Ib hom kev soj ntsuam uas tsis muaj nyob hauv tshooj lus no yog haiv neeg. Rau ntau haiv neeg nyob rau hauv cov duab Boellstorff et al. (2012) , saib Boellstorff et al. (2012) , thiab rau ntau haiv neeg ntawm cov haiv neeg sib txawv thiab cov chaw tsis muaj zog, saib Lane (2016) .
Tsis muaj ib qho kev pom zoo txhais ntawm "cov ntaub ntawv loj," tiam sis muaj ntau lub ntsiab lus zoo li siab rau "3 Vs": ntim, ntau yam, thiab tshaj tawm (piv txwv li, Japec et al. (2015) ). Saib De Mauro et al. (2015) rau kev ntsuam xyuas cov lus txhais.
Kuv suav nrog tsoomfwv cov ntaub ntawv hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov ntaub ntawv loj yog qhov txawv txav, tab sis lwm tus kuj tau ua qhov no, xws li Legewie (2015) , Connelly et al. (2016) , thiab Einav and Levin (2014) . Yog xav paub ntxiv txog cov nqi ntawm tsoomfwv cov ntaub ntawv cov ntaub ntawv rau kev tshawb nrhiav, saib Card et al. (2010) , Adminstrative Data Taskforce (2012) , thiab Grusky, Smeeding, and Snipp (2015) .
Kev saib xyuas ntawm kev tshawb fawb los ntawm hauv tsoomfwv qhov kev sib xyuas, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog US Census Bureau, saib Jarmin and O'Hara (2016) . Rau ib phau ntawv ntev kho mob ntawm cov ntaub ntawv sau cia cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb ntawm Statistics Sweden, saib Wallgren and Wallgren (2007) .
Nyob rau hauv tshooj, kuv tau piav me ntsis ib daim ntawv tshawb fawb xws li General Social Survey (GSS) nrog rau cov ntaub ntawv xov xwm xws li Twitter. Rau kev sib txig sib luag thiab ceev faj ntawm cov ntawv tshawb fawb thiab cov ntaub ntawv xov xwm, saib Schober et al. (2016) .
Cov 10 yam ntxwv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv loj tau piav qhia ntau txoj hauv kev los ntawm ntau tus kws sau ntawv sib txawv. Kev sau ntawv uas tau cuam tshuam kuv txoj kev xav txog cov teeb meem no muaj xws li Lazer et al. (2009) , Groves (2011) , Howison, Wiggins, and Crowston (2011) , boyd and Crawford (2012) , SJ Taylor (2013) , Mayer-Schönberger and Cukier (2013) , Golder and Macy (2014) , Ruths and Pfeffer (2014) , Tufekci (2014) , Sampson and Small (2015) , K. Lewis (2015b) , Lazer (2015) , Horton and Tambe (2015) , Japec et al. (2015) , thiab Goldstone and Lupyan (2016) .
Thoob plaws hauv tshooj no, kuv tau siv lub sij hawm cov cim suab , uas kuv xav tias yog nruab nrab. Ib lub sijhawm zoo rau cov duab uas siv digital yog cov lej (Golder and Macy 2014) , tab sis raws li Hal Abelson, Ken Ledeen, thiab Harry Lewis (2008) qhia tawm, ib lub sijhawm zoo tshaj yog cov duab ntiv tes . Thaum koj tsim cov hneev taw, koj paub txog dab tsi tshwm sim thiab koj cov hneev taw tsis tuaj yeem yuav taug qab rau koj tus kheej. Tib yam tsis muaj tseeb rau koj cov cim kev. Qhov tseeb, koj tawm hauv kev tshawb nrhiav txhua lub sij hawm uas koj muaj kev paub tsawg heev. Thiab, txawm hais tias cov khoom siv no tsis muaj koj lub npe rau ntawm lawv, lawv tuaj yeem txuas tau rau koj. Hauv lwm lo lus, lawv xav tau ntau yam xws li cov taub ntiv tes: tsis pom thiab paub tus kheej.
