Yuav nyeem dab tsi ntxiv
- Kev Taw Qhia (ntu 6.1)
Kev tshawb nrhiav txog kev ncaj ncees kuj muaj cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb xws li kev dag ntxias thiab kev faib nyiaj. Cov no yog sib tham nyob rau hauv Kev Tshaj Tawm Txog Kev Tshaj Tawm los ntawm Institute of Medicine and National Academy of Sciences and National Academy of Engineering (2009) .
Tshooj lus no raug hnyav dhau los ntawm qhov teeb meem hauv Tebchaws Meskas. Yog xav paub ntxiv txog cov txheej txheem kev sib raug zoo hauv lwm lub tebchaws, mus saib tshooj 6-9 ntawm Desposato (2016b) . Rau qhov kev sib cav sib ceg ntawm cov txheej txheem kev ncaj ncees uas tau cuam tshuam txog tshooj no yog cov neeg Amelikas, saib Holm (1995) . Yog xav paub ntxiv keeb kwm ntawm Lub Chaw Saib Xyuas Kev Tshawb Fawb hauv Tebchaws Meskas, saib Stark (2012) . Phau ntawv Journal PS: Political Science thiab Politics tau muaj kev tshaj lij ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb thiab cov IRBs; saib Martinez-Ebers (2016) rau qhov xaus.
Belmont Report thiab tom qab cov kev cai hauv Tebchaws Meskas yuav ua kom muaj kev sib txawv ntawm kev tshawb nrhiav thiab xyaum. Kuv tsis tau ua ib qho kev sib txawv hauv tshooj no vim kuv xav tias cov ntsiab cai coj zoo thiab kev coj ua rau ob qhov chaw. Yog xav paub ntxiv txog qhov kev sib txuas lus thiab cov teeb meem uas nws qhia, mus saib Beauchamp and Saghai (2012) , MN Meyer (2015) , tus boyd (2016) , thiab Metcalf and Crawford (2016) .
Yog xav paub ntxiv txog kev soj ntsuam ntawm Facebook, saib Jackman and Kanerva (2016) . Rau cov tswv yim hais txog kev soj ntsuam ntawm tuam txhab thiab cov NGOs, saib Calo (2013) , Polonetsky, Tene, and Jerome (2015) , thiab Tene and Polonetsky (2016) .
Nyob rau hauv kev sib piv rau kev siv xov tooj txawb xov tooj los pab rau qhov chaw tiv thaiv Ebola nyob rau hauv West Africa 2014 (Wesolowski et al. 2014; McDonald 2016) , ntxiv txog kev ceev ntiag tug ntawm cov xov tooj txawb xov tooj, saib Mayer, Mutchler, and Mitchell (2016) . Rau cov piv txwv ntawm kev ntsig txog kev ntsoog dhau los siv xov tooj ntawm tes, saib Bengtsson et al. (2011) thiab Lu, Bengtsson, and Holme (2012) , thiab xav paub ntxiv txog kev ncaj ncees ntsig txog kev tshawb fawb, saib ( ??? ) .
- Peb qho piv txwv (seem 6.2)
Ntau tus neeg tau sau txog Kev Xav Tawm Txog Kev Xav Tawm. Cov phau ntawv Journal of Ethics Journal tau muab tag nrho lawv qhov teeb meem thaum lub Ib Hlis xyoo 2016 los tawm tswv yim txog txoj kev sim; saib Hunter and Evans (2016) rau tus txheej txheem cej luam. Txoj Kev Tshaj Tawm ntawm National Academics of Science luam tawm ob daim ntawv txog kev sim: Kahn, Vayena, and Mastroianni (2014) thiab Fiske and Hauser (2014) . Lwm cov ntawv hais txog cov kev sim no muaj xws li: Puschmann and Bozdag (2014) , Meyer (2014) , Grimmelmann (2015) , MN Meyer (2015) , ( ??? ) , Kleinsman and Buckley (2015) , Shaw (2015) , thiab ( ??? ) .
