2.2 loj cov ntaub ntawv

Cov ntaub ntawv loj yog tsim thiab sib sau los ntawm cov tuam txhab thiab tsoom fwv rau cov laj thawj uas tsis yog kev tshawb nrhiav. Siv cov ntaub ntawv no rau kev tshawb nrhiav, yog li ntawd, yuav tsum tau rov qab ua dua.

Thawj txoj kev uas ntau tus neeg tau ntsib kev tshawb fawb hauv cov hnub nyoog digital yog los ntawm kev hu ua ntau yam . Txawm tias siv ntau lub sij hawm no los, tsis muaj kev pom zoo txog tej ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb li cas. Txawm li cas los xij, ib qho ntawm feem ntau cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov ntaub ntawv loj yog tsom rau ntawm "3 Vs": Volume, Variety, thiab Velocity. Roughly, muaj ntau ntau cov ntaub ntawv, ntau hom ntawv, thiab nws yog raug tsim lossi. Qee cov kiv cua ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb ntxiv rau lwm tus "Vs" xws li Veracity thiab Value, whereas qee tus neeg thuam ntxiv Vs xws li Vague thiab Vacuous. Qhov ntau tshaj 3 "Vs" (los yog 5 "Vs" los yog 7 "Vs"), rau cov laj thawj ntawm kev tshawb fawb, Kuv xav tias qhov chaw zoo pib yog 5 "Ws": Leej twg, Dab Tsi, Nyob Qhov Twg , thiab Vim Li Cas. Qhov tseeb tiag, kuv xav tias ntau qhov kev cov nyom thiab txoj hauv kev uas tsim los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv loj yog ua raws li ib qho "W": Vim li cas.

Hauv lub hnub nyoog analog, feem ntau ntawm cov ntaub ntawv uas tau muab siv rau kev tshawb fawb tau tsim rau kev tshawb nrhiav. Nyob rau hauv cov hnub nyoog digital, txawm li cas los xij, cov ntaub ntawv loj heev yog tsim los ntawm cov tuam txhab thiab tsoom fwv rau cov laj thawj tshwj tsis yog kev tshawb fawb, xws li kev muab cov kev pab cuam, tsim txiaj, thiab tswj cov cai. Cov neeg tsim muaj, tab sis, tau pom tau hais tias koj tuaj yeem rov qab ua cov ntaub ntawv no thiab cov ntaub ntawv rau tsoomfwv. Xav rov qab rau cov duab zoo li nyob rau hauv tshooj 1, raws li Duchamp repurposed tus kwv pom los tsim kev kos duab, cov kws tshawb fawb tau tam sim no repurpose pom cov ntaub ntawv los ua kev tshawb fawb.

Thaum tseem muaj ntau yam tsis zoo rau kev rov qab ua dua, siv cov ntaub ntawv uas tsis tau tsim los rau cov hom phiaj ntawm kev tshawb fawb tseem muaj cov nyom tshiab. Piv txwv, piv txwv, ib qhov kev pabcuam kev sib txuas lus, xws li Twitter, nrog rau kev tshawb nrhiav pej xeem kev xav, xws li General Social Survey. Twitter cov hom phiaj tseem ceeb yog los muab kev pab rau nws cov neeg siv thiab ua kom tau nyiaj. Kev Tshawb Fawb Txog Kev Zej Tsoom (Social Social Survey), ntawm qhov kev sib txuas lus, yog npaj rau kev tsim cov ntaub ntawv dav dav rau kev tshawb fawb, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau kev tshawb fawb pej xeem. Qhov sib txawv ntawm cov hom phiaj txhais tau hais tias cov ntaub ntawv tsim los ntawm Twitter thiab uas tsim los ntawm General Social Survey muaj cov khoom sib txawv, txawm tias ob leeg siv tau los kawm txog pej xeem lub tswv yim. Twitter khiav hauj lwm ntawm ib qho kev teev thiab kev ceev uas General Societe Survey tsis tuaj yeem sib piv, tab sis, tsis zoo li General Social Survey, Twitter tsis ua tib zoo qauv cov neeg siv thiab tsis ua haujlwm kom tsis txhob muaj sij hawm ntev. Vim tias ob qhov chaw cov ntaub ntawv sib txawv li no, nws tsis paub meej hais tias General Social Survey yog zoo dua li Twitter lossis lwm tus qauv. Yog tias koj xav tau kev ntsuas txhua txhua lub sijhawm (xws li, Golder and Macy (2011) ), Twitter zoo tshaj. Yog tias koj xav nkag siab txog kev hloov ntawm cov kev coj ua nyob rau hauv Tebchaws Meskas (xws li, DiMaggio, Evans, and Bryson (1996) ), tom qab ntawd General Social Survey yog qhov kev xaiv zoo tshaj plaws. Feem ntau, tsis yog sib cav sib ceg cov ntaub ntawv loj los yog zoo dua li lwm hom ntaub ntawv, tshooj lus no yuav sim kom paub meej txog hom kev tshawb nrhiav cov ntaub ntawv muaj cov ntaub ntawv muaj nuj nqes thiab cov lus nug lawv tsis yog zoo tagnrho.