Yog xav paub ntau dua vim li cas cov ntaub ntawv pov npav loj thiaj muaj teeb meem tshwm sim, saib M. Lin, Lucas, and Shmueli (2013) thiab McFarland and McFarland (2015) . Cov teeb meem no yuav tsum ua rau cov kws tshawb fawb tsom mus rau qhov tseem ceeb dua qhov kev coj ua.
Xav paub ntau txog li cas Raj Chetty thiab cov npoj yaig tau txais cov ntaub ntawv ua se, saib Mervis (2014) .
Cov datasets loj kuj tuaj yeem tsim teeb meem ntawm cov lej uas feem ntau tshaj qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm ib lub computer. Vim li no, cov neeg soj ntsuam ntawm kev sib tw ntawm cov datasets feem ntau kis tau cov haujlwm hauv ntau cov computers, ib qho kev ua qee zaum hu ua parallel programming . Rau kev qhia txog kev ua kom pom zoo, hauv ib hom lus hu ua Hadoop, saib Vo and Silvia (2016) .
Thaum xaiv cov ntaub ntawv txhua zaus, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb los xav txog seb koj puas xam cov tib neeg tib lub sij hawm los yog seb koj puas muab piv rau ib pawg neeg hloov pauv; saib piv txwv, Diaz et al. (2016) .
Ib phau ntawv qhia txog kev tsis tshua muaj kev txwv yog Webb et al. (1966) . Cov piv txwv nyob rau hauv phau ntawv no hais cov hnub nyoog digital, tab sis lawv tseem illuminating. Rau cov piv txwv ntawm cov neeg hloov lawv tus cwj pwm vim muaj cov kab loj saib xyuas, pom Penney (2016) thiab Brayne (2014) .
Reactivity yog ze rau cov neeg tshawb nrhiav qhov kev xav tau (Orne 1962; Zizzo 2010) thiab Hawthorne cov nyhuv (Adair 1984; Levitt and List 2011) .
Xav paub ntau ntxiv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv sib txuas, saib Dunn (1946) thiab Fellegi and Sunter (1969) (keeb kwm) thiab Larsen and Winkler (2014) (niaj hnub). Cov kev kawm zoo li no kuj tau tsim nyob rau hauv lub tshuab computer raws li cov npe xws li cov ntaub ntawv deduplication, Piv txwv, cim npe, sib tw kom paub, thiab cov ntaub ntawv tshawb nrhiav (Elmagarmid, Ipeirotis, and Verykios 2007) . Tseem muaj kev ywj pheej ntawm kev ceev ntiag tug kom ceev tau cov ntaub ntawv sib txuas lus uas tsis tas yuav siv cov ntaub ntawv qhia tus kheej (Schnell 2013) . Facebook kuj tau tsim cov txheej txheem los txuas lawv cov ntaub ntawv rau kev coj tus cwj pwm; qhov no tau ua tiav los ntsuam xyuas qhov kev sim uas kuv yuav qhia rau koj hauv tshooj 4 (Bond et al. 2012; Jones et al. 2013) .
Yog xav paub ntxiv txog kev tsim nyog, saib tshooj 3 ntawm Shadish, Cook, and Campbell (2001) .
Yog xav paub ntxiv txog kev tshawb nrhiav AOL nrhiav, saib Ohm (2010) . Kuv muab tswv yim txog kev koom tes nrog cov tuam txhab thiab tsoom fwv hauv tshooj 4 thaum kuv piav txog kev sim. Ntau tus kws sau ntawv tau qhia txog kev txhawj xeeb txog kev tshawb fawb los ntawm kev siv cov ntaub ntawv tsis muaj nqis, saib Huberman (2012) thiab boyd and Crawford (2012) .
Ib txoj kev zoo rau lub tsev kawm ntawv soj ntsuam tau tej ntaub ntawv yog ua hauj lwm rau ib lub tuam txhab raws li ib tug intern los sis mus xyuas soj ntsuam. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus enabling tej ntaub ntawv, qhov no yuav tseem yuav pab tus kws tshawb fawb xav paub ntau ntxiv txog yuav ua li cas rau cov ntaub ntawv yog tsim, uas yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau kev tsom xam.