- Cov lej txawv (txawv 6.3)
Hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev soj ntsuam, kev saib dav dav yog muab hauv Mayer-Schönberger (2009) thiab Marx (2016) . Rau ib qho piv txwv ntawm kev hloov cov nqi ntawm kev soj ntsuam, Bankston and Soltani (2013) kwv yees tias nrhiav ib tus neeg txhawj xeeb siv xov tooj ntawm tes yog kwv yees li 50 npaug dua siv lub cev kev soj ntsuam. Xyuas Ajunwa, Crawford, and Schultz (2016) rau kev sib tham ntawm kev soj ntsuam tom haujlwm. Bell and Gemmell (2009) muab ib qho kev xav zoo dua ntawm kev saib xyuas tus kheej.
Ntxiv nrog rau qhov ua tau raws li tus cwj pwm uas pom tau tias yog pej xeem los yog ib txhia pej xeem (xws li, Tastes, Ties, thiab Time), cov kws tshawb fawb yuav tuaj yeem xav txog tej yam uas coob leej tuaj koom xav txog. Piv txwv li, Michal Kosinski thiab cov npoj yaig (2013) tau pom tias lawv tuaj yeem ua cov ntaub ntawv tsis zoo txog neeg, xws li kev nyiam sib deev thiab siv cov tshuaj yeeb dej cawv, los ntawm tej yam yooj yim ntawm cov ntaub ntawv cia (Facebook nyiam). Qhov no yuav zoo nkauj heev, tab sis txoj kev Kosinski thiab cov npoj yaig siv-uas ua ke ntawm cov khoom siv, kev tshawb fawb, thiab kev saib xyuas kev kawm-yog qhov tseeb uas kuv twb tau qhia rau koj lawm. Nco qab tias hauv tshooj 3 (Nug cov lus nug). Kuv hais rau koj tias Yauxuas Blumenstock thiab cov npoj yaig (2015) ua ke nrog cov ntaub ntawv soj ntsuam cov ntaub ntawv xov tooj ntawm cov xov tooj txawb los txhawm rau kev txom nyem hauv Rwanda. Qhov kev qhia tib yam li no, uas yog siv tau los ntsuas cov neeg txom nyem nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws tuaj yeem, siv tau los siv rau qhov tsis zoo ntawm tus kheej-ua txhaum.
Yog xav paub ntxiv txog kev siv tib cov ntaub ntawv kho mob uas tsis tau siv, saib O'Doherty et al. (2016) . Ntxiv nrog rau qhov peev xwm rau kev siv ob lub hom phiaj, kev tsim ntawm tus qauv database tsis tiav yuav ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam rau kev sib raug zoo thiab kev nom kev tswv yog tias tib neeg tsis kam nyeem cov khoom los sis tham txog cov ntsiab lus; saib Schauer (1978) thiab Penney (2016) .
Nyob rau hauv lub sijhawm nrog kev cai overlapping, tus neeg tshawb nrhiav qee zaum koom nrog "khw muag khoom" (Grimmelmann 2015; Nickerson and Hyde 2016) . Qee cov neeg tshawb nrhiav uas xav kom tsis txhob saib xyuas IRB yuav koom tes nrog cov kws tshawb fawb uas tsis kam them los ntawm IRBs (piv txwv li, cov neeg ntawm cov tuam txhab lossis cov NGOs), thiab muaj cov colleagues sau thiab tshawb xyuas cov ntaub ntawv. Tom qab ntawd, tus neeg tshawb xyuas IRB-qhov kev tshawb fawb tau tshawb xyuas cov ntaub ntawv no uas tsis tau muaj IRB kev saib xyuas vim hais tias kev tshawb fawb tsis pub ntxiv "kev tshawb nrhiav tib neeg," tsawg kawg raws li qee qhov kev txhais cov cai tam sim no. Qhov hom ntawm IRB khiav lag luam no tej zaum tsis ua raws li cov txheej txheem raws li kev tshawb nrhiav kev ncaj ncees.
Hauv xyoo 2011, ib qho kev sib tw pib hloov tshiab Cov Cai Kev Cai, thiab qhov txheej txheem no tau ua tiav thaum xyoo 2017 ( ??? ) . Yog xav paub ntxiv txog cov kev siv zog los mus kho dua tshiab, saib Evans (2013) , National Research Council (2014) , Hudson and Collins (2015) , thiab Metcalf (2016) .
