Social kev tshawb fawb nyob rau hauv lub digital muaj hnub nyoog muaj ntau yam ntxwv thiab yog li ntawd seb puas tsimnyog tau txawv zoo lus nug.
Feem ntau cov kev sib raug zoo kev tshawb fawb nyob rau hauv lub analog muaj hnub nyoog ntaus ib tug tsim nyog raug cai tshuav nyiaj li cas. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv ib tug saib xyuas ntawm lub chaw kuaj thwmsim tias collectively muab kev koom tes ntau tshaj 100,000 cov neeg, Plott (2013) pom tsuas yog ib qho kev phiv kev tshwm sim, ib tug me nyuam kawm ntawv uas ua chim vim hais tias poob nyiaj nyob rau hauv ib qho nyiaj txiag kev ua si. Raws li yav dhau los peb cov muaj hnub nyoog piv txwv piv txwv li no, txawm li cas los, soj ntsuam tam sim no fim koom txoj kev sib tw uas txawv los ntawm cov neeg nyob rau hauv lub dhau los lawm. Generalizing los ntawm cov peb cov kev tshawb fawb, kuv xav hais tias lub ntsiab teeb meem uas zoo-lub ntsiab lus soj ntsuam ntsej muag yog hais tias muaj peev xwm yuav hloov sai tshaj li kev cai, kev cai, thiab kev cai. Dua, soj ntsuam-feem ntau nyob rau hauv kev koom tes nrog cov tuam txhab thiab tsoom fwv muaj hwj chim koom tshaj nyob rau hauv lub dhau los lawm. Los ntawm lub hwj chim, kuv txhais tau tias tsuas muaj peev xwm ua tej yam uas rau cov neeg tsis muaj cov kev tso cai los yog txawm khiav. Tej yam kuv hais lus txog yuav tsum yog tsom kwm lawv tus cwj pwm los yog kawm ntawv lawv nyob rau hauv kev. Raws li lub hwj chim ntawm kev soj ntsuam los saib thiab perturb yog nce, tsis muaj ib tug sib npaug nce nyob rau hauv clarity txog yuav ua li cas lub hwj chim yuav tsum tau siv. Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, kev soj ntsuam yuav tsum txiav txim siab yuav ua li cas kom lawv siv lawv hwj chim raws li inconsistent thiab overlapping kev cai, kev cai lij choj, thiab kev cai. Yuav kom muaj tseeb, qhov no tsis txhais hais tias feem ntau cov muaj hnub nyoog kev tshawb fawb yog unethical. Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, muab qhov teeb meem no, kuv xav hais tias soj ntsuam pom tau remarkably zoo txiav txim. Lub ua ke ntawm haib tuition thiab vague raws li kev cai, txawm li cas los, txo nws hwj zoo-lub ntsiab lus soj ntsuam nyob rau hauv ib tug yooj yim teeb meem no.
Txawm hais tias koj tus kheej tej zaum yuav tsis xav tias tshwj xeeb tshaj yog haib nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm koj muaj peev xwm ua tej yam rau cov neeg, nce soj ntsuam-feem ntau nyob rau hauv kev koom tes nrog cov tuam txhab thiab tsoom fwv muaj lub peev xwm los soj ntsuam thiab perturb neeg tsis muaj lawv cov kev tso cai los yog paub txog. Piv txwv li, xav txog tej yam nram qab no ib tug neeg nyob ib ncig ntawm thiab teev txhua yam uas lawv ua. Qhov no yuav muaj xws li nrhiav tej yam xws li qhov lawv mus, lawv yuav, uas lawv tham, thiab qhov lawv nyeem. Xyuas cov neeg zoo li no nyob rau hauv lub analog muaj hnub nyoog siv yuav cov khoom ntawm tsoom fwv nrog enormous pob nyiaj siv. Tam sim no, tag nrho cov ntawm cov ntaub ntawv no yog routinely thiab txiav kaw txog lab thiab tsis ntev yuav billions ntawm cov neeg. Ntxiv mus, vim hais tias tag nrho cov ntawm cov ntaub ntawv no yog muab digitally, nws yog ib qho yooj yim mus luam, search, kis, hauj lwm ua ke, thiab khw. Nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus, dab tsi yog routinely ua hnub no yuav shock thiab amaze Txias Tsov rog neeg soj xyuas cov koom haum xws li cov KGB, CIA, thiab Stasi. Ntxiv mus, ntau npaum li cas ntawm qhov no tus cwj pwm mus txog qhovtwg yog noj qhov chaw tsis muaj tag nrho cov kev nkag siab ntawm cov neeg uas raug surveilled.