Raws li kev nkag mus rau tsoomfwv cov ntaub ntawv, Mervis (2014) qhia txog qhov ua li cas Raj Chetty thiab cov npoj yaig tau txais cov ntaub ntawv ua se tau siv los ntawm lawv cov kev tshawb fawb txog kev sib raug zoo.
Yog xav paub ntxiv txog keeb kwm ntawm "representativeness" raws li lub tswv yim, saib Kruskal and Mosteller (1979a) , Kruskal and Mosteller (1979b) , Kruskal and Mosteller (1979c) , thiab Kruskal and Mosteller (1980) .
Kuv lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev ua hauj lwm ntawm Snow thiab cov hauj lwm ntawm Doll thiab Hill twb luv luv. Yog xav paub ntxiv txog Snow cov dej num hauv cholera, saib Freedman (1991) . Yog xav paub ntxiv txog cov kws kho mob British mus saib Doll et al. (2004) thiab Keating (2014) .
Ntau tus neeg tshawb nrhiav yuav tsum xav paub tias txawm Doll thiab Hill tau sau cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm cov kws kho mob thiab cov kws kho mob qis dua 35, lawv txhob txwm siv cov ntaub ntawv no rau lawv thawj zaug. Raws li lawv tau sib cav: "Txij thaum mob ntsws cancer tsawg heev rau cov poj niam thiab cov txiv neej uas muaj hnub nyoog 35 xyoo, cov khoom siv tsis zoo yuav tsis zoo rau cov pawg no rau qee xyoo tuaj. Nyob rau hauv daim ntawv tshaj tawm no peb thiaj li ceev tau peb cov txiv neej hnub nyoog 35 xyoo rov saud. " Rothman, Gallacher, and Hatch (2013) , uas muaj lub npe" provocative title "yog vim li cas thiaj yuav tsum tau zam," ua qhov kev sib cav dav dav rau tus nqi txhob txwm tsim cov ntaub ntawv tsis muaj tseeb.
Kev tsis ncaj ncees yog qhov teeb meem loj rau cov kws tshawb fawb thiab cov tsoom fwv uas xav ua kom cov lus hais txog tag nrho cov pejxeem. Qhov no yog tsawg dua ntawm kev txhawj xeeb rau cov tuam txhab, uas feem ntau yog teem rau lawv cov neeg siv. Yog xav paub ntxiv txog qhov Kev Ntsuas Npe Nom Tswv Lub Tebchaws suav qhov teeb meem ntawm kev tsis ncaj ncees ntawm cov lag luam loj, mus saib Buelens et al. (2014) .
Rau cov piv txwv ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb qhia txog kev txhawj xeeb txog cov tsis muaj tus sawv cev ntawm cov ntaub ntawv loj, saib boyd and Crawford (2012) , K. Lewis (2015b) , thiab Hargittai (2015) .
Yog xav paub ntxiv txog cov hom phiaj ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab cov kev tshawb xyuas epidemiological, pom Keiding and Louis (2016) .