Thaum xav txog cov ntaub ntawv loj, ntau cov neeg tshawb nrhiav tam sim no tsom rau cov ntaub ntawv hauv online tsim thiab sau los ntawm cov tuam txhab, xws li kev tshawb nrhiav cav thiab cov xov xwm kev sib tham. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov kev ua kom luv no tawm ob qhov chaw tseem ceeb ntawm cov ntaub ntawv loj. Ua ntej, nce cov ntaub ntawv loj cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm cov cuab yeej hauv lub ntiaj teb. Piv txwv, hauv tshooj lus no, kuv yuav qhia koj txog txoj kev tshawb nrhiav pov thawj rov qab los tshawb txog seb tus neeg ua haujlwm ua tau zoo li cas ntawm nws cov phooj ywg zoo (Mas and Moretti 2009) . Tom qab ntawd, tom qab tshooj, Kuv mam li qhia koj txog cov neeg tshawb nrhiav uas siv cov xov tooj ntawm cov xov tooj ntawm tes (Blumenstock, Cadamuro, and On 2015) thiab cov nqi ntaub ntawv tsim hluav taws xob (Allcott 2015) . Raws li cov qauv lus piv txwv no, cov ntaub ntawv loj ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv online.

Qhov thib ob tseem ceeb ntawm cov ntaub ntawv uas ploj lawm los ntawm ib qho kev ua kom pom tseeb ntawm kev cwj pwm hauv online yog cov ntaub ntawv tsim los ntawm tsoom fwv. Cov ntaub ntawv ntawm tsoomfwv, cov kws tshawb fawb hu ua tsoomfwv cov ntaub ntawv khaws tseg , suav cov khoom xws li cov ntaub ntawv ua se, cov ntaub ntawv hauv tsev kawm ntawv, thiab cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb ntawm cov ntaub ntawv (piv txwv li, cov kev cai ntawm cov hnub yug thiab kev tuag). Cov tsoom fwv tau tsim cov ntaub ntawv no rau, qee zaum, ntau pua xyoo, thiab cov kws tshawb fawb tau raug tsim txom lawv kom ntev li ntev tau muaj cov neeg txawj ntse. Dab tsi tau hloov lawm, txawm li cas los, yog digitization, uas tau ua kom yooj yim rau cov tsoom fwv sib sau, xa tawm, khw, thiab tshawb xyuas cov ntaub ntawv. Piv txwv, hauv tshooj lus no, kuv yuav qhia koj txog kev tshawb nrhiav cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm New York City tsoomfwv cov tsheb tavxij cov xooj moos kom thiaj li daws tau qhov kev sib cav txog kev lag luam (Farber 2015) . Tom qab ntawd, tom qab tshooj, kuv mam li qhia koj txog cov ntaub ntawv pov npav los ntawm tsoomfwv cov ntaub ntawv (Ansolabehere and Hersh 2012) thiab kev sim (Bond et al. 2012) .

Kuv xav tias lub tswv yim ntawm repurposing yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev kawm los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv loj, thiab yog li, ua ntej tham ntau yam txog cov khoom ntawm cov ntaub ntawv loj (Tshooj 2.3) thiab seb cov no siv tau licas (Tshooj 2.4), Kuv xav muab ob daig ntawm kev tawm tswv yim txog repurposing. Ua ntej, nws kuj yog kev ntxias kom xav txog qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov kuv tau tsim los ntawm qhov "nrhiav tau" cov ntaub ntawv thiab "tsim" cov ntaub ntawv. Qhov no yog qhov zoo, tab sis nws tsis zoo heev. Txawm hais tias, los ntawm cov neeg tshawb fawb, cov ntaub ntawv loj yog "pom," lawv tsis yog poob saum ntuj. Xwb, cov ntaub ntawv uas muaj "found" los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb tau tsim los ntawm ib tug neeg rau ib qho laj thawj. Vim hais tias "pom" cov ntaub ntawv raug tsim los ntawm ib tus neeg, Kuv ib txwm xav kom koj sim nkag siab ntau li ntau tau txog cov neeg thiab cov txheej txheem uas tsim koj cov ntaub ntawv. Thib ob, thaum koj cov ntaub ntawv rov qab, nws yog feem ntau yuav pab kom koj xav tias qhov dataset zoo tagnrho rau koj qhov teebmeem thiab tom qab ntawd sib piv qhov dataset zoo tagnrho nrog koj uas koj siv. Yog tias koj tsis sau koj cov ntaub ntawv koj tus kheej, muaj feem yuav yog qhov txawv ntawm qhov koj xav tau thiab koj muaj. Kev pom ntawm cov kev txawv no yuav pab kom koj paub meej thiab tsis tuaj yeem kawm tau los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv koj muaj, thiab nws yuav qhia tau cov ntaub ntawv tshiab uas koj yuav tsum tau sau.

Hauv kuv txoj kev paub, cov kws tshawb fawb thiab cov kws tshawb fawb tau coj los ua ib qho txawv heev. Cov kws tshawb fawb, leej twg yog tus ua haujlwm nrog cov ntaub ntawv tsim tawm los ntawm kev tshawb fawb, feem ntau ceev kom taw tes tawm cov teeb meem nrog cov ntaub ntawv repurposed thaum uas raug nqi ntau nws cov kev ua tau zoo. Ntawm qhov tod tes, cov kws tshawb fawb feem ntau yog ceev nrooj los taw tes cov kev pab cuam ntawm cov ntaub ntawv repurposed thaum uas raug nqi ntau nws cov kev qaug zog. Lawm, qhov zoo tshaj plaws mus kom ze yog ib tug hybrid. Ntawd yog, cov kws tshawb fawb yuav tsum to taub cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv loj-ob qho zoo thiab qhov phem - thiab mam li xyuas seb yuav kawm tau li cas los ntawm lawv. Thiab, qhov no yog qhov kev npaj rau cov seem ntawm tshooj no. Hauv tshooj txuas ntxiv, kuv yuav qhia txog kaum hom kev qhia ntawm cov ntaub ntawv loj. Tom qab ntawd, hauv seem hauv qab no, kuv yuav qhia txog peb txoj kev tshawb nrhiav uas yuav ua haujlwm zoo nrog cov ntaub ntawv no.