Ib tug tiag tiag li ua piv txwv qhia hais tias cov captures qhov teeb meem no ntawm loj keb soj ntsuam yog lub panopticon. Thawj npaj nyob rau hauv lig 18th xyoo pua by Jeremy Bentham li ib tug architecture rau tsev loj cuj, lub panopticon yog lub cev manifestation ntawm keb soj ntsuam (Daim duab 6.3). Lub panopticon yog ib tug yeej lub tsev nrog cov chav taw qhia kom paub nyob ib ncig ntawm ib tug central watchtower. Leej twg occupies no watchtower yuav soj ntsuam cov cwj pwm ntawm tag nrho cov neeg nyob rau hauv lub chav. Thiab, critically, cov neeg nyob rau hauv lub chav yuav tsis soj ntsuam cov neeg nyob rau hauv lub watchtower. Tus neeg nyob rau hauv lub watchtower yog li no ib tug unseen pom yav tom ntej (Foucault 1995) .
Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, cov kev soj ntsuam yog txawm ntau heev tshaj ib tug neeg nyob rau hauv ib watchtower vim hais tias nws yuav ua tau ib tug tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv ntawm tus cwj pwm uas yuav tsum tau muab cia rau hauv mus ib txhis (Mayer-Schönberger 2009) . Thaum tsis muaj tsis tau ib tug tag nrho cov ntaubntawv povthawj siv tag nrho cov tib neeg coj cwj pwm merged mus rau hauv ib tug tswv database, tej yam uas yog tsiv nyob rau hauv hais tias kev coj. Thiab, uas zog yuav tej zaum yuav mus li ntev raws li lub peevxwm ntawm sensors txuas ntxiv mus kom, tus nqi ntawm cia tseem txo, thiab ntau tshaj ntawm peb lub neej ua computer-kho hom haum xeeb.
Rau ntau kev soj ntsuam no tswv database yuav chiv suab exciting, thiab nws yuav yeej yuav siv tau rau ib tug ntau ntawm tseem ceeb kev tshawb fawb. Raws li txoj cai kws tshawb fawb, tiam sis, tau muab ib tug txawv lub npe rau qhov no tswv database: lub database ntawm puas (Ohm 2010) . Cov creation ntawm txawm ib tug tsis tiav master database yuav muaj ib yam ntxim rau cov kev sib raug zoo thiab kev nom kev tswv neej yog hais tias cov neeg ua tsis kam mus nyeem cov ntaub ntawv los yog sib tham txog tej yam ntsiab lus (Schauer 1978; Penney 2016) . Muaj kuj yog ib tug uas muaj feem yuav hais tias cov tswv database, thaum tsim rau ib lub hom phiaj-hais hom phiaj tawm-yuav ib hnub yuav siv tau rau ib tug txawv hom phiaj, ib qhov teeb meem hu ua theem nrab-siv. Ib tug horrific piv txwv ntawm muaj teeb meem theem nrab-siv tshwm sim thaum lub sij hawm ob ntiaj teb rog thaum tsoom fwv census cov ntaub ntawv-tus tswv database ntawm lub sij hawm uas-siv los mus pab txhawb lub genocide uas tau noj qhov chaw tiv thaiv cov neeg Yudais, Roma, thiab lwm leej lwm tus (Rooj 6.1) (Seltzer and Anderson 2008) . Lub statisticians uas sau cov ntaub ntawv thaum lub sij hawm muaj kev thaj yeeb lub sij hawm yuav luag yeej muaj zoo intentions. Tab sis, thaum lub ntiaj teb hloov-thaum lub Nazis tuaj rau lub hwj chim nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees thiab neighboring lub teb chaws-cov ntaub ntawv no enabled ib theem-siv yeej tsis tau npaj. Thaum ib tug tswv database tshwm sim, nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau xav tias yuav uas tej zaum yuav tau nkag mus rau nws thiab yuav ua li cas nws yuav tsum tau siv.