- Plaub Ntsiab (Tshooj 6.4)
Cov qauv kev coj ua raws kev ncaj ncees rau kev ua raws li biomedical ethics yog ntawm Beauchamp and Childress (2012) . Lawv tshaj tawm tias plaub lub ntsiab cai tseem ceeb yuav tsum muaj kev qhia biomedical ethics: Respect for Autonomy, Nonmaleficence, Beneficence, thiab Justice. Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm nonmaleficence yaum kom ib tug kom tsis txhob los ua kev raug mob rau lwm tus neeg. Cov ntsiab lus no txuas nrog Hippocratic lub tswv yim ntawm "Tsis txhob raug mob." Nyob rau hauv kev tshawb fawb ethics, txoj cai no feem ntau yog siv nrog txoj cai ntawm Kev Pabcuam, tabsis saib Tshooj 5 ntawm @ beauchamp_principles_2012 rau ntau qhov kev sib txawv ntawm ob. Rau kev thuam tias cov ntsiab cai no yog dhau lawm Asmeskas, saib Holm (1995) . Yog xav paub ntxiv txog kev sib haum xeeb thaum cov qauv teeb meem, saib Gillon (2015) .
Cov hauv paus ntsiab lus hauv tshooj lus no kuj tau npaj siab coj los qhia kev ncaj ncees rau cov tuam txhab thiab cov NGOs (Polonetsky, Tene, and Jerome 2015) los ntawm lub cev hu ua "Consumer Subject Review Boards" (CSRBs) (Calo 2013) .
- Kev Sib Fwm Rau Cov Neeg (Tshooj 6.4.1)
Ntxiv rau kev saib xyuas kev ywj siab, Belmont Report kuj lees paub tias tsis yog txhua tus tib neeg muaj peev xwm muaj peev xwm txiav txim siab rau tus kheej. Piv txwv li, cov me nyuam, neeg txom nyem los ntawm kev muaj mob, los yog cov neeg nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej muaj kev txwv loj heev yuav tsis muaj peev xwm ua yeeb yam li cov neeg muaj kev ncaj ncees, thiab cov neeg no yog li ntawd yuav raug tiv thaiv ntxiv.
Thov lub ntsiab lus ntawm Kev Sib Fwm Rau Cov Neeg hauv cov hnub nyoog muaj kev nyuab siab. Piv txwv, hauv kev tshawb fawb digital, nws tuaj yeem yooj yim los muab kev tiv thaiv ntxiv rau cov neeg uas tsis muaj peev xwm ua rau txiav txim siab rau tus kheej vim tias cov neeg tshawb xyuas feem ntau paub tsawg heev txog lawv cov neeg koom. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev pom zoo tso cai rau kev tshawb fawb txog kev tshawb nrhiav kev sib tw yog ib qho kev sib tw loj heev. Muaj qee zaum, qhov tseeb tau txais kev pom zoo tuaj yeem raug kev txom nyem los ntawm cov lus (Nissenbaum 2011) zoo siab (Nissenbaum 2011) , qhov twg cov ntaub ntawv thiab kev nkag siab muaj teeb meem. Rho li, yog tias cov neeg soj ntsuam tshawb xyuas cov ncauj lus qhia txog cov xwm txheej ntawm cov ntaub ntawv khaws tseg, kev tshawb xyuas cov ntaub ntawv, thiab cov ntaub ntawv muaj kev ruaj ntseg, nws yuav nyuaj rau ntau tus neeg koom nrog. Tab sis yog tias cov kws tshawb fawb tau muab cov lus qhia yooj yim, nws yuav tsis muaj cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb. Hauv kev tshawb nrhiav txog kev kho mob hauv lub hnub nyoog analog-tus txheej txheem uas yog los ntawm Belmont Report-ib tug yuav xav txog ib tus kws kho mob tham nrog txhua tus neeg koom los pab daws cov teeb meem kev kaj siab. Hauv kev tshawb nrhiav hauv online uas muaj ntau txhiab leej lossis tsheej lab ntawm cov neeg, xws li kev sib tawm ntawm lub ntsej muag yog tsis yooj yim sua. Ib qho teeb meem thib ob uas muaj kev pom zoo hauv cov hnub nyoog digital yog hauv cov kev tshawb fawb, xws li kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm cov ntaub ntawv khaws cia loj heev, nws yuav ua tsis tau txais kev pom zoo los ntawm txhua tus neeg tuaj koom. Kuv tham txog cov lus nug no thiab lwm cov lus nug txog kev pom zoo tso cai rau hauv kev qhia ntau ntxiv hauv ntu 6.6.1. Txawm tias muaj tej teeb meem no los, peb yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias kev tso lus pom zoo tsis tsim nyog thiab tsis txaus ntseeg rau Cov Neeg.
