3.3.2 Kev Ntsuas

Kev ntsuas yog hais txog qhov uas koj cov neeg teb xav thiab ua raws li lawv hais.

Ntxiv rau cov teeb meem ntawm kev sawv cev, tag nrho lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev tshawb fawb qhia tau hais tias qhov thib ob qhov teeb meem loj tshaj yog ntsuas : peb yuav ua li cas cov lus teb uas cov neeg teb rov qab rau peb cov lus nug. Nws hloov tawm hais tias cov lus teb peb tau txais, thiab yog li ntawd cov kev txiav txim siab peb ua, tuaj yeem vam khom-thiab qee zaum kuj muaj cov kev xav zoo-raws nraim li cas peb nug. Tej zaum tsis muaj dab tsi hauv daim duab no tseem ceeb point zoo dua ib tug dag nyob rau hauv lub zoo kawg nkaus phau Nug lus nug los ntawm Norman Bradburn, Seymour Sudman, thiab Brian Wansink (2004) :

Ob tug pov thawj, ib tug Dominican thiab ib tug Jesuit, yog tham txog seb nws yog ib tug txhaum rau haus luam yeeb thiab thov Vajtswv nyob rau tib lub sij hawm. Tom qab poob mus cuag ib tug xaus, txhua mus tham nws cov superior. Lub Dominican hais tias, "Yuav ua li cas puas tau koj superior hais?"

Lub Jesuit teb, "Nws hais tias nws yog zoo."

"Qhov ntawd yog funny" lub Dominican teb, "Kuv tus thawj saib xyuas hais tias nws yog ib tug txhaum."

Lub Jesuit hais tias, "ua li cas koj nug nws?" Tus Dominican teb, "Kuv nug nws yog hais tias nws yog zoo rau haus thaum thov Vajtswv." "Oh" said lub Jesuit, "Kuv nug yog hais tias nws yog lawv xav tshuaj mus thov Vajtswv thaum haus luam yeeb."

Tshaj li qhov kev quab yuam no, cov neeg tshawb xyuas tshawb nrhiav tau sau txog ntau txoj hauv kev uas koj kawm tau yog nyob ntawm seb koj nug. Qhov tseeb, qhov teeb meem ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm qhov kev dag no muaj ib lub npe nyob rau hauv cov kev tshawb fawb txog kev tshawb fawb hauv lub zej zog: cov lus nug ntawm cov teeb meem (Kalton and Schuman 1982) . Yog xav paub txog cov lus nug txog kev tsim teeb meem yuav ua rau cov kev tshawb fawb tiag, xav txog cov lus nug ob yam zoo li no:

• "Yuav ua li cas ntau npaum li koj pom zoo nrog rau cov lus nram qab no: Cov neeg muaj ntau mus blame tshaj kev mob rau cov kev ua txhaum thiab lawlessness nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws no."
• "Yuav ua li cas ntau npaum li koj pom zoo nrog rau cov nram qab no daim ntawv: Social tej yam kev mob yog xav paub ntxiv mus blame dua rau cov neeg rau kev ua txhaum thiab lawlessness nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws no."

Txawm hais tias ob nqe lus nug los ntsuas tib yam nkaus xwb, lawv ua tiav cov kev sib tw hauv qhov kev sim tshuaj tiag tiag (Schuman and Presser 1996) . Thaum nug txog ib txoj kev, txog li 60% ntawm cov neeg tuaj teb tau qhia tias cov neeg tau ua txhaum ntau dua, tab sis thaum nug lwm tus, txog 60% qhia tias kev sib raug zoo rau kev txhaum (xam 3.3). Hauv lwm cov ntsiab lus, qhov sib txawv me ntsis ntawm cov lus nug ob no yuav ua rau cov kws tshawb fawb soj ntsuam dua.

Daim duab 3.3: Cov txiaj ntsim ntawm kev sim tshuaj ntsuam pom tias cov kws tshawb fawb tau txais cov lus teb txawv raws li lawv tau nug cov lus nug. Feem ntau ntawm cov neeg tau pom zoo pom zoo tias cov tib neeg tau ua txhaum ntau dua li cov kev mob nkeeg thiab txhaum cai. Thiab feem ntau ntawm cov neeg pom zoo tau pom zoo nrog qhov rov qab: qhov kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev sib raug zoo yog cov luag hauj lwm ntau dua cov tib neeg. Muab los ntawm Schuman and Presser (1996) , table 8.1.

