cov lus teb rau daim ntawv ntsuam xyuas cov lus nug hais txog kev ua txhaum cai coj cwj pwm-yog tej zaum rhiab heev tso txawm tom qab "anonymization." txawm li cas los, ntau tsis ntev los no piv txwv tias kuv mam li piav qhia txog nram qab no qhia tau tias kev soj ntsuam ntawm yuav tsum hloov lawv txoj kev xav. Raws li ib tug thawj kauj ruam, nws yog paub qab hau los xav hais tias tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv yog muaj feem kheej thiab tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv yog muaj feem rhiab. Nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus, es xav tias xov xwm uas yuav muaj siv rau ib tug me me subset ntawm tej yaam num, peb yuav tsum xav hais tias nws siv rau ib co degree-rau tag nrho cov tej yaam num.

Ob yam ntawm no re-orientation yog taw qhia los ntawm cov Netflix nqi zog. Raws li tau piav nyob rau hauv Tshooj 5, Netflix tso 100 lab movie kev yog muab los ntawm yuav luag 500,000 neeg, thiab muaj ib qho qhib hu qhov twg cov neeg los ntawm thoob plaws lub ntiaj teb no xa algorithms uas yuav txhim kho Netflix lub peev xwm los pom zoo kom movies. Ua ntej tso cov ntaub ntawv, Netflix muab tshem tawm tej obviously tus kheej-qhia ntaub ntawv, xws li cov npe. Netflix kuj mus ib tug ntxiv kauj ruam thiab nkag tau me ntsis perturbations nyob rau hauv ib co ntawm cov ntaub ntawv (xws li, hloov tej kev los ntawm 4 hnub qub rau 3 hnub qub). Netflix ntev sab, txawm li cas los, hais tias txawm lawv dag zog, cov ntaub ntawv yog los ntawm tsis muaj txhais tau tias anonymous.

Cia li ob lub lis piam tom qab cov ntaub ntawv raug tso tawm Narayanan and Shmatikov (2008) pom tias nws twb tau mus kawm txog tej tus neeg tus yeeb yam kev nyiam. Qhov ua kom yuam rau lawv re-qhia kom paub nres yog zoo li Sweeney lub: hauj lwm ua ke ua ke ob ntaub ntawv qhov chaw, ib tug uas muaj feem rhiab cov ntaub ntawv thiab tsis muaj obviously ntaub ntawv thiab ib tug uas muaj tus neeg ntawm cov neeg. Txhua yam ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tej zaum yuav ib lub zuj zus nyab xeeb, tab sis thaum lawv cov chav hauv lub merged dataset muaj peev xwm tsim informational uas muaj feem yuav. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub Netflix cov ntaub ntawv, ntawm no yog yuav ua li cas nws yuav tshwm sim. Xav txog tej yam uas kuv xaiv yuav qhia kuv xav txog kev txiav txim thiab comedy movie nrog kuv co-neeg ua hauj lwm, tab sis hais tias kuv xum tsis qhia kuv lub tswv yim txog kev cai dab qhuas thiab kev nom kev tswv movies. Kuv co-neeg ua hauj lwm yuav tau siv cov ntaub ntawv hais tias kuv twb qhia rau lawv mus nrhiav kuv cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv lub Netflix cov ntaub ntawv; cov ntaub ntawv uas kuv qhia yuav yog ib tug tshwj xeeb tuabneeg cia li zoo li William Weld lub hnub yug, zip code, thiab pw ua ke. Ces, yog hais tias lawv nrhiav tau kuv cim tuabneeg nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv, lawv yuav kawm tau kuv kev txog tag nrho cov movies, xws li tsos qhov twg kuv xaiv tsis qhia. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau qhov zoo ntawm tsom nres teem rau ib tug tib neeg, Narayanan and Shmatikov (2008) kuj pom hais tias nws twb tau mus ua ib sab nres -Ib uas muaj coob tus neeg-by phiajcim lub Netflix cov ntaub ntawv nrog koj tus kheej thiab cov yeeb yam kev ntsuam xyuas cov ntaub ntawv uas ib co neeg tau xaiv kom rooj vag rau ntawm lub Internet Movie Database (IMDb). Tej ntaub ntawv uas yog tshwj xeeb tuabneeg rau ib tug neeg-txawm lawv set ntawm cov yeeb yam kev-yuav siv tau los qhia lawv.