Yog xav paub ntxiv txog kev tshawb xyuas kab mob kev kho mob ua ntej yuav txais kev pom zoo, saib Miller (2014) . Yog xav kom ntev li phau ntawv lees paub, saib Manson and O'Neill (2007) . Xyuas cov lus pom zoo txog kev tso cai raws li qhia hauv qab no.
- Kev Pab Tau Zoo (ntu 6.4.2)
Harms rau cov ntsiab lus yog qhov ua rau kev tshawb nrhiav yuav ua tsis tau rau cov neeg tiam sis mus rau kev sib raug zoo. Cov ntsiab lus no yog lub ntsiab lus me ntsis, tab sis kuv mam li qhia nrog ib qho piv txwv zoo li cas: Wichita Jury Study (Vaughan 1967; Katz, Capron, and Glass 1972, chap. 2) -txais tej lub npe hu ua Chicago Jury Project (Cornwell 2010) . Nyob hauv txoj kev tshawb no, cov neeg tshawb nrhiav los ntawm University of Chicago, raws li ib feem ntawm txoj kev tshawb fawb ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm txoj kev cai lij choj, zais cia sau tseg rau 6 qhov kev txiav txim siab hauv Wichita, Kansas. Cov kws txiav txim plaub thiab cov kws lij choj nyob rau hauv rooj plaub tau pom zoo rau cov ntaub ntawv, thiab muaj kev saib xyuas nruj ntawm txoj kev. Txawm li cas los xij, cov kws lijchoj tsis tau paub txog tias cov ntaub ntawv raug kaw. Thaum tshawb pom, muaj kev chim siab rau pej xeem. Lub Tsev Hais Plaub Ncaj Ncees pib tshawb nrhiav qhov kev tshawb nrhiav, thiab cov neeg tshawb nrhiav tau raug hu los ua pov thawj pem lub taub hau Congress. Thaum kawg, Congress dhau ib tsab cai tshiab uas ua rau nws tsis raug cai rau cov ntaub ntawv txiav txim pub dawb.
Qhov kev txhawj xeeb ntawm cov neeg raug tshawb fawb ntawm Wichita Jury Study tsis yog qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev raug mob rau cov neeg koom; tiam sis, nws yog txoj kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev raug mob rau cov lus txiav txim ntawm kev txiav txim siab. Ntawd yog, cov neeg xav tias yog cov neeg txiav txim tsis ntseeg tias lawv tau sib tham hauv qhov chaw nyab xeeb thiab chaw tiv thaiv, nws yuav nyuaj rau kev txiav txim siab rau kev txiav txim yav tom ntej. Ntxiv nrog rau kev txiav txim kev txiav txim, muaj lwm yam kev sib txuas lus uas tib neeg muaj kev tiv thaiv ntxiv, xws li tus kws lij choj-neeg kev sib raug zoo thiab kev saib xyuas ntawm kev puas hlwb (MacCarthy 2015) .
Txoj kev pheej hmoo ntawm cov teeb meem rau cov ntsiab lus thiab kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov kev sib raug zoo hauv zej zog kuj tshwm sim nyob hauv cov kev sim ntawm kev tshawb fawb hauv kev lag luam (Desposato 2016b) . Rau ib qho piv txwv ntawm cov ntsiab lus siv nyiaj seeb ntau dua-kev pabcuam rau kev sim ua haujlwm hauv kev xaj fai fab, saib Zimmerman (2016) .
- Kev ncaj ncees (ntu 6.4.3)
Kev them nyiaj rau cov neeg koom siab tau tham txog nyob rau hauv ntau qhov chaw uas muaj feem xyuam nrog kev tshawb nrhiav digital-age. Lanier (2014) npaj siab koom tes rau cov kev siv digital uas lawv tsim. Bederson and Quinn (2011) sib tham txog cov nyiaj them hauv cov tub lag luam hauv online. Thaum kawg, Desposato (2016a) npaj siab muab cov neeg koom hauv cov kev sim ua haujlwm. Nws hais tias txawm tias cov neeg tuaj koom tsis tau them ncaj qha, yuav pub dawb rau ib pab neeg ua haujlwm rau lawv. Piv txwv li, hauv Encore, cov neeg tshawb nrhiav tau ua ib qho pub dawb rau ib pawg ua haujlwm los txhawb kev nkag mus rau hauv Internet.
