3.6.2 Txhawb thov

Txawm tias nws yuav ua tau ntxhov, enriched thov yuav tau haib.

Ib tug txawv mus kom ze rau kev soj ntsuam txog nrog lub incompleteness ntawm cov cim tseg cov ntaub ntawv yog los txhawb kev kawm nws ncaj qha nrog daim ntawv ntsuam xyuas cov ntaub ntawv, ib tug txheej txheem uas kuv mam li hu enriched thov. Ib tug piv txwv ntawm enriched thov yog txoj kev tshawb no ntawm Burke and Kraut (2014) , uas kuv tau piav ua ntej lawm nyob rau hauv tshooj (Section 3.2), hais txog seb interacting rau Facebook tsub kom kev phooj ywg muaj zog. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv uas, Burke thiab Kraut ua ke daim ntawv ntsuam xyuas cov ntaub ntawv nrog Facebook cav cov ntaub ntawv.

Qhov chaw uas Burke thiab Kraut tau ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv, li cas los xij, meant hais tias lawv tsis muaj nrog ob tug loj teeb meem uas soj ntsuam ua enriched nug lub ntsej muag. Ua ntej, ua tau linking ua ke cov ntaub ntawv poob lawm-ib tug txheej txheem uas hu ua cov ntaub ntawv linkage, lub txuam ntawm ib cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv ib tug dataset nrog tus uas tsim nyog cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv lub dataset-yuav ua tau yooj yim thiab kev ua yuam kev-nws (peb mam li pom ib qho piv txwv ntawm qhov teeb meem no rau hauv qab no ). Qhov thib ob ntsiab teeb meem ntawm enriched thov yog tias qhov zoo tshaj ntawm cov khoom siv yuav nquag yuav tsis yooj yim rau kev soj ntsuam rau kev ntsuam xyuas. Piv txwv li, tej zaum tus txheej txheem los ntawm kev uas nws sau yog proprietary thiab yuav tsum raug rau ntau ntawm cov teeb meem tau piav nyob rau hauv Tshooj 2. Nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus, enriched thov yuav nquag koom nrog kev ua yuam kev-nws linking ntawm cov ntawv tshawb fawb mus rau dub-lub thawv ntaub ntawv qhov chaw ntawm tsis paub hais tias zoo. Txawm tias cov kev txhawj xeeb hais tias cov ob teeb meem ua kom paub, yog nws ua tau rau kev tseem ceeb kev tshawb fawb nrog qhov no tswv yim raws li twb pom hais tias los ntawm Stephen Ansolabehere thiab Eitan Hersh (2012) nyob rau hauv lawv cov kev tshawb fawb ntawm pov npav qauv nyob rau hauv Teb Chaws Asmeskas. Nws yog worthwhile mus tshaj txoj kev tshawb no nyob rau hauv ib co nthuav dav vim hais tias muaj ntau yam ntawm cov tswv yim uas Ansolabehere thiab Hersh tsim yuav pab tau nyob rau hauv lwm yam kev siv ntawm enriched thov.

Pov ntawv xaiv tsa turnout tau cov kev kawm uas nws kim heev kev tshawb fawb nyob rau hauv nom tswv science, thiab nyob rau hauv lub dhau los lawm, kev soj ntsuam ntawm txoj kev to taub ntawm tus neeg uas votes thiab yog vim li cas tau feem ntau tau raws li tus tsom xam ntawm daim ntawv ntsuam xyuas cov ntaub ntawv. Xaiv nyob rau hauv Teb Chaws Asmeskas, tiam sis, yog ib qho cwj pwm txawv nyob rau hauv hais tias tsoom fwv cov ntaub ntawv seb puas txhua tus pej xeem tau pom zoo (ntawm chav kawm, cov tsoom fwv tsis sau uas txhua tus pej xeem votes rau). Rau ntau xyoo, cov tsoom fwv pov ntawv xaiv tsa cov ntaub ntawv twb muaj nyob rau ntawm daim ntawv cov ntaub ntawv, tawg nyob rau hauv ntau yam tsoom fwv hauv zos chaw ua hauj lwm nyob ib ncig ntawm lub teb chaws. Qhov no ua rau nws tsis yooj yim, tab sis tsis yooj yim sua, rau nom tswv zaum yuav muaj ib tug ua tiav daim duab ntawm lub electorate thiab los sib piv li cas cov neeg hais nyob rau hauv cov ntawv tshawb fawb txog xaiv rau lawv tiag tiag pov ntawv xaiv tsa tus cwj pwm (Ansolabehere and Hersh 2012) .

