1.2 Zoo siab txais tos rau cov muaj hnub nyoog
Cov hnub nyoog digital yog qhov txhia chaw, nws loj tuaj, thiab nws hloov yog dab tsi tau rau cov neeg tshawb xyuas.
Lub hauv paus ntawm lub ntsiab lus ntawm phau ntawv no yog lub hnub nyoog digital tsim tshiab lub sijhawm rau kev tshawb fawb. Cov kws tshawb fawb tau tam sim no saib tus cwj pwm, nug lus, khiav kev sim, thiab koom tes ua ke uas tau yooj yim ua tsis ntev los no. Nrog rau cov sijhawm tshiab no muaj kev pheej hmoo tshiab: Cov neeg tshawb nrhiav tam sim no yuav ua rau tib neeg tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam rau yav dhau los. Lub hauv paus ntawm cov caij nyoog thiab cov kev pheej hmoo yog kev hloov ntawm lub hnub nyoog analog rau cov hnub nyoog digital. Qhov kev hloov no tsis tau tshwm sim tag nrho ib zaug ib yam li lub teeb taws tig rau-thiab, qhov tseeb, nws tseem tsis tau tiav. Txawm li cas los, peb twb pom txaus los ntawm tam sim no kom paub tias ib yam dab tsi loj mus.
Ib txoj kev uas yuav pom qhov kev hloov no yog los nrhiav kev hloov hauv koj lub neej txhua hnub. Muaj ntau yam hauv koj lub neej uas siv los ua analog yog tam sim no. Tej zaum koj siv siv lub koob yees duab nrog zaj duab xis, tab sis tam sim no koj siv lub koob yees duab (uas yog ib feem ntawm koj tus xov tooj ntse). Tej zaum koj tau siv los nyeem cov ntawv xov xwm lub cev, tab sis tam sim no koj nyeem ntawv xov xwm hauv online. Tej zaum koj siv los them cov khoom nrog nyiaj, tab sis tam sim no koj them nrog ib daim credit card. Hauv txhua kis, qhov kev hloov ntawm analog rau digital txhais tau tias ntau cov ntaub ntawv hais txog koj tab tom raug thiab khaws digitally.
Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, thaum ntsia nyob rau hauv aggregate, qhov teebmeem ntawm kev hloov yog xav tsis thoob. Tus nqi ntawm cov ntaub ntawv nyob hauv lub ntiaj teb yog nce zuj zus tuaj, thiab ntau qhov ntawm cov ntaub ntawv khaws cia digitally, uas tswj kev ntsuam xyuas, kev sib kis, thiab kev sib koom ua ke (daim duab 1.1). Tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv digital no tau raug hu ua "cov ntaub ntawv loj." Ntxiv rau qhov kev tawg ntawm cov ntaub ntawv, muaj kev loj hlob ntawm kev nkag mus rau kev xam phaj (duab 1.1). Cov txuj ci tseem ceeb ntawm cov ntaub ntawv thiab nce cov kev ua lag luam-yog nce mus rau yav tom ntej.
Daim duab 1.1: Cov ntaub ntawv cia muaj peev xwm thiab lub zog ntawm kev lag luam yog nce. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov ntaub ntawv cia yog tam sim no yuav luag tshwj xeeb cov digital. Cov kev hloov no tsim cov sijhawm zoo rau cov neeg tshawb nrhiav. Muab los ntawm Hilbert and López (2011) , cov duab 2 thiab 5.
Rau cov laj thawj ntawm kev tshawb fawb, Kuv xav tias qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm cov hnub nyoog digital yog computers txhua qhov . Pib ntawm cov cav tov hauv chav tsev uas tsuas muaj rau tsoomfwv thiab cov tuam txhab lag luam loj xwb, cov computers tau thev ua luaj li thiab nce siab tuaj yeem ua haujlwm. Txhua xyoo kaum xyoo txij li xyoo 1980 tau pom ib hom kev lag luam tshiab: tus kheej computers, laptops, cov xov tooj ntse, thiab tam sim no nruab tus txheej txheem hauv "Internet ntawm Yam" (piv txwv li, computers hauv cov cuab yeej xws li tsheb, watches, thiab thermostats) (Waldrop 2016) . Nce, cov computer no ua tau ntau tshaj li xam; lawv kuj paub, khaws, thiab xa ntaub ntawv.
Rau cov neeg tshawb xyuas, qhov kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov computers muaj nyob txhua qhov yog qhov yooj yim mus saib hauv online, ib cheeb tsam uas ntsuas tag nrho thiab txaus siab rau kev sim. Piv txwv li, ib lub khw hauv internet tau yooj yim sau cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb txog cov qauv khoom ntawm ntau lab tus neeg muas zaub. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws tuaj yeem yooj yim xaiv cov pawg neeg ntawm cov neeg tuaj yeem tau txais kev qhia ntau yam. Qhov kev muaj peev xwm mus xaiv rau saum kev tshawb nrhiav txhais tau hais tias cov khw muag khoom hauv internet tuaj yeem siv khiav cov kev sim randomized. Qhov tseeb, yog tias koj puas tau yuav khoom los ntawm ib lub khw hauv online, koj tus cwj pwm tau raug taug qab lawm thiab koj twb yeej yog ib tus neeg koom rau hauv kev sim, seb koj puas paub los sis tsis.