- Saib taus rau kev cai lij choj thiab tsoomfwv cov nyiaj (Tshooj 6.4.4)
Cov lus cog tseg ntawm kev sib cog lus yuav tsum muaj hnyav dua li cov sib cog lus sib khi ntawm cov sib luag sib luag thiab cov cai uas tsim los ntawm tsoom fwv cov tsoomfwv. Cov xwm txheej uas cov kws soj ntsuam tau ua txhaum cov kev cai ntawm cov kev pabcuam yav dhau los yeej muaj feem xyuam nrog siv cov lus nug sib txuas lus los tshawb xyuas tus cwj pwm ntawm cov tuam txhab (xws li kev sim kev sim los ntsuas kev ntxub ntxaug). Rau kev sib tham ntxiv, saib Vaccaro et al. (2015) , Bruckman (2016a) , thiab Bruckman (2016b) . Rau ib qho piv txwv ntawm kev tshawb nrhiav txog kev lag luam uas sib tham txog cov kev pab cuam, saib Soeller et al. (2016) . Yog xav paub ntxiv txog cov teeb meem txog kev cai lij choj cov neeg tshawb nrhiav yog lawv ua txhaum cov kev pab, saib Sandvig and Karahalios (2016) .
- Ob txoj kev ncaj ncees (seem 6.5)
Obviously, muaj ntau npaum li cas tau sau txog qhov kev txiav txim siab thiab kev lag luam. Rau ib qho piv txwv ntawm cov kev coj zoo li cas, thiab lwm tus, yuav siv tau los xav txog cov kev tshawb fawb digital, saib Zevenbergen et al. (2015) . Piv txwv li cas lawv tuaj yeem siv rau kev sim thev naus laus zis hauv kev lag luam, saib xyuas Baele (2013) .
- Daim ntawv pom zoo (seem 6.6.1)
Yog xav paub ntxiv txog kev tshawb xyuas kev ntxub ntxaug, saib Pager (2007) thiab Riach and Rich (2004) . Tsis tas ua cov kev tshawb fawb no tsis tau txais kev pom zoo, lawv kuj koom nrog kev dag dag tsis sib tham.
Ob lub Desposato (2016a) thiab Humphreys (2015) kev tawm tswv yim txog kev sim ua haujlwm yam tsis muaj kev tso cai.
Sommers and Miller (2013) tshuaj xyuas ntau nqe lus uas tsis sib tham cov neeg tuaj koom tom qab kev dag, thiab cam hais tias cov kws tshawb fawb yuav tsum tawm tsam kev sib tham
"Nyob rau hauv ib txoj kev nqaim heev, xws li, kev tshawb fawb los ntawm qhov kev tawm tswv yim rau txoj kev tawm tswv yim tseem ceeb, tab sis cov neeg soj ntsuam yuav tsis muaj kev txhawj txog kev sib tham yog tias lawv ua tau. Cov kws tshawb fawb yuav tsum tsis pub tso cai rau kev sib cav sib ceg kom khaws tau lub koom txoos muaj kev sib tw, tiv thaiv lawv tus kheej los ntawm kev npau taws, los yog tiv thaiv cov neeg ua phem. "
Lwm tus neeg tawm tsam tias nyob hauv qee lub sijhawm yog kev sib tham ua rau muaj teeb meem ntau dua li qhov zoo, nws yuav tsum raug zam (Finn and Jakobsson 2007) . Kev ceeb toom yog ib qho uas cov kws tshawb fawb tseem ceeb tshaj rau Cov Neeg Saib Xyuas Kev Txim Siab, tab sis qee cov neeg tshawb nrhiav ua tus txheem. Ib txoj hauv kev daws teeb meem yuav pom tau los nrhiav cov hau kev los tawm tswv yim rau txoj kev kawm rau cov neeg koom. Qhov ntawd yog, tsis yog xav txog kev sib cav sib ceg ua ib yam dab tsi uas ua rau muaj kev mob nkeeg, tej zaum yuav tsis sib tham kuj yog ib yam khoom uas tau tuaj koom. Rau ib qho piv txwv ntawm hom kev kawm tsis sib haum, saib Jagatic et al. (2007) . Psychologists tau tsim cov tswv yim rau kev sib tham (DS Holmes 1976a, 1976b; Mills 1976; Baumrind 1985; Oczak and Niedźwieńska 2007) , thiab qee qhov no yuav siv tau rau cov kev tshawb nrhiav digital. Humphreys (2015) muaj kev xav txog cov kev pom zoo tso cai , uas muaj feem xyuam nrog cov tswv yim sib tham uas kuv tau piav qhia.
