5.4.3 Xaus
Muab faib cov ntaub ntawv khaws cia ua tau, thiab yav tom ntej nws yuav muaj feem xyuam nrog kev siv tshuab thiab passive kev koom tes.
Raws li eBird qha tau, muab cov ntaub ntawv sau tawm faib tawm rau kev tshawb nrhiav. Tsis tas li ntawd, PhotoCity qhia tau hais tias cov teeb meem ntsig txog kev zauv thiab cov ntaub ntawv muaj txiaj ntsim zoo dua yog cov uas muaj feem ntau. Yuav ua li cas tej zaum yuav faib cov ntaub ntawv sau ua haujlwm rau kev tshawb fawb? Ib qho piv txwv los ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm Susan Watkins thiab nws cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv Malawi Duab Kev Tshawb Fawb (Watkins and Swidler 2009; Kaler, Watkins, and Angotti 2015) . Nyob rau hauv qhov project no, 22 cov neeg hauv zos hu ua "cov neeg sau xov xwm" -huaj "cov ntawv xov xwm sib tham" uas tau sau tseg, sib tham txog cov kab mob AIDS ntau hauv cov tib neeg niaj hnub (thaum lub sij hawm pib txoj haujlwm, li 15% ntawm cov laus hauv Malawi muaj tus kab mob HIV (Bello, Chipeta, and Aberle-Grasse 2006) ). Vim tias lawv txoj haujlwm nyob ruaj khov, cov neeg sau xov xwm no muaj peev xwm sib tham txog kev sib txuas lus uas Watkins thiab nws cov neeg tshawb fawb txog kev koom tes nrog Western (kuv mam li tham txog cov ntsiab lus ntawm qhov tom qab hauv tshooj lus thaum kuv muab tswv yim txog kev tsim koj tus kheej qhov kev sib koom tes) . Cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm Malawi Duab Kev Tshawb Fawb tau ua rau ntau qhov kev tshawb pom tseem ceeb. Piv txwv li, ua ntej peb tes num pib, ntau tus neeg sab nraud ntseeg tias muaj kev poob siab txog kev mob AIDS hauv sub-Saharan Africa, tab sis cov kev sib tham txhua hnub tau qhia tias qhov no tsis yog qhov tseeb: cov neeg sau xov xwm overheard pua pua kev sib tham, kev pam tuag, tuav, thiab pawg ntseeg. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov sib tham ntawm cov kev sib tham no tau pab cov neeg tshawb xyuas zoo dua to taub txog qee qhov kev tawm tsam kom siv hlo li; txoj kev uas siv hnab yas looj siv ua ke nyob rau hauv cov kev noj qab haus huv cov lus yog inconsistent nrog txoj kev uas nws tau tham nyob rau hauv txhua txhua hnub lub neej (Tavory and Swidler 2009) .
Ntawm chav kawm, zoo li cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm eBird, cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm Malawi Journals Project tsis zoo tag nrho, qhov teeb meem sib tham nyob rau hauv kev nthuav dav los ntawm Watkins thiab cov npoj yaig. Piv txwv, cov lus sib sau tseg tsis yog ib qho qauv ntawm tag nrho cov kev sib tham tau. Tiam sis, lawv yog cov kev ntsuas kev sib tham txog kev mob AIDS. Nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm cov ntaub ntawv zoo, cov neeg tshawb xyuas tau ntseeg tias lawv cov neeg sau xov xwm tau tshaj tawm zoo tshaj plaws cov ntaub ntawv, raws li evidenced los ntawm cov sib xws nyob rau hauv txhua hnub thiab thoob cov hnub. Yog li ntawd, vim tias cov neeg sau xov xwm txaus tsim los hauv ib qho chaw txaus me me thiab npaj rau lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb, nws tau ua kom rov qab siv dua ntxiv los txheeb xyuas thiab xyuas cov ntaub ntawv zoo. Piv txwv li, ib tug neeg ua hauj lwm nrog poj niam hu ua "Stella" tau ntsib ntau zaus hauv cov ntawv xov xwm ntawm plaub tus neeg sau xov xwm (Watkins and Swidler 2009) . Yuav kom ua ntxiv rau koj qhov kev xav, cov lus 5.3 qhia lwm cov piv txwv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv khaws cia rau kev tshawb fawb.
