2.3.4 tsis tiav
Tsis muaj teeb meem loj npaum li cas koj cov ntaub ntawv loj, nws tej zaum tsis muaj cov ntaub ntawv koj xav tau.
Cov ntaub ntawv loj tshaj plaws tsis tiav , hauv qhov kev txiav txim siab tias lawv tsis muaj cov ntaub ntawv uas koj yuav xav tau rau koj qhov kev tshawb fawb. Qhov no yog ib qho ntawm cov ntaub ntawv uas tau tsim rau cov laj thawj uas tsis yog tshawb nrhiav. Muaj ntau tus kws tshawb fawb tau muaj kev paub txog kev ua tsis tiav, xws li cov ntawv tshawb fawb uas tsis tau nug cov lus nug uas xav tau. Hmoov tsis, qhov teeb meem ntawm incompleteness yuav muaj ntau heev nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv loj. Hauv kuv qhov kev kawm, cov ntaub ntawv loj yog tshwm sim rau peb hom ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb rau kev tshawb fawb: kev qhia txog cov neeg tuaj koom, kev coj cwj pwm ntawm lwm lub platform, thiab cov ntaub ntawv los ua haujlwm ua qauv tsim.
Ntawm peb hom kev tsis tiav, qhov teeb meem ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tsis tiav los ua haujlwm ua haujlwm theoretical constructs yog qhov nyuaj rau kev daws teeb meem. Thiab nyob rau hauv kuv kev, nws yog feem ntau accidentally overlooked. Roughly, theoretical constructs yog cov tswv yim daws teeb meem uas cov neeg kawm txog kev tshawb fawb thiab ua haujlwm ua haujlwm rau ib lub tswv yim theoretical txhais tau tias qee txoj kev mus ntes tau tsim nrog cov ntaub ntawv observable. Hmoov tsis, qhov yooj yim-sounding txheej txheem feem ntau hloov mus ua tsis yooj yim. Piv txwv li, cia peb xav tias ua rau kev sim siab ua qhov kev sim yooj yim uas cov neeg uas txawj ntse ntau dua. Yuav kom ntsuam xyuas qhov kev thov no, koj yuav tsum ntsuas "txawj ntse." Tiam sis qhov kev txawj ntse yog dab tsi? Gardner (2011) tau sib cav tias muaj ntau yim hom kev txawj ntse. Thiab puas muaj cov txheej txheem uas yuav ntsuas tau ib qho ntawm cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev txawj ntse? Txawm hais tias muaj kev tu ncua ntau ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov kws kho mob, cov lus nug tseem tsis tau muaj cov lus teb tsis meej.
Yog li, txawm tias ib qho yooj yim thov-cov neeg uas muaj kev txawj ntse ntau dua tau nyiaj-yuav nyuaj rau kev ntsuam xyuas empirically vim tias nws tuaj yeem nyuaj ua hauj lwm rau kev tsim theoretical constructs hauv cov ntaub ntawv. Lwm cov qauv ntawm cov theoretical constructs uas yog qhov tseem ceeb, tab sis tsis yooj yim rau kev ua haujlwm xws li "norms", "social capital," thiab "kev tswj hwm." Cov kws tshawb fawb hu ua qhov kev sib tw ntawm theoretical constructs thiab cov ntaub ntawv tsim validity (Cronbach and Meehl 1955) . Raws li daim ntawv luv luv ntawm cov kev tsim kev pom zoo, tsim kom muaj qhov tseeb yog qhov teeb meem uas cov kws tshawb fawb tau ntsib teeb meem nrog rau lub sijhawm ntev heev. Tab sis hauv kuv txoj kev paub, qhov teeb meem ntawm tsim validity yog ntau dua thaum ua hauj lwm nrog cov ntaub ntawv uas tsis tau tsim rau kev tshawb nrhiav (Lazer 2015) .