Txawm tias cov Netflix cov ntaub ntawv yuav tsum rov teev rau hauv xws li ib tug tsom los yog sab nres, nws tseem yuav tshwm sim tau uas tsis muaj kev pheej hmoo. Tom qab tag nrho, movie kev tsis zoo li rhiab heev. Txawm hais tias tej zaum yuav muaj tseeb nyob rau hauv Feem ntau, rau ib co ntawm cov 500,000 cov neeg nyob rau hauv lub dataset, movie kev tej zaum yuav heev sensitive. Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, nyob rau hauv teb mus rau lub tsib-anonymization ib closeted lesbian poj niam koom ib tug hauv chav kawm ntawv-txiav txim ce tiv thaiv Netflix. Ntawm no yog yuav ua li cas qhov teeb meem twb qhia nyob rau hauv lawv cov kev sib foob (Singel 2009) :

"[M] ovie thiab ntsuam xyuas cov ntaub ntawv muaj cov ntaub ntawv ntawm ib tug ntau heev koj tus kheej thiab rhiab xwm [sic]. Cov neeg movie ntaub ntawv exposes ib tug Netflix neeg tus kheej txaus siab thiab / los yog muaj teeb meem ntawm ntau yam heev tus kheej tej teeb meem, xws li kev sib deev, kev puas hlwb, rov qab los ntawm alcoholism, thiab victimization los ntawm kev ua phem ua qias rau yus cov me nyuam, lub cev tsim txom, kev sib tsim txom, luag pojniam luag txiv, thiab rape. "

Lub de-anonymization ntawm lub Netflix nqi zog cov ntaub ntawv qhia txog ob tias tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv yog muaj feem kheej thiab hais tias tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv yog muaj feem rhiab. Thaum no tus taw tes, tej zaum koj yuav xav hais tias qhov no tsuas yog siv tau rau cov ntaub ntawv uas hais tias purports mus yuav txog cov neeg. Kuj ceeb tias, uas tsis yog cov ntaub. Nyob rau hauv cov lus teb rau ib tug txoj kev ywj pheej ntawm cov ntaub ntawv txoj cai lij choj kev thov, lub New York City tsoom fwv tso cov ntaub ntawv ntawm txhua txhua lub tsheb tavxij caij nyob rau hauv New York nyob rau hauv 2013, nrog rau cov pickup thiab poob tawm lub sij hawm, qhov chaw, thiab nqi nqi (txheejtxheem ntawm Tshooj 2 uas Farber (2015) siv cov ntaub ntawv no mus ntsuam xyuas ib qho tseem ceeb theories nyob rau hauv ua hauj lwm economics). Txawm tias qhov no cov ntaub ntawv hais txog lub tsheb tavxij mus ncig ua si tej zaum yuav zoo li benign vim hais tias nws tsis zoo li yuav tsum tau cov lus qhia txog cov neeg, Anthony Tockar pom tau hais tias qhov no tsheb tavxij dataset tau muaj ntau ntau uas rhiab ntaub ntawv txog cov neeg. Muab ua piv txwv, nws ntsia tag nrho cov mus ncig ua si pib ntawm Lub Hustler Club-ib tug loj sawb qws nyob rau hauv New York-ntawm ib tag hmo thiab 6am thiab ces pom lawv nco-off qhov chaw. Qhov no kev tshawb fawb qhia-nyob rau hauv essence-ib daim ntawv teev cov chaw nyob ntawm tej tus neeg uas nquag Lub Hustler Club (Tockar 2014) . Nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau xav txog tej yam uas lub nroog tsoom fwv muaj nyob rau hauv no lub siab thaum nws tso tawm cov ntaub ntawv. Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, qhov no tib yam txheej txheem yuav siv tau los nrhiav lub tsev chaw nyob ntawm cov neeg uas mus saib tej qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lub nroog-ib tug kws kho lub tsev kho mob, ib tug tsoom fwv tsev, los yog ib tug kev cai dab qhuas lub tuam tsev.

