3.3.2 Kev Ntsuas

Ntsuas yog hais txog kev ua hais los ntawm dab tsi koj cov neeg hais rau dab tsi koj cov neeg xav thiab ua li cas.

Qhov thib ob qeb ntawm tag nrho cov daim ntawv ntsuam xyuas kev ua yuam kev moj khaum yog ntsuas; nws tseem ua hauj lwm nrog yuav ua li cas peb yuav ua tau hais los ntawm cov lus teb uas cov neeg muab rau peb cov lus nug. Nws hloov tawm hais tias cov lus teb uas peb tau txais, thiab yog li ntawd lub hais peb ua, yuav nyob ntawm seb critically-thiab nyob rau hauv tej zaum tsab txoj kev-on raws nraim yuav ua li cas peb nug. Tej zaum tsis muaj dab tsi hauv daim duab no tseem ceeb point zoo dua ib tug dag nyob rau hauv lub zoo kawg nkaus phau Nug lus nug los ntawm Norman Bradburn, Seymour Sudman, thiab Brian Wansink (2004) :

Ob tug pov thawj, ib tug Dominican thiab ib tug Jesuit, yog tham txog seb nws yog ib tug txhaum rau haus luam yeeb thiab thov Vajtswv nyob rau tib lub sij hawm. Tom qab poob mus cuag ib tug xaus, txhua mus tham nws cov superior. Lub Dominican hais tias, "Yuav ua li cas puas tau koj superior hais?"

Lub Jesuit teb, "Nws hais tias nws yog zoo."

"Qhov ntawd yog funny" lub Dominican teb, "Kuv tus thawj saib xyuas hais tias nws yog ib tug txhaum."

Lub Jesuit hais tias, "ua li cas koj nug nws?" Tus Dominican teb, "Kuv nug nws yog hais tias nws yog zoo rau haus thaum thov Vajtswv." "Oh" said lub Jesuit, "Kuv nug yog hais tias nws yog lawv xav tshuaj mus thov Vajtswv thaum haus luam yeeb."

Muaj ntau cov piv txwv ntawm anomalies zoo li ib tug tej los ntawm ob pov thawj. Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, lub heev qhov teeb meem ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm no dag muaj ib lub npe nyob rau hauv lub daim ntawv ntsuam xyuas kev tshawb fawb lub zej zog: lo lus nug daim ntawv los (Kalton and Schuman 1982) . Mus saib yuav ua li cas lo lus nug daim ntawv los tej zaum yuav cuam tshuam tiag tiag tshawb fawb, xav txog ob tug no zoo heev Saib daim ntawv ntsuam xyuas cov lus nug:

• "Yuav ua li cas ntau npaum li koj pom zoo nrog rau cov lus nram qab no: Cov neeg muaj ntau mus blame tshaj kev mob rau cov kev ua txhaum thiab lawlessness nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws no."
• "Yuav ua li cas ntau npaum li koj pom zoo nrog rau cov nram qab no daim ntawv: Social tej yam kev mob yog xav paub ntxiv mus blame dua rau cov neeg rau kev ua txhaum thiab lawlessness nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws no."

Txawm tias ob qho tag nrho cov lus nug tshwm sim los ntsuas qhov qub, lawv ua txawv tau nyob rau hauv ib tug tiag tiag daim ntawv ntsuam xyuas xyaum ua tej yam (Schuman and Presser 1996) . Thaum nug ib txoj kev, hais txog 60% ntawm cov neeg teb qhia hais tias cov neeg tau ntau mus blame rau kev ua txhaum, tiam sis thaum nug lwm tus txoj kev hais txog 60% tau qhia hais tias kev sib raug zoo tej yam kev mob ntau mus blame (Daim duab 3.2). Nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus, lub me me sib txawv nruab nrab ntawm ob nqe lus nug yuav ua kev soj ntsuam rau ib tug sib txawv xaus.

Daim duab 3.2: tau los ntawm ib daim ntawv ntsuam xyaum ua tej yam (Schuman and Presser 1996, Table 8.1) . Soj ntsuam ntawm muaj peev xwm tau txais txawv teb nyob rau raws nraim li cas lawv nug hais tias cov nqe lus nug. Qhov no yog ib qho piv txwv ntawm ib lo lus nug rau daim ntawv nyhuv (Kalton and Schuman 1982) .

Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau lub qauv ntawm cov nqe lus nug, cov neeg kuj yuav muab sib txawv cov lus teb raws li nyob rau hauv cov lo lus siv. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav ntsuas kev xav txog tsoom fwv cov tseem ceeb, cov neeg tau nyeem cov nram qab no pab:

"Peb yuav ntsib ntau yam kev nyuaj nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws no, tsis muaj leej twg uas muaj peev xwm yuav daws tau yooj yim los yog inexpensively. Kuv yuav mus rau npe rau ib co ntawm cov teeb meem no, thiab rau txhua tus ib tug kuv xav kom koj qhia kuv seb koj xav hais tias peb nyob nraum siv ntau dhau heev lawm cov nyiaj rau nws, ib yam nkaus thiab me ntsis nyiaj, los yog hais txog txoj cai npaum li cas. "

Tom ntej no, ib nrab ntawm cov neeg tau hais txog "welfare" thiab ib nrab tau hais txog "kev pab rau cov neeg pluag." Thaum lub sij hawm no tej zaum yuav zoo li zoo li ob tug sib txawv nqe lus rau ib yam khoom, lawv elicited sib txawv heev tau (Daim duab 3.3); Americans Daim ntawv qhia txog ua ntau npaum li cas txhawb "aid rau cov neeg pluag" tshaj "welfare" (Smith 1987; Rasinski 1989; Huber and Paris 2013) . Thaum daim ntawv ntsuam xyuas kev soj ntsuam txog cov hais los yuav anomalies, lawv kuj xav txog lawv cov kev tshawb fawb tshawb pom. Uas yog, peb tau kawm ib yam dab tsi txog pej xeem lub tswv yim los ntawm no tshwm sim.

Daim duab 3.3: tau los ntawm Huber and Paris (2013) . Cov neeg ntau npaum li cas txhawb "aid rau cov neeg pluag" tshaj "welfare." Qhov no yog ib qho piv txwv ntawm ib lo lus nug hais nyhuv uas cov lus teb uas soj ntsuam tau txais nyob ntawm seb raws nraim uas lus uas lawv siv nyob rau hauv lawv cov lus nug.

Raws li cov piv txwv txog lo lus nug daim ntawv los thiab hais los qhia, cov lus teb uas soj ntsuam tau txais muaj peev xwm tau pawg nyob rau hauv kev hloov maj mam txoj kev raws li nyob rau hauv yuav ua li cas lawv nug lawv cov lus nug. Qhov no tsis tau txhais hais tias cov ntawv tshawb fawb yuav tsum tsis txhob siv; feem ntau muaj yog tsis muaj kev xaiv. Tiam sis, tus piv txwv piv txwv uas peb yuav tsum tsim peb cov lus nug kom zoo thiab ua peb yuav tsum tsis txhob txais cov lus teb uncritically.

Feem ntau cov concretely, qhov no txhais tau tias yog hais tias koj cais daim ntawv ntsuam xyuas cov ntaub ntawv sau los ntawm lwm tus neeg, kom paub tseeb tias koj tau nyeem qhov tseeb lus nug. Thiab, yog hais tias koj tsim koj tus kheej cov lus nug, kuv muaj peb cov tswv yim. Ua ntej, kuv xav kom koj nyeem ntxiv txog cov lus nug tsim (eg, Bradburn, Sudman, and Wansink (2004) ); muaj ntau tshaj rau nws tshaj li kuv twb tau piav qhia txog ntawm no. Thib ob, kuv hais tias koj luam-lo lus rau lo lus-lus nug los ntawm high-quality cov ntawv tshawb fawb. Txawm tias qhov no suab zoo li plagiarism, luam cov lus nug yog xav kom nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntsuam xyuas kev tshawb fawb (raws li ntev raws li koj pabneeg tus thawj daim ntawv ntsuam xyuas). Yog hais tias koj luam tau cov lus nug los ntawm high-quality cov ntawv tshawb fawb, koj yuav tau nco ntsoov hais tias lawv tau raug kuaj thiab koj yuav piv cov lus teb rau koj daim ntawv ntsuam xyuas rau cov lus teb los ntawm ib co lwm yam daim ntawv ntsuam xyuas. Thaum kawg, kuv hais koj pre-kuaj koj cov lus nug nrog ib co neeg ntawm koj ncej pejxeem (Presser et al. 2004) ; kuv kev yog tias pre-xeem yeej ib txwm qhia ceeb teeb meem.