Xav paub ntau ntxiv ntawm kev sim siv Twitter los ua tus qauv tawm suab ntawm cov neeg pov npav, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov ntaub ntawv ntawm xyoo 2009 Kev Jungherr (2013) , saib Jungherr (2013) thiab Jungherr (2015) . Tom qab mus rau lub chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm Tumasjan et al. (2010) tshawb xyuas nyob thoob qab ntuj tau siv cov txuj ci ntxim hlub-xws li siv cov kev xav sib txawv los sib txawv ntawm cov lus zoo thiab tsis zoo ntawm ob tog-kom txhim kho tau lub peev xwm ntawm cov ntaub ntawv Twitter kom twv seb ntau hom kev xaiv (Gayo-Avello 2013; Jungherr 2015, chap. 7.) . Ntawm no yog li cas Huberty (2015) tiav cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov kev sim no kom twv xaiv tsa:
"Txhua txoj kev paub txog kev ywj pheej raws li kev tshaj lij tawm tau ua tsis tau zoo thaum ua rau qhov tseeb ntawm kev xav ncaj ncees rau kev xaiv tsa. Cov kev tsis sib haum no yog tshwm sim los ntawm qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov kev tshaj lij ntawm kev sib raug zoo, es tsis yog qhov teeb meem ntawm txoj kev ua los yog kev phom sij. Hauv ntej, kev tshaj lij tsis ua, thiab tej zaum yeej tsis yuav, muab kev ruaj khov, tsis tuaj leej twg tog, sawv cev ntawm tus neeg xaiv tsa; thiab cov qauv kev yooj yim ntawm kev tshaj tawm tsis muaj ntaub ntawv txaus los txhim kho cov teebmeem no tom qab. "
Nyob rau hauv tshooj 3, kuv mam li qhia txog kev sampling thiab kwv yees hauv ntau dua kev nthuav dav. Txawm tias cov ntaub ntawv tsis muaj tseeb, nyob rau qee lub caij nyoog, lawv tuaj yeem ua qhov hnyav los tsim cov tswv yim zoo.
Khaus system yog ib qho nyuaj rau pom sab nraud. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov kev tshawb fawb MovieLens (sib tham ntxiv hauv tshooj 4) tau khiav mus ntau tshaj 15 xyoos los ntawm ib pab pawg tshawb fawb. Yog li, lawv tau muab cov ntaub ntawv thiab muab cov ntaub ntawv qhia txog txoj kev uas lub cev tau hloov zuj zus mus txog lub sijhawm thiab qhov no yuav ua qhov kev ntsuam xyuas licas (Harper and Konstan 2015) .
Ib tug xov tooj ntawm kws tshawb fawb tau teem rau kev hloov hauv Twitter: Liu, Kliman-Silver, and Mislove (2014) thiab Tufekci (2014) .
Ib txoj haujlwm rau kev nrog cov pejxeem hloov yog los tsim kom muaj vaj huam sib luag ntawm cov neeg siv, uas tso cai rau cov neeg tshawb xyuas tib lub sijhawm, saib Diaz et al. (2016) .
Kuv xub hnov cov lus "algorithmically confounded" uas yog siv los ntawm Jon Kleinberg hauv kev sib tham, tab sis hmoov tsis kuv tsis nco qab thaum twg los yog qhov chaw sib tham. Thawj zaug uas kuv tau pom lub sij hawm luam nyob rau hauv Anderson et al. (2015) , uas yog ib qho kev sib tham txog kev siv cov tswv yim sib tham li cas los ntawm cov kev sib tham sib tham yuav ua rau cov neeg tshawb nrhiav cov peev xwm siv cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm cov websites los kawm kev nyiam. Qhov kev txhawj xeeb no tau tsa los ntawm K. Lewis (2015a) rau lo lus teb rau Anderson et al. (2014) .
Ntxiv rau Facebook, Twitter kuj pom zoo rau cov tib neeg rau cov neeg siv ua raws li lub tswv yim ntawm kev tso npe tawm ntawm triadic; saib Su, Sharma, and Goel (2016) . Li ntawd, theem ntawm triadic kaw rau hauv Twitter yog ib qho ua ke ntawm ib co tib neeg tendency mus rau triadic kaw thiab ib txhia algorithmic tendency los txhawb triadic kaw.
Yog xav paub ntxiv txog kev ua yeeb yam-hauv qhov tswv yim hais tias qee qhov kev tshawb fawb txog kev lag luam yog "cav tsis kam" (piv txwv li, lawv hloov lub ntiaj teb no tsis yog piav txog nws) -see Mackenzie (2008) .
Tsoom fwv cov ntaub ntawv tshawb nrhiav cov ntaub ntawv tu cov ntaub ntawv khaws tseg . De Waal, Puts, and Daas (2014) qhia txog cov ntaub ntawv tsim kho cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb tau tsim los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb thiab kuaj xyuas seb qhov twg lawv siv rau cov ntaub ntawv loj, thiab Puts, Daas, and Waal (2015) muaj qee cov tswv yim rau ib cov neeg tuaj xyuas ntau dua.