Cov ob tus neeg-lub Netflix nqi zog thiab cov New York City lub tsheb tavxij cov ntaub ntawv-qhia tias kuj txawj neeg ua tsis tau tejyam kom raug kwv yees cov lus qhia uas muaj feem yuav nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv uas lawv tso tawm, thiab cov neeg mob yog los ntawm tsis txhais tau tias cov cim (Barbaro and Zeller Jr 2006; Zimmer 2010; Narayanan, Huey, and Felten 2016) . Ntxiv mus, nyob rau hauv ntau ntawm cov neeg mob, cov problematic cov ntaub ntawv yog tseem dawb do muaj nyob hauv internet, qhia qhov teeb meem ntawm puas tau txwv kom txhob muaj ib tug cov ntaub ntawv tso tawm. Collectively cov piv txwv-raws li zoo raws li kev tshawb fawb nyob rau hauv computer science txog tus kheej-ua rau ib tug tseem ceeb xaus. Soj ntsuam yuav tsum xav hais tias tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv yog muaj feem kheej thiab tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv yog muaj feem rhiab.

Tu siab, muaj yog tsis yooj yim daws mus rau qhov tseeb hais tias tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv yog muaj feem kheej thiab tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv yog muaj feem rhiab. Txawm li cas los, ib txoj kev los txo cov lus qhia uas muaj feem yuav thaum koj ua hauj lwm nrog cov ntaub ntawv yog tsim thiab ua raws li ib tug cov ntaub ntawv tiv thaiv txoj kev npaj. Qhov kev npaj no yuav txo lub sij hawm uas koj cov ntaub ntawv yuav paim quav thiab yuav txo tau cov kev mob, yog hais tias ib tug los sov ua licas tshwm sim. Lub specifics ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tiv thaiv kev pab them nqi, xws li uas daim ntawv ntawm encryption siv, yuav hloov lub sij hawm, tab sis lub UK ntaub ntawv Services helpfully npaaj cov ntsiab ntawm ib cov ntaub ntawv tiv thaiv txoj kev npaj mus rau hauv 5 pawg hais tias lawv hu mus rau lub 5 safes: kev nyab xeeb tej yaam num, kev ruaj ntseg cov neeg , muaj kev ruaj ntseg chaw, muaj kev ruaj ntseg cov ntaub ntawv, thiab muaj kev nyab xeeb outputs (rooj 6.2) (Desai, Ritchie, and Welpton 2016) . Tsis muaj leej twg lub tsib safes ib lub zuj zus muab zoo meej tiv thaiv. Tab sis, ua ke lawv tsim ib tug haib set ntawm yam uas yuav txo tau qhia uas muaj feem yuav.

Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus tiv thaiv koj cov ntaub ntawv thaum koj siv nws, ib kauj ruam nyob rau hauv cov kev tshawb fawb kev uas qhia uas muaj feem yuav yog tshwj xeeb yog salient yog cov ntaub ntawv sib koom nrog lwm yam kev soj ntsuam. Cov ntaub ntawv sib koom nrog zaum yog ib tug ntxhais nqi ntawm cov kev endeavor, thiab nws zoo heev chaw lub advancement ntawm kev txawj ntse. Ntawm no yog yuav ua li cas lub UK lub tsev ntawm Commons piav qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov ntaub ntawv xyaum sib faib khoom:

"Access rau cov ntaub ntawv yog yuav tsum muaj yog tias kev soj ntsuam ntawm yog rau cov me nyuam, muaj tseeb thiab tsim kom muaj rau kev soj ntsuam uas yog qhia nyob rau hauv cov ntawv nyeem. Lub presumption yuav tsum hais tias, tshwj tsis yog tias muaj yog ib tug muaj zog yog vim li cas lwm yam, cov ntaub ntawv yuav tsum tau tag nrho tawm thiab ua laj mej pej xeem muaj. Nyob rau hauv txoj kab nrog txoj ntsiab cai no, qhov twg ua tau, cov ntaub ntawv txuam nrog tag nrho cov laj mej pej xeem nyiaj kev tshawb fawb yuav tsum tau ua lug thiab dawb do muaj nyob. " (Molloy 2011)