Ntxiv nrog rau cov qauv ntawm cov lus nug, cov neeg tuaj teb tuaj yeem muab tau cov lus teb txawv, nyob ntawm seb cov lus siv. Piv txwv, txhawm rau ntsuas cov kev xav txog cov tseem ceeb hauv tsoomfwv, cov neeg tuaj teb tau nyeem cov lus hauv qab no:

"Peb yuav ntsib ntau yam kev nyuaj nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws no, tsis muaj leej twg uas muaj peev xwm yuav daws tau yooj yim los yog inexpensively. Kuv yuav mus rau npe rau ib co ntawm cov teeb meem no, thiab rau txhua tus ib tug kuv xav kom koj qhia kuv seb koj xav hais tias peb nyob nraum siv ntau dhau heev lawm cov nyiaj rau nws, ib yam nkaus thiab me ntsis nyiaj, los yog hais txog txoj cai npaum li cas. "

Tom qab ntawd, ib nrab ntawm cov neeg raug luag nug txog "welfare" thiab ib nrab raug nug txog "kev pab rau cov neeg pluag." Txawm tias cov no zoo li ob nqe lus sib txawv rau tib yam nkaus, lawv pom ntau qhov sib txawv (piv xam 3.4); Neeg Asmeskas tau tshaj tawm hais tias "pab nyiaj rau cov neeg pluag" tshaj "kev noj qab haus huv" (Smith 1987; Rasinski 1989; Huber and Paris 2013) .

Xam phaj 3.4: Cov kev sib tw ntawm cov lus nug uas pom tau tias cov neeg teb tuaj txhawb cov neeg txom nyem ntau dua li "welfare." Qhov no yog ib qho piv txwv ntawm cov lus nug txog lo lus uas cov kws tshawb fawb tau txais raws nraim cov lus uas lawv siv lawv cov lus nug. Muab los ntawm Huber and Paris (2013) , rooj A1.

Raws li cov qauv hauv cov lus nug thiab cov teebmeem ntawm cov lus nug, cov lus teb uas cov kws soj ntsuam tau txais tuaj yeem cuam tshuam txog qhov lawv nug lawv cov lus nug. Cov kev piv txwv no tej zaum kuj ua rau cov kws tshawb fawb tshawb xav txog txoj kev "tseeb" nug lawv cov lus nug. Thaum kuv xav tias muaj ntau txoj hau kev tsis txaus siab nug cov lus nug, kuv tsis xav tias muaj ib zaug ib txoj kev tseeb. Ntawd yog, nws tsis yog zoo dua li nug txog "welfare" lossis "aid for the poor"; Cov no yog ob nqe lus nug uas ntsuas ob yam ntawm cov neeg teb tuaj. Cov qauv no tseem qee zaum ua rau cov kws tshawb fawb soj ntsuam kom tsis txhob siv cov ntawv tshawb fawb. Hmoov tsis, qee zaum kuj tsis muaj kev xaiv. Xwb, kuv xav tias cov lus qhia kom yog los ntawm cov qauv no yog qhov peb xav tsim peb cov lus nug kom zoo thiab peb yuav tsum tsis txhob txais cov lus teb uas tsis ncaj ncees.

Feem ntau, qhov no txhais tau hais tias yog tias koj tab tom soj ntsuam cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb los ntawm lwm tus neeg, nco ntsoov tias koj tau nyeem cov lus nug tiag tiag. Thiab yog tias koj tab tom tsim koj cov lus nug, kuv muaj plaub qhov kev pom zoo. Ua ntej, kuv xav hais tias koj nyeem ntau ntxiv txog kev tsim cov lus nug (piv txwv li, Bradburn, Sudman, and Wansink (2004) ); muaj ntau tshaj qhov no dua li kuv tau piav qhia ntawm no. Qhov thib ob, kuv xav hais tias koj sau ib co lus rau cov lus-cov lus nug los ntawm kev soj ntsuam zoo. Piv txwv, yog tias koj xav nug cov neeg teb txog lawv haiv neeg / haiv neeg, koj tuaj yeem luam cov nqe lus nug uas siv rau hauv cov ntawv soj ntsuam loj hauv tsoomfwv, xws li kev suav neeg. Txawm hais tias qhov no yuav ua tau zoo li plagiarism, luam tawm cov lus nug raug txhawb nyob rau hauv kev tshawb fawb tshawb fawb (tsuav yog koj qhia cov lus nug thawj). Yog tias koj luam cov lus nug los ntawm kev tshawb fawb zoo, koj tuaj yeem paub tseeb tias lawv tau raug kuaj, thiab koj tuaj yeem piv cov lus teb rau koj daim ntawv tshuaj ntsuam rau cov lus teb los ntawm lwm cov ntawv tshawb fawb. Thib peb, yog tias koj xav tias koj cov lus nug yuav muaj cov lus nug tseem ceeb los yog nug cov teebmeem, koj tuaj yeem khiav ib qhov kev sojntsuam uas ib nrab ntawm cov neeg tuaj teb tau txais ib nqe lus nug thiab ib nrab tau txais lwm version (Krosnick 2011) . Thaum kawg, kuv xav hais tias koj tsav-ntsuas koj cov lus nug nrog qee cov neeg ntawm koj cov pejxeem; cov neeg tshawb xyuas tshawb nrhiav hu rau txheej txheem ua ntej kuaj (Presser et al. 2004) . Kuv txoj kev paub yog qhov kev ntsuam xyuas ua ntej kuaj tau pab heev.