Tab sis, tam sim no cov xaiv cov ntaub ntawv tau raug digitized, thiab ib tug xov tooj ntawm lwm qhov chaw tau systematically sau thiab merged cov pov npav ntaub ntawv yuav tsim kev npaj pov ntawv xaiv tsa cov ntaub ntawv uas sau cov pov npav cwj pwm ntawm tag nrho cov neeg Mis Kas. Ansolabehere thiab Hersh koom tes nrog ib tug ntawm cov tuam txhab uas muag-Catalist LCC-nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav siv lawv cov tswv pov ntawv xaiv tsa cov ntaub ntawv los pab tsim ib tug zoo dua daim duab ntawm lub electorate. Ntxiv mus, vim hais tias nws tso siab rau cov ntaub ntawv sau thiab curated los ntawm ib lub tuam txhab, nws muab ib tug xov tooj ntawm zoo tshaj yav dhau los kev los ntawm kev soj ntsuam uas tau ua yam uas tsis muaj kev pab ntawm tuam txhab uas muag thiab siv analog cov ntaub ntawv.

Zoo li ntau yam ntawm cov cim tseg qhov chaw nyob rau hauv Tshooj 2, lub Catalist tswv cov ntaub ntawv tsis muaj xws li ntau npaum li cas ntawm cov pej xeem, xeebceem, thiab kev coj cwj pwm cov ntaub ntawv uas Ansolabehere thiab Hersh yuav tsum tau. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau qhov ntaub ntawv, Ansolabehere thiab Hersh twb tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv muab piv qhia pov ntawv xaiv tsa tus cwj pwm rau validated pov ntawv xaiv tsa tus cwj pwm (ie, cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv lub Catalist database). Yog li ntawd, tus neeg tshawb fawb sau cov ntaub ntawv uas lawv xav raws li ib feem ntawm lub Cooperative Congressional Xaiv Tsa txoj kev tshawb no (CCES), ib tug loj kev sib raug zoo daim ntawv ntsuam xyuas. Tom ntej no, tus neeg tshawb fawb muab cov ntaub ntawv no rau Catalist, thiab Catalist muab kev soj ntsuam rov qab ib tug merged cov ntaub ntawv cov ntaub ntawv uas muaj validated pov ntawv xaiv tsa tus cwj pwm (los ntawm Catalist), nws tus kheej-qhia pov ntawv xaiv tsa tus cwj pwm (los ntawm CCES) thiab cov demographics thiab cov xeeb ceem ntawm cov neeg teb (los ntawm CCES ). Nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus, Ansolabehere thiab Hersh enriched lub pov ntawv xaiv tsa cov ntaub ntawv nrog daim ntawv ntsuam xyuas cov ntaub ntawv, thiab lub resulting merged ntaub ntawv enables lawv ua ib yam dab tsi uas tsis ua ntaub ntawv thov enabled ib lub zuj zus.

