Yuav nyeem dab tsi ntxiv
- Kev Taw Qhia (Tshooj 3.1)
Muaj ntau lub ntsiab lus hauv tshooj lus no tau hais txog qhov tsis ntev los no ntawm Thawj Tswj Hwm American Public Opinion Research (AAPOR), xws li Dillman (2002) , Newport (2011) , Santos (2014) , thiab Link (2015) .
Rau ntau qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov kev tshawb nrhiav kev tshawb fawb thiab cov kev xam phaj, sib tham txog Small (2009) . Muaj feem xyuam nrog kev xam phaj tshaj plaws yog tsev neeg ntawm txoj kev hu ua ethnography. Nyob rau hauv kev tshawb nrhiav ethnographic, cov kws tshawb fawb feem ntau siv sij hawm ntau nrog cov neeg koom hauv lawv qhov chaw ib puag ncig. Rau ntau qhov txawv ntawm haiv neeg thiab cov kev sib tham nrog ntau, saib Jerolmack and Khan (2014) . Yog xav paub ntxiv txog cov haiv neeg, saib Pink et al. (2015) .
Kuv qhov kev piav qhia txog keeb kwm ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb tshawb fawb yog nyob deb heev nrog rau ntau cov kev tshwm sim zoo siab uas tau tshwm sim. Rau ntau keeb kwm keeb kwm, pom Smith (1976) , Converse (1987) , thiab Igo (2008) . Rau ntau lub tswv yim ntawm peb lub caij tshawb fawb tshawb pom, saib Groves (2011) thiab Dillman, Smyth, and Christian (2008) (uas rhuav tshem peb lub caij nyoog me ntsis txawv).
Groves and Kahn (1979) muab lub ntsej muag rau hauv kev hloov ntawm thawj zaug mus rau ob lub sijhawm tshawb fawb tshawb fawb los ntawm kev sib piv ntawm lub ntsej muag sib piv ntawm lub ntsej muag-ntsej muag thiab xov tooj. ( ??? ) saib rov qab rau cov keeb kwm ntawm kev sib tw random-diging sampling txoj kev.
Rau ntau qhov kev tshawb nrhiav qhov kev tshawb fawb tau hloov yav tas los hauv kev teb rau kev hloov hauv lub neej, saib Tourangeau (2004) , ( ??? ) , thiab Couper (2011) .
- Nug cov lus sib piv (saib ntu 3.2)
Cov kev txawj ntse thiab kev qaug zog ntawm kev thov thiab kev soj ntsuam tau tshawb fawb los ntawm cov kws kho kev puas siab puas ntsws (xws li, Baumeister, Vohs, and Funder (2007) ) thiab cov kws tshawb fawb (xws li, Jerolmack and Khan (2014) ; Maynard (2014) ; Cerulo (2014) ; Vaisey (2014) ; Jerolmack and Khan (2014) ] Qhov txawv ntawm kev nug thiab kev soj ntsuam kuj tshwm sim hauv kev lag luam, uas cov neeg tshawb xyuas tham txog cov lus qhia thiab qhia tias nyiam. (nyiam cov lus teev tseg), los yog yuav saib tau ntau npaum li cas cov neeg noj khoom qab zib thiab mus rau qhov chaw ua si (nyiam nyiam) Qhia txog qee qhov ntawm cov lus hais hauv kev lag luam hauv kev lag luam hauv Hausman (2012) .
Lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm cov kev sib cav no yog qhov qhia tias tus cwj pwm tsis yog qhov tseeb. Tab sis, raws li tau piav nyob rau hauv tshooj 2, cov ntaub ntawv muaj peev xwm loj yuav tsis yog, lawv tsis tuaj yeem sau rau hauv cov qauv kev txaus siab, thiab lawv yuav tsis yooj yim rau cov kws tshawb fawb. Yog li, kuv xav tias, nyob rau qee lub sijhawm, kev coj cwj pwm muaj peev xwm yuav pab tau. Tsis tas li ntawd, ib qhov ntsiab lus thib ob ntawm cov kev sib cav no yog cov lus ceeb toom txog kev xav, kev paub, kev cia siab, thiab kev xav tsis yog tas li. Tab sis, yog tias cov ntaub ntawv hais txog cov txheej txheem hauv lub xeev no yuav tsum muaj cov kws tshawb fawb - los pab piav qhia txog tus cwj pwm los yog qhov tshaj plaws yuav tsum tau piav qhia-ces thov hais kom haum. Qhov tseeb, kev kawm txog sab hauv xeev los ntawm kev nug cov lus nug yuav muaj teeb meem vim tias qee zaus cov neeg tuaj xyuas lawv tsis paub txog lawv lub xeev (Nisbett and Wilson 1977) .