Tsis tau, los ntawm sib koom koj cov ntaub ntawv nrog rau lwm tus soj ntsuam, tej zaum koj yuav kom qhia kev pheej hmoo rau koj koom. Yog li, tej zaum nws yuav zoo li ntawd soj ntsuam uas xav muab lawv cov ntaub ntawv-los yog yuav tsum tau muab lawv cov ntaub ntawv-yog tig ntsia ib tug yuav tsum muaj nro. Nyob rau hauv ib tes lawv muaj ib tug zoo kev lav ris kom qhia lawv cov ntaub ntawv nrog rau lwm cov kws tshawb fawb, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog yog hais tias tus thawj kev tshawb fawb yog laj mej pej xeem nyiaj. Tsis tau, nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, soj ntsuam ntawm muaj ib tug zoo kev lav ris kom txo, raws li ntau li ntau tau, cov ntaub ntawv uas muaj feem yuav mus rau lawv koom.

Qhov zoo ces, qhov no qhov teeb meem yog tsis raws li loj raws li nws tshwm. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb mus xav seb cov ntaub ntawv sib koom nrog ib tug pab los ntawm tsis muaj ntaub ntawv sib koom tau thiab tsis nco qab, qhov twg cov ntaub ntawv yog "anonymized" thiab muab tso rau rau leej twg mus saib (Daim duab 6.6). Ob yam no huab txaus muaj txaus ntshai thiab cov kev pab. Uas yog, nws tsis yog txiav cov feem ntau zoo tshaj plaws kom tsis txhob qhia koj cov ntaub ntawv; xws li ib mus kom ze eliminates ntau tej zaum cov kev pab cuam rau haiv neeg. Rov qab mus rau saj, Ties, thiab lub sij hawm, ib qho piv txwv los sib tham ua ntej lawm nyob rau hauv tshooj, cov lus sib cav tiv thaiv cov ntaub ntawv tso tawm uas tsom xwb nyob rau tau harms thiab hais tias las mees tau cov kev pab cuam yog overly tug-ib tog; Kuv mam li piav qhia txog cov teeb meem nrog rau qhov no ib tug-ib tog, overly tiv thaiv mus kom ze nyob rau hauv ntau yam nyob rau hauv qab no thaum kuv muaj tswv yim hais txog kev txiav txim siab nyob rau hauv lub ntsej muag ntawm uncertainty (Section 6.6.4).

Xam 6.6: Cov ntaub ntawv tso tawm tswv yim yuav poob nrog ib tug pab. Qhov twg koj yuav tsum tau nrog no pab nyob rau cov kev cov ntsiab lus ntawm koj cov ntaub ntawv. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, peb tog saib xyuas tej zaum yuav pab tau koj txiav txim siab rau qhov tsim nyog tshuav nyiaj li cas ntawm kev pheej hmoo thiab cov nyiaj nyob rau hauv koj cov ntaub ntawv.

Ntxiv mus, nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm cov ob huab yog dab tsi kuv mam li hu ib tug walled vaj mus kom ze qhov twg cov ntaub ntawv yog qhia rau cov neeg uas tau raws li tej yam thiab uas pom zoo yuav ua txhua yam los ntawm tej yam kev cai (piv txwv li, kev ntsuam xyuas los ntawm ib tug IRB thiab ib cov ntaub ntawv tiv thaiv kev pab them nqi) . Qhov no walled vaj mus kom ze muaj ntau yam ntawm cov kev pab cuam ntawm kev tso cai thiab tsis nco qab nrog tsawg uas yuav muaj. Ntawm chav kawm, ib walled vaj mus kom ze tsim ntau cov lus nug-uas yuav tsum tau muaj kev nkag tau mus, nyob rau hauv dab tsi tej yam kev mob, ntev npaum li cas, uas yuav tsum tau them kom muaj thiab tub ceev xwm lub walled vaj etc.-tab sis cov no yog cov tsis insurmountable. Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, muaj twb ua hauj lwm walled lub vaj nyob rau hauv qhov chaw uas soj ntsuam yuav siv txoj cai tam sim no, xws li cov ntaub ntawv archive ntawm lub Inter-tsev kawm ntawv Consortium rau Political thiab Social kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov tsev kawm ntawv ntawm Michigan.