By pom lub Catalist tswv cov ntaub ntawv cov ntaub ntawv nrog daim ntawv ntsuam xyuas ntaub ntawv, Ansolabehere thiab Hersh tuaj rau peb ib qho tseem ceeb cov lus xaus. Ua ntej, tshaj-qhia ntawm pov npav yog rampant: yuav luag ib nrab ntawm cov uas tsis yog-xaiv qhia pov npav. Los yog, lwm txoj kev saib nws yog yog ib tug neeg qhia pov ntawv xaiv tsa, yog tsuas yog ib tug 80% lub sij hawm uas lawv ua tau pom zoo. Ob txhais, tshaj-qhia yog tsis random; tshaj-qhia ntau ntau nrog high-cov nyiaj khwv tau, zoo-kawm ntawv, partisans uas koom nyob rau hauv pej xeem affairs. Nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus, cov neeg uas muaj feem ntau yuav mus pov npav kuj feem ntau yuav mus pw txog pov npav. Peb, thiab feem ntau critically, vim hais tias ntawm lub systematic xwm ntawm tshaj-qhia, lub sij sib txawv ntawm cov neeg xaiv tsa thiab cov uas tsis-xaiv yog me dua lawv tshwm sim cia li los ntawm cov ntawv tshawb fawb. Piv txwv li, cov neeg uas ib tug bachelors degree yog hais txog 22 feem pua ​​ntsiab lus ntau yuav qhia pov ntawv xaiv tsa, tab sis tsuas yog 10 feem pua ​​ntsiab lus ntau yuav tiag tiag pov ntawv tawm suab. Ntxiv mus, uas twb muaj lawm kev pab raws li theories ntawm pov npav yog npaum li cas zoo dua ntawm cua uas yuav qhia pov ntawv xaiv tsa dua leej twg ua tau votes, ib tug empirical nrhiav uas hu rau cov tshiab theories kom to taub thiab twv seb xaiv tsa.

Tab sis, yuav ua li cas npaum li cas peb yuav tsum tso siab rau cov tau? Nco ntsoov cov kev tshwm sim nyob ntawm seb kev ua yuam kev-nws linking mus rau dub-lub thawv ntaub ntawv uas tsis paub cov nqi ntawm cov kev ua yuam kev. Dua, cov kev tshwm sim pob khawm rau ob tug tseem ceeb kauj ruam: 1) muaj peev xwm ntawm Catalist muab ntau disparate cov ntaub ntawv qhov chaw tsim ib tug muaj tseeb tswv datafile thiab 2) lub peev xwm ntawm Catalist mus txuas lub daim ntawv ntsuam xyuas cov ntaub ntawv rau nws cov tswv datafile. Txhua yam ntawm cov kauj ruam yog heev yooj yim thiab tsis ntawm ob kauj ruam yuav ua kev soj ntsuam rau cov tsis ncaj ncees lawm cov lus xaus. Txawm li cas los, ob leeg cov ntaub ntawv ua thiab txuam yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau lub txuas ntxiv hav zoov ntawm Catalist raws li ib tug lub tuam txhab ces nws yuav nqis peev pab nyob rau hauv kev daws cov teeb meem no, feem ntau ntawm ib tug scale hais tias tsis muaj ib tug neeg kawm ntawv soj ntsuam los yog cov pab pawg neeg soj ntsuam yuav phim. Nyob rau hauv lub ntxiv mus nyeem nyob rau tom kawg ntawm tshooj, kuv piav qhia txog cov teeb meem nyob rau hauv ntau kev nthuav dav thiab yuav ua li cas Ansolabehere thiab Hersh tsim cog qoob loo nyob rau hauv lawv tau. Txawm hais tias cov ntsiab lus yog hais rau cov txoj kev tshawb no, tej teeb meem zoo li no yuav tshwm sim rau lwm yam kev soj ntsuam xav mus txuas mus rau dub-lub thawv cov cim tseg cov ntaub ntawv qhov chaw.

Yuav ua li cas yog cov kev qhia soj ntsuam yuav kos los ntawm txoj kev tshawb no? Thawj, muaj yog zoo kawg li tus nqi ntawm pom cov ib co kua nplaum nrog daim ntawv ntsuam xyuas cov ntaub ntawv. Ob, txawm tias cov aggregated, coj mus muag ntaub ntawv yuav tsum tsis txhob muab suav hais tias "av qhov tseeb", nyob rau hauv tej rooj plaub lawv yuav pab tau. Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, nws yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws los sib piv cov ntaub ntawv no qhov chaw tsis mus tsis tseeb (los ntawm uas lawv yuav nco ntsoov lub caij nplooj zeeg luv luv). Tiamsis, nws yog zoo dua los sib piv lawv rau lwm yam muaj nyob cov ntaub ntawv qhov chaw, uas tsis muaj uas tsis zoo li.