- Tag nrho cov lus nug yuam kev (Seem 3.3)
Tshooj 1 ntawm Groves (2004) tsis yog ib txoj hauj lwm zoo sib xws ntawm cov sij hawm tsis sib thooj uas siv los ntawm cov neeg tshawb fawb soj ntsuam los piav txog tag nrho cov kev tshawb fawb tag nrho. Rau kev kho mob ntawm phau ntawv kho mob tag nrho, saib Groves et al. (2009) , thiab txog keeb kwm keeb kwm, saib Groves and Lyberg (2010) .
Lub tswv yim ntawm kev yuam kev mus rau kev tsis ncaj ncees thiab kev sib txawv tseem tuaj yeem ua haujlwm hauv tshuab; saib, piv txwv, seem 7.3 ntawm Hastie, Tibshirani, and Friedman (2009) . Qhov no feem ntau ua rau cov kws tshawb fawb los tham txog "kev xaiv-kev sib txawv" kev lag luam tawm.
Raws li kev sawv cev, ib qho kev taw qhia zoo rau cov teeb meem ntawm kev tsis lees paub thiab kev tsis pom zoo yog lub Tebchaws Tshawb Fawb Kev Tshawb Fawb Txog Kev Tshawb Fawb Txog Kev Tshawb Fawb Txog Kev Tshawb Fawb Txog Kev Tshawb Fawb: Kev Tshawb Fawb Txog Kev Tshawb Fawb (2013) . Lwm qhov tseem ceeb tau muab los ntawm Groves (2006) . Tsis tas li ntawd, tag nrho cov teeb meem tshwj xeeb ntawm Phau Tsom Fwm Cov Ncauj Lus , Tsoom Fwv Teb Chaws Peb Lub Peb Hlis , thiab Annals ntawm American Academy ntawm Kev Ncaj Ncees thiab Social Science tau luam tawm ntawm lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov lus tsis teb. Thaum kawg, muaj ntau ntau txoj kev ntawm xam cov lus teb; cov kev qhia no tau piav qhia nyob rau hauv kev nthuav dav nyob rau hauv ib daim ntawv qhia los ntawm American Association ntawm Public Opinion Researchers (AAPOR) ( ??? ) .
Yog xav paub ntxiv txog 1936 phau ntawv Digest Digest , saib Bryson (1976) , Squire (1988) , Cahalan (1989) , thiab Lusinchi (2012) . Rau lwm qhov kev sib tham ntawm qhov kev xaiv no yog ib qho lus ceeb toom tiv thaiv cov lus qhia sau tseg, saib Gayo-Avello (2011) . Hauv xyoo 1936, George Gallup tau siv ntau hom kev tshawb nrhiav thiab tau tsim ntau yam tseeb nrog cov qauv me me. Gallup txoj kev vam meej tshaj qhov Kev Sau Ntawv Zaj Lus yog ib qho tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb fawb tshawb fawb raws li tau piav nyob rau hauv tshooj 3 ntawm @ converse_survey_1987; Tshooj 4 ntawm Ohmer (2006) ; thiab tshooj 3 ntawm @ igo_averaged_2008.
Raws li kev ntsuas, ib qho zoo tshaj plaws rau kev tsim cov lus nug yog Bradburn, Sudman, and Wansink (2004) . Rau ntau cov kev kho mob siab, mus saib Schuman and Presser (1996) , uas yog hais txog cov lus nug tus cwj pwm, thiab Saris and Gallhofer (2014) , uas yog ntau tshaj. Kev sib txawv me ntsis ntawm kev ntsuas yog tshwm sim hauv psychometrics, raws li tau piav qhia hauv ( ??? ) . Ntau ntawm pretesting yog muaj nyob hauv Presser and Blair (1994) , Presser et al. (2004) , thiab tshooj 8 ntawm Groves et al. (2009) . Yog xav paub ntxiv txog kev sim ua ke, mus saib Mutz (2011) .
Txij li cov nqi, tus qauv, kev kho lub sijhawm ntev ntawm kev lag luam tawm ntawm cov nqi tshawb fawb thiab daim ntawv ntsuam xyuas yuam yog Groves (2004) .