Qhov kev ntsuas no tag nrho, tag nrho ntiaj teb no tsis yog tshwm sim hauv online; nws yog nce zuj zus txhua txhia qhov chaw. Cov khw muag khoom noj khoom haus twb tau sau cov ntaub ntawv cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws ntxaws heev, thiab lawv tab tom tsim cov khoom vaj khoom tsev kom soj ntsuam cov neeg tuaj muag khoom noj khoom haus thiab sib xyaw ua ke mus rau kev ua lag luam txhua hnub. "Internet ntawm Yam" txhais tau hais tias kev coj cwj pwm nyob hauv lub ntiaj teb yuav muaj ntau dua los ntawm digital sensors. Ua lwm yam lus, thaum twg koj xav txog kev tshawb fawb hauv cov hnub nyoog digital koj yuav tsum tsis txhob xav hauv online , koj yuav tsum xav txhua qhov .
Ntxiv nrog rau qhov kev ntsuas ntawm kev coj cwj pwm thiab kev xaiv ntawm kev kho mob, cov hnub nyoog digital kuj tau tsim cov kev tshiab rau tib neeg sib txuas lus. Cov kev sib txuas lus tshiab no cia cov neeg tshawb xyuas khiav cov tshiab tshawb fawb thiab tsim kev sib koom tes nrog lawv cov neeg ua haujlwm thiab cov pej xeem.
Ib qho kev tsis ntseeg siab yuav taw tes tias tsis muaj peev xwm li no. Qhov no yog, yav dhau los, muaj ntau txoj kev loj hlob rau hauv tib neeg lub peev xwm los txuas lus (piv txwv li, lub xov tooj (Gleick 2011) ), thiab cov computers tau nce sai dua qub txij li xyoo 1960 (Waldrop 2016) . Tab sis qhov no skeptic yog ploj lawm yog tias ntawm ib qho taw tes ntau tshaj qhov qub ua tej yam txawv. Nov yog ib qho piv txwv uas kuv nyiam (Halevy, Norvig, and Pereira 2009; Mayer-Schönberger and Cukier 2013) . Yog tias koj tuaj yeem ntes tus duab ntawm tus nees, ces koj muaj ib daim duab. Thiab, yog tias koj tuaj yeem ntes tau 24 cov duab ntawm ib tug nees thib ob, ces koj muaj ib daim yeeb yaj kiab. Tau kawg, ib zaj yeeb yaj duab yog ib pawg ntawm cov duab xwb, tab sis tsuas yog ib qho huab skeptic xav tau tias cov duab thiab cov yeeb yaj duab zoo li qub.
Cov neeg tshawb nrhiav yog cov txheej txheem ntawm kev hloov akin hloov mus rau kev hloov ntawm kev yees duab mus rau cinematography. Qhov kev hloov no, txawm li cas los, tsis tau txhais hais tias txhua yam uas peb tau kawm yav dhau los yuav tsum tsis lees paub. Xws li cov ntsiab cai ntawm kev yees duab qhia txog cov duab xees, cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev tshawb fawb txog kev sib raug zoo uas tau tsim hauv 100 lub xyoo dhau los yuav qhia txog kev sib raug zoo nrog kev sib tham nyob rau 100 xyoo tom ntej. Tab sis, qhov kev hloov kuj txhais tau tias peb yuav tsum tsis txhob ua tib yam nkaus xwb. Tiam sis, peb yuav tsum muab cov kev qhia ntawm yav dhau los nrog lub peev xwm ntawm tam sim no thiab yav tom ntej. Piv txwv, txoj kev tshawb fawb ntawm Yauxuas Blumenstock thiab cov npoj yaig yog ib qho sib xyaw ntawm kev tshawb fawb cov kev tshawb fawb nrog rau qee tus neeg yuav hu cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb. Tag nrho ob qho ntawm cov khoom xyaw no tsim nyog: tsis muaj cov lus teb rau kev tshawb fawb lossis cov ntaub ntawv teev xov tooj ntawm lawv tus kheej tsis txaus los tsim cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm cov neeg txom nyem. Feem ntau, cov kws tshawb fawb yuav tsum tau los sib txuas cov tswv yim los ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab kev tshawb fawb kev lag luam kom thiaj li tau txais txiaj ntsim ntawm cov caij nyoog zoo; thiab tsis tuaj yeem ua ib leeg tsuas yog yuav txaus.