Rau cov txheej txheem ntawm kev sib raug zoo, saib Ferrara et al. (2016) . Rau qee cov qauv ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb tau nrhiav kev tshawb nrhiav spam hauv Twitter, saib Clark et al. (2016) thiab Chu et al. (2012) . Thaum kawg, Subrahmanian et al. (2016) piav qhia txog cov ntsiab lus ntawm DARPA Twitter Bot Challenge, ib qho kev sib koom tes tsim los sib piv cov tswv yim rau kev kuaj xyuas cov bots ntawm Twitter.
Ohm (2015) txheeb xyuas cov kev tshawb fawb dhau los ntawm lub tswv yim ntawm cov ntaub ntawv rhiab thiab muaj kev ntsuam xyuas ntau yam. Plaub yam uas nws xav tau yog qhov loj ntawm qhov kev tsim txom, qhov yuav tshwm sim ntawm kev raug mob, kev muaj kev sib raug zoo, thiab qhov kev pheej hmoo tseem ceeb los ntawm kev txhawj xeeb loj.
Farber txoj kev kawm txog cov tsheb tavxij hauv New York yog raws li kev tshawb fawb dhau los ntawm Camerer et al. (1997) uas siv peb cov kev sib txawv yooj yim ntawm daim ntawv mus txawv tebchaws. Qhov kev tshawb nrhiav tau ua ntej pom tau tias cov neeg tsav tsheb pom tau tias yog cov neeg tau txais kev pab: lawv tau ua hauj lwm tsawg dua cov hnub uas lawv cov nyiaj tau los ntau dua.
Hauv kev ua haujlwm tom qab, Vajntxwv thiab cov npoj yaig tau tshawb nrhiav hauv online tshaj tawm hauv Suav teb (King, Pan, and Roberts 2014, [@king_how_2016] ) . Rau kev txheeb ze los ntawm kev ntsuas kev censorship hauv Suav teb, saib Bamman, O'Connor, and Smith (2012) . Rau ntau txoj hauv kev zoo li qhov siv los ntawm King, Pan, and Roberts (2013) los kwv yees cov kev xav ntawm 11 lab lub vev xaib, mus saib Hopkins and King (2010) . Yog xav paub ntxiv txog kev kawm, saib James et al. (2013) (tsawg technical) thiab Hastie, Tibshirani, and Friedman (2009) (ntau technical).
Forecasting yog ib feem loj ntawm kev tshawb fawb txog kev lag luam (Mayer-Schönberger and Cukier 2013; Provost and Fawcett 2013) . Ib hom kev twv ua ntej uas feem ntau ua los ntawm cov neeg tshawb xyuas txog pejxeem yog pejxeem txog kev ua haujlwm; saib, piv txwv li, Raftery et al. (2012) .
Cov kab mob Google Flu no tsis yog thawj qhov kev tshawb nrhiav cov ntaub ntawv tshawb rau khaub thuas niaj hnub no. Qhov tseeb, cov neeg tshawb nrhiav hauv tebchaws Asmeskas (Polgreen et al. 2008; Ginsberg et al. 2009) thiab Sweden (Hulth, Rydevik, and Linde 2009) tau pom tias cov ntsiab lus tshawb nrhiav (xws li, "mob khaub thuas") cov ntaub ntawv ua ntej nws tau tso tawm. Tom qab ntau, ntau lwm lub projects tau sim siv cov ntaub ntawv xov xwm kab mob kev soj ntsuam kab mob; saib Althouse et al. (2015) rau kev ntsuam xyuas.