- Leej twg nug (seem 3.4)
Ob phau ntawv ntev-ntev kho ntawm cov qauv qeg thiab qhov kwv yees yog Lohr (2009) ( Särndal, Swensson, and Wretman (2003) ntxiv) thiab Särndal, Swensson, and Wretman (2003) (ntau tshaj). Ib phau ntawv ntev-ntev kev kho mob tom qab-stratification thiab lwm txoj kev yog Särndal and Lundström (2005) . Hauv qee lub sijhawm muaj hnub nyoog, cov neeg tshawb nrhiav paub me ntsis txog cov tsis muaj ntaub ntawv, uas tsis tshua muaj tseeb yav tas los. Cov kev sib txawv ntawm kev hloov kho tsis tau yog tsim nyog thaum cov neeg soj ntsuam tshawb xyuas tau cov ntaub ntawv hais txog kev tsis koom nrog, raws li tau piav qhia los ntawm Kalton and Flores-Cervantes (2003) thiab Smith (2011) .
Kev tshawb nrhiav Xbox los ntawm W. Wang et al. (2015) siv cov txheej txheem hu ua multilevel regression thiab post-stratification ("Mr. P.") uas cia cov neeg tshawb xyuas los ntsuas cov txhais tau tias txawm tias muaj ntau ntau, ntau pawg. Txawm hais tias muaj qee cov kev sib cav txog qhov zoo ntawm kev kwv yees los ntawm cov txheej txheem no, nws zoo li thaj chaw cia siab rau kev tshawb nrhiav. Cov txheej txheem yog thawj zaug siv hauv Park, Gelman, and Bafumi (2004) , thiab muaj kev siv tom ntej thiab sib cav tswv yim (Gelman 2007; Lax and Phillips 2009; Pacheco 2011; Buttice and Highton 2013; Toshkov 2015) . Yog xav paub ntxiv txog qhov kev sib txuas ntawm cov kev taw hnyav ntawm ib leeg thiab pab pawg neeg hnyav, saib Gelman (2007) .
Rau lwm cov kev qhia mus rau qhov tshawb fawb saib xyuas web, saib Schonlau et al. (2009) , Bethlehem (2010) , thiab Valliant and Dever (2011) . Cov vev xaib hauv online tuaj yeem siv qhov tshwm sim qiv los sis tsis pub muaj qee zaum. Yog xav paub ntxiv hauv online ntawm lub vev xaib, mus saib Callegaro et al. (2014) .
Qee lub sij hawm, cov kws tshawb nrhiav tau tshawb pom tias cov qauv qee zaum thiab cov qoob loo uas tsis yog-probability yields zoo ib yam (Ansolabehere and Schaffner 2014) , tab sis lwm cov kev sib piv tau pom tias cov qauv tsis muaj kev txwv tsis zoo (Malhotra and Krosnick 2007; Yeager et al. 2011) . Ib qho ua tau rau cov kev txawv no yog tias cov qauv uas tsis yog-probability tau zoo dua tuaj lawm. Yog xav paub ntxiv txog kev tsis pom qhov kev ua piv txwv, saib ntawm AAPOR Task Force rau Non-Probability Sampling (Baker et al. 2013) , thiab kuv kuj pom zoo nyeem cov lus tawm tswv yim uas ua raws li daim ntawv qhia.
- Yuav nug li cas (ntu 3.5)
Conrad and Schober (2008) yog qhov kho kom raug lub npe hu ua Daim Ntawv Soj Ntsuam Txog Lub Ntiaj Teb , thiab nws muaj ntau yam kev xav txog cov lus nug yav tom ntej. Couper (2011) chaw zoo sib xws, thiab Schober et al. (2015) muab ib qho piv txwv zoo txog cov txheej txheem kev sau cov ntaub ntawv uas tsim los rau qhov chaw tshiab tuaj yeem ua rau muaj ntaub ntawv zoo dua. Schober and Conrad (2015) muab kev sib cav ntau ntxiv txog kev txuas ntxiv mus kho cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tshawb fawb tshawb fawb kom sib txawv hauv zej zog.