Lub tswv yim ntawm kev thov tus neeg koom nrog rau lawv kev tso cai yog hais txog qhov Humphreys (2015) hu ua kev pom zoo .
Ib lub tswv yim ntxiv nrog kev paub kev pom zoo uas tau npaj tseg yog los tsim kom muaj vaj huam sib luag ntawm cov neeg uas pom zoo rau hauv cov kev sim hauv online (Crawford 2014) . Qee leej tau sib cav hais tias lub vaj huam sib luag no yog ib qho qauv ntawm cov neeg tsis muaj qab hau. Tab sis tshooj 3 (Nug cov lus nug) qhia tau hais tias cov teebmeem no muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog kev siv txoj haujlwm tom qab. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev pom zoo los ntawm lub vaj huam sib luag yuav pab tau ntau yam kev sim. Hauv lwm cov lus, cov neeg koom yuav tsis tas yuav tso cai rau txhua txoj kev sim ib tus zuj zus, lub tswv yim hu ua broad consent (Sheehan 2011) . Yog xav paub ntxiv txog qhov sib txawv ntawm ib zaug tso cai thiab kev tso cai rau txhua txoj kev kawm, nrog rau kev sib tw, saib Hutton and Henderson (2015) .
- Nkag siab thiab tswj txoj kev txaus ntshai xwm txheej (Tshooj 6.6.2)
Far from tshwj xeeb, Netflix nqi zog qhia txog cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom muaj nqis uas muaj cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws txog tib neeg, thiab yog li muaj cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb hais txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm "kev tsis pom kev" ntawm cov khoom niaj hnub no. Cov ntaub ntawv nrog ntau daim ntawm cov ntaub ntawv hais txog txhua tus neeg feem ntau yuav tsis sib txawv , nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim siab tau txhais hauv cov ntaub ntawv hauv Narayanan and Shmatikov (2008) . Ntawd yog, rau txhua phau ntawv, tsis muaj cov ntaub ntawv uas zoo li qub, thiab qhov tseeb tsis muaj cov ntaub ntawv zoo sib xws: txhua tus neeg nyob deb ntawm lawv cov neeg nyob ze tshaj plaws hauv cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj. Ib qho yuav xav tias Netflix cov ntaub ntawv yuav qis vim hais tias nrog txog 20,000 cov tsos ntawm lub hnub qub tsib lub hnub qub, muaj txog \(6^{20,000}\) tau qhov tseem ceeb uas txhua tus neeg muaj peev xwm muaj (6 vim, ntxiv rau 1 mus rau 5 hnub qub, ib tus neeg yuav tsis pom lub yeeb yam kiag li). Tus lej no loj heev, nws tsis yooj yim txawm tias to taub.
Sparsity muaj ob qhov tseem ceeb. Ua ntej, nws txhais tau hais tias sim "tsis paub meej" lub dataset raws random perturbation yuav poob. Ntawd yog, txawm tias Netflix tau mus kho kho qee qhov ntawm kev (uas lawv tau ua), qhov no yuav tsis txaus vim tias cov ntaub ntawv perturbed tseem yog cov ntaub ntawv tau tshaj plaws rau cov ntaub ntawv uas tus attacker tau. Qhov thib ob, qhov sparsity txhais tau hais tias re-cim tau yog tias txawm tias tus attacker muaj kev txawj ntse los yog tsis ncaj ncees. Piv txwv li, hauv Netflix cov ntaub ntawv, peb xav tias tus neeg tua neeg paub txog koj kev ua yeeb yam rau ob qho yeeb yaj kiab thiab cov hnub uas koj tau ua cov kev pov thawj \(\pm\) hnub ntawd \(\pm\) 3 hnub; cia li tias cov ntaub ntawv ib leeg yog txaus rau cov cim qhia txog 68% ntawm cov neeg hauv Netflix cov ntaub ntawv. Yog hais tias tus neeg tua neeg paub txog yim yeeb yaj kiab uas koj tau pom dua \(\pm\) 14 \(\pm\) 14 hnub, tom qab ntawd txawm tias ob ntawm cov kev txheeb xyuas no tsis zoo kiag li, 99% ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tuaj yeem tau teev nyob rau hauv dataset. Ua lwm yam lus, sparsity yog ib qho teeb meem siv rau kev siv dag zog rau "cov ntaub ntawv tsis paub" cov ntaub ntawv, uas yog tsis muaj hmoo vim hais tias feem ntau cov niaj hnub kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov khoom tsis sib xws. Yog xav paub ntxiv txog "kev qhia tawm" ntawm cov ntaub ntawv sib txawv, saib Narayanan and Shmatikov (2008) .