qhov chaw | Lub sij hawm | Tsom cov neeg los yog tej pawg | Cov ntaub ntawv system | Tib neeg txoj cai kev ua txhaum los yog neb lub xeev tswv yim |
---|---|---|---|---|
Australia | 19th & thaum ntxov 20th xyoo pua | Aborigines | pejxeem sau npe | Yuam tsiv teb tsaws, cov ntsiab ntawm genocide |
Tuam Tshoj | 1966-76 | Phem-class keeb kwm thaum lub sij hawm kev cai kiv puag ncig | pejxeem sau npe | Yuam tsiv teb tsaws, instigated mob ua nruj ua tsiv |
Fabkis | 1940-44 | cov neeg Yudais | Pejxeem sau npe, tshwj xeeb censuses | Yuam tsiv teb tsaws, genocide |
Lub teb chaws Yelemees | 1933-45 | Cov neeg Yudais, Roma, thiab lwm tus neeg | heev heev | Yuam tsiv teb tsaws, genocide |
Hungary | 1945-46 | German nationals thiab cov neeg qhia txog German niam tus nplaig | 1941 Pejxeem Census | yuam tsiv teb tsaws |
Netherlands | 1940-44 | Cov neeg Yudais thiab Roma | Pejxeem sau npe systems | Yuam tsiv teb tsaws, genocide |
Norway | 1845-1930 | Samis thiab Kvens | pejxeem censuses | pawg lwm haiv tib cleansing |
Norway | 1942-44 | cov neeg Yudais | Tshwj xeeb census & npaj pejxeem register | genocide |
Poland | 1939-43 | cov neeg Yudais | Feem ntau tshwj xeeb censuses | genocide |
Romania | 1941-43 | Cov neeg Yudais thiab Roma | 1941 Pejxeem Census | Yuam tsiv teb tsaws, genocide |
Rwanda | 1994 | Tutsi | pejxeem sau npe | genocide |
South Africa | 1950-93 | African thiab "dawb lias" popualtions | 1951 Pejxeem Census & pejxeem sau npe | Apartheid, pov ntawv xaiv tsa disenfranchisement |
United States | xyoo pua puv 19 | Native Americans | Tshwj xeeb censuses, pejxeem sau | yuam tsiv teb tsaws |
United States | 1917 | Xav hais tias nws cov cua ntsawj ntshab txoj cai txoj cai | 1910 Census | Kev tshawb nrhiav & foob ntawm cov neeg tsis txhob sau npe |
United States | 1941-45 | Japanese Americans | 1940 Census | Yuam tsiv teb tsaws & internment |
United States | 2001-08 | Xav hais tias nws cov neeg phem | NCES tshawb fawb & kev cov ntaub ntawv | Kev tshawb nrhiav & foob ntawm domestic & thoob ntiaj teb cov neeg phem |
United States | 2003 | Arab-Americans | 2000 Census | Unknown |
USSR | 1919-39 | Minority coob | Ntau pejxeem censuses | Yuam tsiv teb tsaws, rau txim ntawm lwm yam loj teeb meem txhaum cai |
Ordinary kev soj ntsuam ntawm yog heev, heev deb ntawm tej yam zoo li tsim chilling los ntawm haiv neeg los yog koom nyob rau hauv tib neeg txoj cai abuses los ntawm theem nrab-siv. Kuv twb xaiv tau los sib tham txog cov ntsiab lus, txawm li cas los, vim hais tias kuv xav hais tias lawv yuav pab tau kev soj ntsuam to taub lub lens los ntawm kev uas ib txhia neeg yuav pom lawv ua hauj lwm. Cia wb rov qab mus rau lub saj, Ties, thiab lub sij hawm peb tes num, piv txwv li. Los ntawm cov phiajcim ua ke kom tiav thiab granular cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm Facebook nrog kom tiav thiab granular cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm Harvard, tus neeg tshawb fawb tsim ib qho amazingly nplua nuj saib ntawm lub social thiab kev cai lub neej ntawm cov menyuam kawm ntawv (Lewis et al. 2008) . Rau ntau kev soj ntsuam no mas, zoo li tus tswv database, uas yuav raug siv rau zoo. Tab sis, rau ib co neeg, nws zoo li thaum pib ntawm lub database ntawm puas uas tau tsim tsis muaj kev tso cai los ntawm cov neeg koom. Lub saj, Ties, thiab lub sij hawm project pib nyob rau hauv 2006, thiab cov ntaub ntawv uas soj ntsuam tau yog tsis yog tshwj xeeb private. Tab sis, yog koj saib rau pem hauv ntej ib tug me ntsis koj yuav xav txog tej yam uas cov teeb meem yog yuav tau txais ntau. Yuav ua li cas hom ntawm cov mosaic yuav soj ntsuam tau los mus tsim txog me nyuam kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv 2026 los yog 2046?
Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau qhov loj keb soj ntsuam, kev soj ntsuam-dua nyob rau hauv kev koom tes nrog cov tuam txhab thiab tsoom fwv-muaj peev xwm nce systematically cuam tshuam nyob rau hauv tib neeg lub neej nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav tsim randomized tswj thwmsim. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv kev xav Contagion, tus neeg tshawb fawb muaj npe kawm 700,000 cov neeg nyob rau hauv ib tug xyaum ua tej yam tsis muaj lawv cov kev tso cai los yog paub txog. Thiab, raws li kuv tau piav nyob rau hauv Tshooj 5 (khiav thwmsim), qhov no zoo ntawm daim card conscription ntawm cov neeg mus rau hauv thwmsim yog tsis uncommon. Ntxiv mus, nws tsis yuav tsum tau kev koom tes ntawm loj tuam txhab uas muag. Raws li kuv tau piav nyob rau hauv Tshooj 5, soj ntsuam ntawm muaj peev xwm nce tsim thiab tsim cov thwmsim nrog pes tsawg nce mus nce los nqi, ib tug nqi qauv uas enables tsis tshua muaj neeg loj thwmsim. Ib yam li cov muaj peev xwm mus saib, cov muaj peev xwm mus systematically perturb yuav mus ntxiv loj hlob.
Nyob rau hauv lub ntsej muag ntawm no nce lub hwj chim, kev soj ntsuam ntawm lub ntsej muag inconsistent thiab overlapping kev cai, kev cai lij choj, thiab kev cai. Ib qhov chaw ntawm no inconsistency yog hais tias lub peev xwm ntawm cov muaj hnub nyoog yuav hloov sai dua kev cai, kev cai, thiab kev cai. Piv txwv li, lub Common txoj cai (lub teeb ntawm kev cai tswj feem ntau tsoom fwv nyiaj kev tshawb fawb nyob rau hauv lub tebchaws United States) tau hloov me ntsis vim 1981. Ib tug dag zog rau modernize lub Common Rule pib nyob rau hauv 2011 tab sis yog ua tsis tiav raws li lub caij ntuj sov ntawm 2016. Ib tug thib ob qhov chaw ntawm inconsistency yog tias kev cai nyob ib ncig ntawm paub daws teeb tswv yim zoo li tus kheej yog tseem nquag debated los ntawm kev soj ntsuam ntawm, txoj cai makers, thiab activist. Yog hais tias cov kws tshwj xeeb nyob rau hauv cov chaw no yuav tsis tau niaj hnub pom zoo, peb yuav tsum tsis txhob xav hais tias empirical soj ntsuam los yog cov neeg yuav muaj kev pom zoo yog. Ib tug zaum kawg qhov chaw ntawm inconsistency yog tias cov muaj hnub nyoog kev tshawb fawb yog nce mixed rau hauv lwm yam lus, uas ua rau yus muaj overlapping kev cai thiab cov kev cai. Piv txwv li, Emotional Contagion yog ib tug koom tes ntawm ib cov ntaub ntawv paub txog ntawm Facebook thiab ib tug xib fwb thiab kawm tiav me nyuam kawm ntawv nyob rau ntawm Cornell. Thaum Facebook khiav loj thwmsim yog niaj hnub ua raws li ntev raws li lawv tau ua raws li nrog Facebook ntsiab lus uas tus ntawm cov kev pab, thiab thaum ntawd lub sij hawm, muaj tsis muaj peb-tog kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm kev. Thaum Cornell lub cai thiab cov kev cai yog heev txawv; zoo tag nrho thwmsim yuav tsum tau soj ntsuam los ntawm cov Cornell IRB. Yog li ntawd, uas set ntawm cov kev cai yuav tsum kav Emotional Contagion-Facebook los yog Cornell tus? Thaum twg muaj cov inconsistent thiab overlapping kev cai, kev cai lij choj, thiab kev cai txawm zoo-lub ntsiab lus soj ntsuam tej zaum yuav muaj teeb meem ua qhov zoo tshaj plaws. Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, vim hais tias ntawm lub inconsistency, muaj tej zaum yuav tsis txawm yuav muaj ib zaug xwb zoo tshaj plaws.
Zuag qhia tag nrho, ob tug nta-ua lub hwj chim thiab tsis muaj daim ntawv cog lus txog yuav ua li cas lub hwj chim yuav tsum tau siv-txhais li cas uas soj ntsuam ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub digital muaj hnub nyoog yuav mus fim koom txoj kev sib tw rau yav tom ntej. Qhov zoo ces, soj ntsuam txojkev tej teeb meem no tsis tas yuav pib los ntawm kev kos. Es tsis txhob, soj ntsuam ntawm muaj peev xwm kos lub tswv yim los yav tas los tsim lub homthawj thiab coj, cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov tom ntej no ob seem.