Tourangeau and Yan (2007) txheeb xyuas cov teeb meem ntawm kev nyiam kev xav rau hauv cov lus nug tseem ceeb, thiab Lind et al. (2013) muab qee cov laj thawj tsim nyog vim li cas cov tib neeg yuav nthuav qhia ntau cov lus qhia hauv kev sib tham hauv computer. Yog xav paub ntxiv txog kev nrhiav neeg los ntawm cov neeg tham, tuaj xyuas Maynard and Schaeffer (1997) , Maynard, Freese, and Schaeffer (2010) , Conrad et al. (2013) , thiab Schaeffer et al. (2013) . Yog xav paub ntxiv txog hom tshuaj ntsuam sib xyaws, saib Dillman, Smyth, and Christian (2014) .
Stone et al. (2007) muab cov ntawv kho mob ntev ntev ntawm kev ntsuam xyuas ecological thiab lwm txoj kev.
Yog xav paub ntau ntxiv txog kev tshawb fawb kev lom zem thiab muaj txiaj ntsim zoo rau cov neeg tuaj koom, saib cov haujlwm ntawm Txoj Kev Tsim Txav Cov Qauv (Dillman, Smyth, and Christian 2014) . Rau lwm qhov piv txwv ntawm kev siv Facebook apps rau kev tshawb fawb txog kev noj qab haus huv, saib Xyuas Bail (2015) .
- Kev kuaj xyuas txuas rau cov ntaub ntawv loj (Seem 3.6)
Judson (2007) piav qhia txog kev sib koom tes nrog kev ntsuam xyuas thiab cov ntaub ntawv cov ntaub ntawv xws li "kev sib tos cov ntaub ntawv" thiab sib tham txog qhov zoo ntawm qhov kev qhia no, thiab muab qee cov qauv.
Hais txog cov lus nug zoo, muaj ntau yam kev sim siab dhau los ua pov thawj. Rau cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov ntawv nyeem, saib Belli et al. (1999) , Ansolabehere and Hersh (2012) , Hanmer, Banks, and White (2014) , thiab Berent, Krosnick, and Lupia (2016) . Saib Berent, Krosnick, and Lupia (2016) rau kev xav tsis sib haum ntawm cov ntsiab lus tau hais hauv Ansolabehere and Hersh (2012) .
Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom nco ntsoov tias txawm tias Ansolabehere thiab Hersh raug txhawb los ntawm qhov zoo ntawm cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm Catalist, lwm cov kev soj ntsuam ntawm cov neeg muag khoom tau tsis txaus siab. Pasek et al. (2014) pom cov neeg tsis zoo thaum cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm kev tshawb fawb tau muab piv nrog cov neeg siv cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm Kev Ua Lag Luam Systems (uas nws tus kheej koom ua ke cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm peb tus kws kho mob: Acxiom, Experian, thiab InfoUSA). Ntawd yog, cov ntaub ntawv tsis txuam nrog kev tshawb fawb cov lus teb uas cov kws tshawb fawb xav tau kom raug, cov neeg siv khoom tau ploj mus cov ntaub ntawv rau cov lus nug ntau, thiab cov qauv ntaub ntawv uas tau ploj yog correlated nrog tus nqi daim ntawv ntsuam xyuas (hauv txhais tau tias, cov ntaub ntawv muaj txheej txheem, tsis yog random).
Yog xav paub ntau tshaj ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tshawb ntawm cov ntawv tshawb fawb thiab cov ntaub ntawv khaws ntaub ntawv, saib Sakshaug and Kreuter (2012) thiab Schnell (2013) . Yog xav paub ntxiv hauv cov ntaub ntawv sib txuas lus, saib Dunn (1946) thiab Fellegi and Sunter (1969) (keeb kwm) thiab Larsen and Winkler (2014) (niaj hnub). Cov kev kawm zoo li no kuj tau tsim nyob rau hauv lub tshuab computer raws li cov npe xws li cov ntaub ntawv deduplication, Piv txwv, cim npe, sib tw kom paub, thiab cov ntaub ntawv tshawb nrhiav (Elmagarmid, Ipeirotis, and Verykios 2007) . Tseem muaj kev ywj pheej ntawm kev ceev ntiag tug kom ceev tau cov ntaub ntawv sib txuas lus uas tsis tas yuav siv cov ntaub ntawv qhia tus kheej (Schnell 2013) . Cov neeg tshawb nrhiav hauv Facebook tau tsim cov txheej txheem los mus txuas lawv cov ntaub ntawv rau kev coj tus cwj pwm (Jones et al. 2013) ; qhov linkage tau ua tiav los ntsuam xyuas qhov kev sim uas kuv yuav qhia rau koj hauv tshooj 4 (Bond et al. 2012) . Yog xav paub ntxiv txog kev tau txais kev pom zoo rau cov ntaub ntawv txuas, saib Sakshaug et al. (2012) .