Cov xov tooj meta-cov ntaub ntawv kuj yuav tshwm sim tau "tsis qhia npe" thiab tsis rhiab, tab sis qhov tsis yog qhov teeb meem. Xov tooj xov tooj-cov ntaub ntawv yog keeb dua thiab rhiab (Mayer, Mutchler, and Mitchell 2016; Landau 2016) .
Hauv daim duab 6.6, kuv nrhiav tau kev lag luam tawm ntawm kev pheej hmoo rau cov neeg koom thiab kev pab cuam rau zej tsoom los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tso tawm. Rau kev sib piv txwv ntawm cov kev txwv kev txwv (xws li, lub vaj tsev phab ntsa) thiab cov ntaub ntawv txwv kev txwv (xws li, qee cov "tsis qhia npe") saib Reiter and Kinney (2011) . Rau ib qhov categorization system ntawm kev pheej hmoo ntawm cov ntaub ntawv, mus saib Sweeney, Crosas, and Bar-Sinai (2015) . Yog xav paub ntau tshaj kev sib tham ntawm cov ntaub ntawv sib qhia, saib Yakowitz (2011) .
Yog xav paub ntxiv txog kev lag luam tawm ntawm qhov kev pheej hmoo thiab cov chaw ua haujlwm, saib Brickell and Shmatikov (2008) , Ohm (2010) , Reiter (2012) , Wu (2013) , thiab Goroff (2015) . Pom tau qhov kev lag luam tawm hauv cov ntaub ntawv no los ntawm cov kev kawm hauv online (MOOCs), saib Daries et al. (2014) thiab Angiuli, Blitzstein, and Waldo (2015) .
Kev sib txawv ntawm kev ceev nrooj kuj tseem muaj lwm txoj kev uas yuav ua rau ob leeg tsis tshua muaj kev txaus siab rau cov neeg koom thiab cov txiaj ntsig zoo rau zej zog; saib Dwork and Roth (2014) thiab Narayanan, Huey, and Felten (2016) .
Yog xav paub ntxiv txog cov tswvyim ntawm tus kheej (PII), uas yog lub hauv paus rau ntau cov cai ntawm kev tshawb fawb txog kev ncaj ncees, saib Narayanan and Shmatikov (2010) thiab Schwartz and Solove (2011) . Yog xav paub ntxiv txog tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv yog qhov uas tseem ceeb, saib Ohm (2015) .
Hauv seem no, kuv tau nthuav tawm qhov sib txuas ntawm cov datasets sib txawv li ib yam dab tsi uas yuav ua rau muaj kev xwm txheej qhia. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tuaj yeem tsim tsim dua tshiab rau kev tshawb fawb, raws li sib cav nyob hauv Currie (2013) .
Yog xav paub ntxiv txog tsib zaug, mus saib Desai, Ritchie, and Welpton (2016) . Rau ib qho piv txwv txog kev nthuav tawm qhov twg tuaj yeem paub, saib Brownstein, Cassa, and Mandl (2006) , uas qhia tau hais tias yuav ua li cas daim maps ntawm tus kab mob prevalence yuav paub. Dwork et al. (2017) tseem xav txog kev tawm tsam cov lus sib sau ua ke, xws li cov txheeb cais txog tias muaj pes tsawg tus tib neeg muaj kab mob.
Cov lus nug txog kev siv cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov ntaub ntawv tso tawm kuj tsa cov lus nug txog cov tswv cuab cov ntaub ntawv. Xav paub ntau ntxiv, ntawm cov ntaub ntawv cov tswv cuab, saib Evans (2011) thiab Pentland (2012) .