Ntxiv nrog rau kev siv cov ntaub ntawv xov xwm los mus twv seb cov txiaj ntsim kev noj qab haus huv tshwm sim, kuj tau ua hauj lwm ntau dua uas siv cov ntaub ntawv twv twv twv twv twv twv tw tw tw tw tw tw tw tw tw tw tw tw tw tw tw tw tw tw tw tw tw tw los xaiv tsa xaiv tsa; rau kev txheeb xyuas Gayo-Avello (2011) , Gayo-Avello (2013) , Jungherr (2015) (Tshooj 7), thiab Huberty (2015) . Nowcasting ntawm kev lag luam, xws li cov khoom siv hauv tsev (GDP), kuj muaj nyob hauv cov tuam txhab nyiaj, saib Bańbura et al. (2013) . cov lus 2.8 muaj xws li ob peb qhov qauv ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb uas siv qee yam ntawm cov qauv kev tshwm sim los twv seb qee yam kev tshwm sim hauv ntiaj teb.
Cov kab ke | Qhov tshwm sim | Citation |
---|---|---|
Box office nyiaj ntawm cov movies hauv Teb Chaws Asmeskas | Asur and Huberman (2010) | |
Nrhiav cav | Kev muag khoom ntawm movies, music, books, thiab video games hauv Teb Chaws Asmeskas | Goel et al. (2010) |
Dow Jones Muaj Feem Nruab Nrab (Asmeskas Tshuag lag luam) | Bollen, Mao, and Zeng (2011) | |
Kev tshaj tawm thiab tshawb nrhiav cav | Kev soj ntsuam ntawm investor sentiment thiab Tshuag lag luam nyob rau hauv lub tebchaws United States, United Kingdom, Canada, thiab Suav | Mao et al. (2015) |
Nrhiav cav | Prevalence of Dengue ua npaws hauv Singapore thiab Npaskoj | Althouse, Ng, and Cummings (2011) |
Thaum kawg, Jon Kleinberg thiab cov npoj yaig (2015) tau taw qhia tias kev poob kev txhawj xeeb poob mus rau hauv ob qho, kev sib txawv hauv pawg thiab cov kws tshawb fawb tau coj mus rau siab rau ib qho thiab tsis quav ntsej lwm tus. Xav txog ib tus neeg tsim kev cai, Kuv mam li hu nws tus Anna, tus uas tab tom ntsib ib lub ntuj qhuav thiab yuav tsum txiav txim seb puas yuav ntiav ib tug txiv neeb los ua nag los ua kom muaj dej nag. Lwm tus tsim kev cai, Kuv mam li hu nws tus Betty, yuav tsum txiav txim siab seb puas yuav siv lub kaus ua haujlwm kom tsis txhob ntub ntub rau hauv tsev. Ob leeg Anna thiab Betty tuaj yeem ua qhov kev txiav txim siab zoo dua yog tias lawv to taub huab cua, tab sis lawv yuav tsum paub txog ntau yam. Anna xav kom to taub seb cov nag dance ua rau nag. Betty, ntawm qhov kev tes, tsis tas yuav to taub dab tsi txog causality; nws tsuas xav tau qhov kev sojntsuam tseeb xwb. Cov kws tshawb nrhiav feem ntau tsom rau cov teeb meem xws li ib tug raug kev nyuaj siab los ntawm Anna-uas Kleinberg thiab cov npoj yaig hu ua "nag dance-like" cov teeb meem kev cai-vim lawv koom nrog cov lus nug ntawm causality. Cov lus nug zoo li Betty-uas yog Kleinberg thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm hu ua "cov kaus poom" cov teeb meem-kuj yog qhov tseem ceeb heev, tab sis tau txais kev soj ntsuam los ntawm cov neeg tshawb xyuas.
Cov phau ntawv journal PS PS Political Science tau sau txog cov ntaub ntawv loj, kev txiav txim siab, thiab kev tshawb xav, thiab Clark and Golder (2015) sau txhua qhov nyiaj. Cov ntawv xov xwm Tshaj tawm ntawm National Academy of Sciences hauv Teb Chaws Asmeskas tau muaj kev sim rau cov ntsiab lus thiab cov ntaub ntawv loj, thiab Shiffrin (2016) qhia txog txhua qhov kev pab. Rau kev kawm tshuab txoj kev xav uas sim pom cov kev sim siab ntawm sab hauv cov ntaub ntawv loj, saib Jensen et al. (2008) , Sharma, Hofman, and Watts (2015) , thiab Sharma, Hofman, and Watts (2016) .
Nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm natural experiments, Dunning (2012) muab kev pib, phau ntawv ntev ntev nrog ntau cov piv txwv. Rau ib qho kev pom tsis zoo ntawm kev sim siab, pom Rosenzweig and Wolpin (2000) (economics) los yog Sekhon and Titiunik (2012) (kev tswjfwm ntawm science). Deaton (2010) thiab Heckman and Urzúa (2010) sib cav hais tias qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev sim ua rau cov kws tshawb fawb soj ntsuam los ntawm kev kwv yees txog cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb; Imbens (2010) suav cov lus sib ceg nrog cov kev pom zoo ntawm kev sim siab dua.
Thaum piav qhia txog tias tus kws tshawb fawb tau tawm los ntawm kev kwv yees qhov kev tshwm sim ntawm kev raug tsim los rau kev pab cuam, kuv tau piav txog ib qho kev hu ua " instrumental variables" . Imbens and Rubin (2015) , hauv lawv tshooj 23 thiab 24, muab cov lus qhia thiab siv daim ntawv xaiv lub npe ua piv txwv. Kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev ua tub rog rau kev sib tw yog qee zaum hu ua qhov nruab nrab qhov kev hloov ua piv txwv (CAcE) thiab qee zaus qhov kev kho mob hauv nruab nrab hauv zos (LATE). Sovey and Green (2011) , Angrist and Krueger (2001) , thiab Bollen (2012) muab kev txheeb xyuas txog kev siv cov kev hloov hauv kev lag luam, kev lag luam, thiab kev ncaj ncees, thiab Sovey and Green (2011) muab "nyeem ntawv cov ntawv txheeb" rau ntsuam xyuas cov kev tshawb fawb siv cov txiaj ntsim ua ke.
Nws hloov tawm hais tias 1970 phau ntawv rho npe tsis yog, qhov tseeb cia randomized; muaj me me deviations los ntawm pure randomness (Fienberg 1971) . Berinsky and Chatfield (2015) cav tias qhov kev hloov me me no tsis yog qhov tseem ceeb thiab sib tham txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm txoj kev xaiv kom tau zoo.
Raws li kev sib piv, saib Stuart (2010) rau kev soj ntsuam pom zoo, thiab Sekhon (2009) rau kev soj ntsuam xyuas pessimistic. Rau ntau ntawm txuam raws li ib hom ntawm pruning, saib Ho et al. (2007) . Nrhiav ib qho kev zoo meej rau txhua tus neeg feem ntau nyuaj, thiab qhov no qhia txog ntau yam nyuaj. Ua ntej, thaum tsis tau muaj cov ntais ntawv, cov neeg tshawb xyuas yuav tsum txiav txim siab seb yuav ntsuas li cas nruab nrab ntawm ob koog twg thiab yog tias qhov chaw ze ze ze ze. Ib qhov teeb meem thib ob yog tias cov neeg tshawb xyuas xav siv ntau qhov khoos phis rau txhua rooj plaub hauv pawg neeg kho mob, vim qhov no yuav ua rau muaj kev txhawj xeeb ntau dua. Ob ntawm cov teeb meem, zoo li lwm tus neeg, piav qhia nyob rau hauv kev nthuav dav hauv tshooj 18 ntawm Imbens and Rubin (2015) . Mus saib Ntu II ntawm ( ??? ) .
Saib Dehejia and Wahba (1999) rau ib qho piv txwv uas txoj kev sib txig muaj peev xwm tsim kev kwv yees zoo ib yam li cov neeg los ntawm kev sim xyaum ua kom tsis raug. Tiam sis, saib Arceneaux, Gerber, and Green (2006) thiab Arceneaux, Gerber, and Green (2010) rau cov piv txwv txoj kev sib hloov kev ua tsis tau zoo los tsim tawm kev sim qauv kev sim.
Rosenbaum (2015) thiab Hernán and Robins (2016) lwm cov tswv yim rau discovering pabcuam kev sib piv hauv cov ntaub ntawv loj.