Lwm qhov piv txwv ntawm kev sib tham txog kev tshawb fawb loj txog kev sib tham rau tsoomfwv cov ntaub ntawv khaws ntaub ntawv yog los ntawm Daim Ntawv Soj Ntsuam Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv thiab Kev Ua Haujlwm thiab Social Security Administration. Yog xav paub ntxiv txog txoj kev tshawb no, nrog rau cov lus qhia txog kev tso cai, saib Olson (1996, 1999) .
Tus txheej txheem ntawm kev sau ntau qhov chaw ntawm cov ntaub ntawv khaws ntaub ntawv rau tus kws qhia ntawv datafile-tus txheej txheem uas Catalist ntiav ua haujlwm-feem ntau hauv cov chaw ua haujlwm ntawm qee lub tebchaws. Ob tug neeg tshawb fawb los ntawm Statistics Sweden tau sau ib phau kom ntxaws txog lub ncauj lus (Wallgren and Wallgren 2007) . Rau ib qho piv txwv ntawm txoj kev qhia no hauv ib lub nroog hauv Tebchaws Meskas (Olmstead County, Minnesota ntawm Mayo Clinic), saib Sauver et al. (2011) . Yog xav paub ntxiv txog cov teeb meem uas tshwm sim hauv cov ntaub ntawv tuav ntaub ntawv, saib Groen (2012) .
Lwm txoj kev uas cov kws tshawb fawb tau siv cov ntaub ntawv loj hauv kev tshawb fawb tshawb fawb yog ib qho piv txwv rau cov tib neeg uas muaj cov yeeb yam. Hmoov tsis, qhov kev qhia no tuaj yeem nug lus nug txog kev ceev ntiag tug (Beskow, Sandler, and Weinberger 2006) .
Hais txog kev thov hloov, qhov kev qhia no tsis yog tshiab raws li nws yuav tshwm sim los ntawm qhov kuv tau piav txog nws. Nws muaj kev sib txuas sib txuas rau peb qhov chaw loj nyob hauv kev txheeb cais: cov qauv raws li tom qab-stratification (Little 1993) , imputation (Rubin 2004) , thiab cheeb tsam me me (Rao and Molina 2015) . Nws tseem muaj feem xyuam nrog kev siv cov kev hloov ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb (Pepe 1992) .
Tus nqi thiab lub sijhawm kwv yees hauv Blumenstock, Cadamuro, and On (2015) xa ntau dua rau cov nqi sib txawv-tus nqi ntawm ib daim ntawv ntsuam xyuas ntxiv - thiab tsis xam cov nqi them xws li cov nqi tu thiab ua cov ntaub ntawv hu tuaj. Feem ntau, kev thov kev thov yuav muaj peev xwm muaj cov nqi zog thiab cov nqi qis dua uas zoo ib yam li cov kev sim ua (saib tshooj 4). Yog xav paub ntxiv txog kev sojntsuam xovtooj hauv xovtooj tom teb chaws, mus saib Dabalen et al. (2016) .
Rau cov tswv yim hais txog yuav ua licas thiaj li ua tau zoo dua, Kuv xav kom koj kawm ntxiv txog ntau hom kev xaim (Rubin 2004) . Tsis tas li ntawd, yog tias cov neeg tshawb nrhiav qhov ua haujlwm thov kom muaj kev sib tw, tsis yog qhov tsis muaj tus cwj pwm, ces cov kev xav hauv King and Lu (2008) thiab Hopkins and King (2010) yuav pab tau. Thaum kawg, xav paub ntau ntxiv txog lub tshuab kev kawm hauv Blumenstock, Cadamuro, and On (2015) , saib James et al. (2013) (ntau lub tswv yim) lossis Hastie, Tibshirani, and Friedman (2009) (ntau tshaj).
Ib qho teeb meem txog kev sib txuas lus hais txog kev thov tau ntau dua yog tias nws tuaj yeem siv los ua kom muaj kev xav zoo uas tib neeg tsis xaiv los qhia hauv daim ntawv ntsuam xyuas raws li tau sau tseg hauv Kosinski, Stillwell, and Graepel (2013) .