- Tsis Pub Leej Twg (ntu 6.6.3)
Warren and Brandeis (1890) yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm tsab cai lij choj txog kev ceev ntiag tug thiab feem ntau yog nrog lub tswv yim tias kev ceev ntiag tug yog txoj cai kom tau nyob ib leeg. Cov kev kho mob ntev ntev ntawm kev ceev ntiag tug uas kuv xav kom muaj xws li Solove (2010) thiab Nissenbaum (2010) .
Rau kev soj ntsuam txog kev tshawb nrhiav txog kev xav txog tib neeg, xav pom Acquisti, Brandimarte, and Loewenstein (2015) . Phelan, Lampe, and Resnick (2016) hais txog kev tshawb nrhiav dual-system-tias qee zaus neeg tsom ntsoov rau kev txhawj xeeb txog kev txhawj xeeb thiab qee zaus tsom xyuas cov kev txhawj xeeb-piav qhia txog tias tib neeg tuaj yeem ua cov lus sib cav txog kev ceev nrig. Rau ntau lub tswv yim ntawm kev ceev ntiag tug nyob hauv online chaw xws li Twitter, saib Neuhaus and Webmoor (2012) .
Cov ntawv xov xwm Science tau luam tawm ib nqe lus tshwj xeeb hu ua "Qhov xaus ntawm Kev Tiv Thaiv," uas hais txog cov teeb meem ntawm kev ceev ntiag tug thiab kev muaj feem cuam tshuam ntawm ntau lub tswv yim sib txawv; rau cov ntsiab lus, saib Enserink and Chin (2015) . Calo (2011) muab lub hauv paus rau kev xav txog kev tsim txom los ntawm kev ua txhaum txoj cai. Ib qho piv txwv ntawm kev txhawj xeeb txog kev ceev ntiag tug ntawm kev pib ntawm cov hnub nyoog digital yog Packard (1964) .
- Kev txiav txim siab raws li tsis meej (nqe lus 6.6.4)
Ib qho kev sib tw thaum sim ua raws li cov qauv kev pheej hmoo tsawg yog tias nws tsis meej tias nws lub neej niaj hnub raug siv rau qhov kev sib tw (National Research Council 2014) . Piv txwv li, cov neeg tsis muaj tsev nyob muaj ntau dua kev tsis xis nyob hauv lawv lub neej txhua hnub. Tab sis qhov ntawd tsis txhais hais tias nws yog ib txoj cai raug cai los qhia cov neeg tsis muaj tsev nyob rau kev tshawb nrhiav kev siab dua. Vim li no, muaj ib qho kev pom zoo uas pheej loj tuaj yeem tsim nyog yuav tsum raug ntsuas tawm tsam cov pej xeem sawv daws, tsis yog cov pej xeem . Thaum kuv pom zoo rau lub tswv yim ntawm ib qho qauv ntawm pejxeem, Kuv xav tias cov loj hauv online platforms xws li Facebook, tus txheej txheem tshwj xeeb yog tsim nyog. Yog li, thaum xaiv qhov kev xav phem, Kuv xav tias nws yog qhov tsim nyog rau kev ntsuam xyuas tawm tsam txhua hnub kev pheej hmoo ntawm Facebook. Ib qho kev cai ntawm cov pej xeem hauv qhov teeb meem no yog yooj yim dua rau kev ntsuam xyuas thiab tsis tshua muaj kev sib haum xeeb nrog lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm Kev Ncaj Ncees, uas nrhiav kev tiv thaiv cov nra hnyav ntawm kev tshawb fawb tsis ncaj ncees rau cov neeg tsis zoo (xws li, cov neeg raug kaw thiab cov me nyuam ntsuag).
- Cov lus qhia tswv yim (Seem 6.7)
Lwm tus kws tshawb fawb kuj tau hu kom muab cov ntaub ntawv ntxiv nrog rau kev koom tes nrog kev ncaj ncees (Schultze and Mason 2012; Kosinski et al. 2015; Partridge and Allman 2016) . King and Sands (2015) kuj muaj tswv yim tswv yim. Zook thiab cov npoj yaig (2017) muab "kaum txoj cai tswjfwm kev tshawb nrhiav cov ntaub ntawv loj."