| Cov ntaub ntawv sau | Siv |
|---|---|
| Sib tham txog HIV / AIDS hauv Malawi | Watkins and Swidler (2009) ; Kaler, Watkins, and Angotti (2015) |
| Txoj kev begging hauv London | Purdam (2014) |
| Cov xwm txheej teeb meem hauv Eastern Congo | Windt and Humphreys (2016) |
| Kev ua lag luam nyob hauv Nigeria thiab Liberia | Blumenstock, Keleher, and Reisinger (2016) |
| Tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob khaub thuas | Noort et al. (2015) |
Tag nrho cov piv txwv uas tau piav qhia hauv tshooj no tau koom tes nrog kev sib tham: sau ntawv cov neeg sib tham uas lawv tau hnov; birders uploaded lawv cov kab kos cov noog; los yog players uploaded lawv cov duab. Tab sis yuav ua li cas yog tias qhov kev koom tes tsis tuaj yeem thiab tsis xav tau ib qho txuj ci twg los yog lub sij hawm xa? Qhov no yog lo lus cog tseg uas muaj los ntawm "koom nrog kev xav" los yog "neeg-centric sensing." Piv txwv, Pithole Patrol, ib qhov project los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb ntawm MIT, uas tau nce GPS accelerometers hauv xya tsheb tavxij hauv Boston cheeb tsam (Eriksson et al. 2008) . Vim hais tias tsav tsheb dhau lub pothole yoojyim cov tsuj roj accelerometer, cov cuab yeej no, thaum muab tso rau hauv kev hloov tsheb tavxij, tuaj yeem tsim pothole maps ntawm Boston. Muaj tseeb tiag, cov tsheb tavxij tsis suav cov qauv kev, tabsis, muab cov tsheb tav su txaus, yuav muaj kev pabcuam txaus los qhia cov ncauj lus txog cov nroog loj. Ib qho txiaj ntsim thib ob ntawm kev siv lub tshuab ua haujlwm uas vam khom cov tshuab yog tias lawv txawj siv cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv: thaum nws yuav tsum txawj los pab rau eBird (vim hais tias koj xav tau kom paub tseeb cov noog hom tsiaj), nws yuav tsum tsis muaj kev txawj ntse tshwj xeeb pab txhawb nqa Pothole Patrol.
Mus rau pem hauv ntej, Kuv xav tias ntau cov ntaub ntawv sau tawm cov ntaub ntawv yuav pib ua kom siv lub peev xwm ntawm cov xov tooj txawb uas twb tau nqa los ntawm billions ntawm cov neeg nyob ib ncig ntawm lub ntiaj teb. Cov xov tooj no twb muaj ntau cov sensors tseem ceeb rau kev ntsuas, xws li microphones, koob yees duab, GPS khoom siv, thiab teev. Tsis tas li ntawd, lawv txhawb cov kev pabcuam thib peb ua rau cov neeg tshawb xyuas qee cov kev tswj xyuas cov ntaub ntawv sau tseg. Thaum kawg, lawv muaj Internet-connectivity, ua rau nws ua rau lawv tawm ntawm cov ntaub ntawv uas lawv khaws. Muaj ntau cov teeb meem kev teebmeem, xws li tsis muaj cov sensors rau cov roj teeb lub neej, tab sis cov teeb meem no yuav ua rau tsawg dua li lub tshuab tsim. Cov teeb meem muaj feem xyuam rau kev ceev ntiag tug thiab kev ncaj ncees, ntawm qhov kev sib tw, tej zaum yuav tau nyuab dua; Kuv yuav rov qab mus rau cov lus nug ntawm kev ncaj ncees thaum kuv tawm tswv yim txog kev tsim koj tus kheej kev sib koom tes.
Hauv cov ntaub ntawv sau cov ntaub ntawv, cov neeg tuaj yeem pab dawb muab cov ntaub ntawv thoob ntiaj teb. Qhov kev qhia no twb raug siv ua tiav lawm, thiab siv yav tom ntej yuav muaj los hais txog kev sampling thiab kev txhawj xeeb cov ntaub ntawv. Zoo hmoo, cov haujlwm uas twb muaj lawm xws li PhotoCity thiab Pothole Patrol tau tsim kho cov teeb meem no. Raws li ntau lub luag hauj lwm yog ua kom zoo dua cov cuab yeej ua haujlwm uas ua rau kev koom tes thiab kev koom nrog kev sib koom tes, faib cov ntaub ntawv sau cia yuav tsum ua kom nce qib, kom cov neeg soj ntsuam tshawb tau cov ntaub ntawv uas tau tawm ntawm cov kev txwv yav dhau los.