Yog li ntawd, qhov twg yuav tau cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm koj txoj kev tshawb no muaj nyob rau ntawm lub pab ntawm tsis muaj sib koom, walled vaj, thiab tso thiab tsis nco qab? Nws yog nyob ntawm seb lub ntsiab lus ntawm koj cov ntaub ntawv; soj ntsuam yuav tsum sib npaug Respect rau Cov Neeg, beneficence, kev ncaj ncees, thiab Respect rau txoj cai lij choj thiab pej xeem paj. Thaum nrug muaj feem luj tsim nyog rau lwm yam kev txiav txim siab soj ntsuam nrhiav lub tswv yim thiab pom zoo los ntawm IRBs, thiab cov ntaub ntawv tso tawm muaj peev xwm yuav cia li lwm ib feem ntawm cov txheej txheem. Nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus, txawm hais tias ib txhia neeg xav seb cov ntaub ntawv tso tawm raws li ib tug kev cia siab koom morass, peb twb muaj tshuab nyob rau hauv qhov chaw los pab soj ntsuam sib npaug cov hom zoo dilemmas.

Ib tug zaum kawg txoj kev uas yuav xav txog cov ntaub ntawv xyaum sib faib khoom yog los ntawm analogy. Txhua txhua xyoo lub tsheb yog lub luag hauj lwm rau ntau txhiab tus neeg tuag, tab sis peb tsis txhob sim rau ban kev tsav tsheb. Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, xws li ib tug hu rau ban tsav tsheb yuav absurd vim hais tias tsav tsheb enables ntau yam zoo kawg nkaus. Es, haiv neeg muab kev txwv rau leej twg yuav tsav (eg, yuav tsum tau ib tug muaj hnub nyoog, yuav tsum tau dhau tej yam kev ntsuam xyuas) thiab yuav ua li cas lawv yuav tsav (xws li, nyob rau hauv lub ceev txwv). Society kuj muaj cov neeg tasked nrog tswj cov kev cai (piv txwv li, cov tub ceev xwm), thiab peb rau txim cov neeg uas ntes tau ua txhaum rau lawv. Qhov no tib hom kuas kev xav uas haiv neeg siv rau regulating tsav tsheb yuav tau tsum muaj ntaub ntawv rau cov ntaub ntawv sib koom. Uas yog, es tsis ua absolutist sib ceg rau los yog tawm tsam cov ntaub ntawv xyaum sib faib khoom, Kuv xav tias tus biggest kev pab yuav yog los ntawm koj khom lub tsheb tawm yuav ua li cas peb yuav muab ntau cov ntaub ntawv ntau yam xyuam xim.

Yuav kom xaus, qhia uas muaj feem yuav muaj ntau zog dramatically, thiab nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau twv seb thiab yamntxwv. Yog li ntawd, nws yog ib qhov zoo tshaj plaws rau kev pov plob hais tias tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv yog muaj feem kheej thiab muaj feem rhiab. Yuav kom txo tau qhia uas muaj feem yuav thaum koj ua kev tshawb fawb, kev soj ntsuam ntawm muaj peev xwm tsim thiab ua raws li ib tug cov ntaub ntawv tiv thaiv txoj kev npaj. Ntxiv mus, muab lus qhia uas muaj feem yuav tsis tiv thaiv kom txhob soj ntsuam los ntawm sib koom cov ntaub ntawv nrog rau lwm cov kws tshawb fawb.