Thaum koj ntsuam xyuas qhov kev tshawb fawb, ib txoj kev ceev thiab siv tau los ntsuam xyuas qhov tsim nyog yog coj cov txiaj ntsig, uas feem ntau tau hais tawm ntawm kev tsim duab, thiab rov qhia tawm raws li cov ntaub ntawv siv. Piv txwv, xav txog ob qhov kev tshawb nrhiav pov thawj uas lees paub tias cov neeg uas txawj ntse ntau dua. Nyob hauv thawj qhov kev tshawb nrhiav, tus kws tshawb nrhiav tau pom tias cov neeg uas tau zoo ntawm Raven Progressive Matrices Test-ib qho kev sim kawm zoo ntawm kev txawj ntse ntawm Analytic (Carpenter, Just, and Shell 1990) -huab siab tshaj tawm cov nyiaj tau los ntawm lawv cov ntaub ntawv ua se. Nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb fawb thib ob, tus kws tshawb nrhiav tau pom tias cov tib neeg hauv Twitter uas siv cov ntsiab lus ntev dua yuav piav txog hom khoom kim heev. Hauv ob qho tib si, cov neeg tshawb xyuas no yuav hais tias lawv tau pom tias cov neeg uas txawj ntse ntau dua. Txawm li cas los xij, nyob hauv thawj txoj kev tshawb xyuas theoretical constructs zoo ua haujlwm tau los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv, thaum nyob rau hauv ob yog lawv tsis. Tsis tas li ntawd, raws li qhov piv txwv no qhia, ntau cov ntaub ntawv tsis tau daws cov teeb meem nrog tsim kev siv tau. Koj yuav tsum tsis ntseeg cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev tshawb nrhiav thib ob seb nws puas koom nrog ib lab tweets, billion billion tweets, lossis trillion tweets. Rau cov kws tshawb fawb tsis paub txog lub tswv yim ntawm kev tsim nyog, nqe 2.2 qhia txog qee cov qauv kev tshawb fawb uas tau siv ua qauv theoretical siv cov ntaub ntawv cov ntaub ntawv.
| Cov ntaub ntawv | Theoretical dlaim | Cov lus nug |
|---|---|---|
| Email cav los ntawm ib lub tsev kawm ntawv (meta-data only) | Kev sib raug zoo | Kossinets and Watts (2006) , Kossinets and Watts (2009) , De Choudhury et al. (2010) |
| Kev tshaj xov xwm tawm ntawm Weibo | Civic kev sib koom tes | Zhang (2016) |
| Email cav los ntawm ib lub chaw ruaj (meta-cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov ntawv nyeem tiav) | Kev haum xeeb hauv koom haum | Srivastava et al. (2017) |
Txawm hais tias qhov teeb meem ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tsis tiav rau capturing theoretical constructs zoo nkauj zog los daws teeb meem, muaj ntau cov kev daws rau lwm hom hom tsis tiav: cov ntaub ntawv tsis tiav thiab cov ntaub ntawv tsis tiav ntawm kev coj cwj pwm ntawm lwm lub platform. Qhov xub thawj yog kom tau sau cov ntaub ntawv koj xav tau; Kuv mam li qhia koj txog qhov no hauv tshooj 3 thaum kuv qhia koj txog cov ntawv tshawb fawb. Qhov thib ob lub ntsiab kev daws teeb meem yog ua li cas cov kws tshawb fawb hu neeg siv tus cwj pwm tsis sib haum thiab kev sib raug zoo hu ua imputation . Nyob rau hauv txoj kev qhia no, cov neeg tshawb nrhiav siv cov ntaub ntawv uas lawv muaj rau qee cov neeg los xav txog lwm tus neeg. Ib qho kev daws teeb meem thib peb yog los ua ke ntau yam ntaub ntawv. Txoj kev no yog qee zaum hu ua ntaub ntawv sib txuas lus . Qhov kuv nyiam ua piv txwv rau qhov txheej txheem no yog sau los ntawm Dunn (1946) hauv thawj pawg lus thawj thawj tsab ntawv thawj zaug tau sau rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv sib txuas:
"Txhua tus neeg hauv lub ntiaj teb no tsim ib Phau Ntawv ntawm Lub Neej. Phau ntawv no pib nrog yug thiab xaus nrog kev tuag. Cov nplooj ntawv yog tsim los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov txheej xwm tseem ceeb hauv lub neej. Cov ntaub ntawv linkage yog lub npe uas tau muab rau cov txheej txheem ntawm teeb tsa cov nplooj ntawv hauv phau ntawv no ua ib ntim. "
Thaum Dunn sau zaj lus ntawd nws xav tias phau Ntawv Qhia Txog Lub Neej yuav muaj tej yam xws li kev yug menyuam, kev sib yuav, kev sib nrauj, thiab kev tuag. Txawm li cas los, tam sim no, tam sim no hais tias ntau cov ntaub ntawv hais txog cov neeg raug kaw, Phau Ntawv ntawm Lub Neej yuav yog ib daim duab zoo kawg nkaus, yog tias cov nplooj ntawv sib txawv (piv txwv li, peb cov cim kev qhia) yuav ua ke. Phau ntawv no ntawm Lub Neej yuav yog qhov zoo rau cov neeg tshawb xyuas. Tab sis, nws kuj tseem hu ua database ntawm kev puas tsuaj (Ohm 2010) , uas yuav siv tau rau txhua hom kev ua tsis ncaj ncees, raws li kuv yuav piav qhia hauv tshooj 6 (Ethics).
