3.1 Taw qhia

Cov neeg tshawb nrhiav uas kawm txog cov kabmob ntses tsis tuaj yeem nug lawv cov lus nug thiab yog vim li no lawv yuav tsum sim kawm txog cov ntses taub ntswg ntev los ntawm kev saib lawv tus cwj pwm. Cov neeg tshawb nrhiav uas kawm tib neeg, ntawm qhov kev sib tw, kom yooj yim dua: lawv cov neeg tuaj yeem tham tau. Tham nrog cov neeg yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm kev tshawb nrhiav txog yav dhau los, thiab kuv xav tias nws yuav yog yav tom ntej.

Hauv kev tshawb nrhiav, sib tham nrog cov neeg feem ntau yuav siv ob hom: cov ntawv tshawb fawb thiab cov kev xam phaj. Rho lus hais, kev tshawb fawb los siv cov ntawv tshawb fawb yuav tsum muaj kev teev npe ntawm cov neeg coob coob, cov lus nug zoo heev, thiab kev siv cov txheej txheem tawm los ntawm cov neeg koom nrog ntau dua. Kev tshawb nrhiav siv cov lus sib tham los ntawm kev sib tham, feem ntau yog siv cov neeg tsawg, cov kev sib tham sib tham, thiab ua rau muaj kev nplua nuj, cov lus piav qhia ntawm cov neeg koom. Kev tshawb fawb thiab kev xam phaj nws yog ob qho tib si, tab sis cov kev tshawb fawb muaj kev cuam tshuam ntau ntxiv los ntawm kev hloov ntawm cov analog rau cov hnub nyoog digital. Yog li ntawd, hauv tshooj lus no, kuv yuav tsom mus rau kev tshawb nrhiav tshawb fawb.

Raws li kuv mam li qhia hauv tshooj lus no, cov hnub nyoog digital tsim muaj ntau lub sijhawm rau cov neeg tshawb xyuas tshawb nrhiav kom sau cov ntaub ntawv ntau dua thiab pheej yig, nug ntau hom lus nug, thiab kom muaj txiaj ntsim cov nqi tshawb fawb nrog cov ntaub ntawv loj. Lub tswv yim uas tshawb fawb tau hloov los ntawm kev hloov kev hloov tshiab tsis yog tshiab, tiam sis. Thoob plaws xyoo 1970, ib qho kev hloov zoo sib xws yog ua los ntawm kev sib txuas lus sib txawv: hauv xov tooj. Zoo hmoo, nkag siab tias lub xov tooj hloov daim ntawv tshawb fawb tau pab peb pom li cas lub hnub nyoog nyoog yuav hloov kev tshawb fawb.

Daim ntawv ntsuam xyuas tshawb fawb, raws li peb pom nws hnub no, pib xyoo 1930s. Lub sijhawm thawj zaug ntawm kev tshawb nrhiav kev tshawb fawb, cov kws tshawb fawb yuav tshawb nrhiav thaj tsam chaw (xws li nroog blocks) thiab tawm mus rau cov cheeb tsam thiaj li muaj kev sib tham nrog cov neeg hauv cov tsev neeg tau xaiv. Tom qab ntawd, ib qho kev tsim kho-qhov dav diffusion ntawm cov xov tooj hauv xov tooj hauv cov teb chaws muaj nyiaj muaj txiaj ntsig-nws thiaj li coj mus rau qhov thib ob ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb tshawb fawb. Qhov thib ob lub sijhawm no tau hloov ob qho tib si nyob rau hauv li cas tib neeg raug sampled thiab nyob rau hauv kev sib tham li cas. Hauv ob lub sijhawm, tsis yog cov tsev neeg nyob hauv thaj chaw, cov kws tshawb fawb tau xaiv cov xov tooj hauv cov txheej txheem hu ua random-digit dialing . Thiab tsis yog mus ncig xyuas cov neeg ntsej muag rau lub ntsej muag, cov neeg tshawb xyuas lawv thiaj li hu lawv hauv xov tooj. Cov no yuav zoo li cov logistical hloov me me, tab sis lawv tshawb nrhiav kev tshawb fawb kom sai dua, pheej yig, thiab yoog raws. Ntxiv nrog rau kev txhawb nqa, cov kev hloov no tseem muaj teeb meem vim hais tias ntau cov neeg tshawb xyuas tau txhawj xeeb tias cov kev pabcuam tshiab thiab kev nug xov xwm tshiab yuav qhia ntau yam kev txhawb siab. Tab sis qhov kawg, tom qab ntau ntau txoj haujlwm, cov neeg tshawb nrhiav tau paub tias yuav khaws cov ntaub ntawv zoo li cas los siv cov xov tooj sib tw thiab xov tooj sib tham. Yog li, los ntawm kev xam pom tias yuav ua li cas thiaj muaj kev sib haum xeeb hauv zej zog cov cuab yeej tsim kho, cov neeg tshawb nrhiav tau hloov cov kev tshawb nrhiav li cas.

Tam sim no, lwm txoj kev tsim kho-lub digital hnub nyoog-thiaj li coj peb mus rau peb lub caij tshawb fawb tshawb fawb. Txoj kev hloov no tau raug tsim los ntawm qhov kev poob qis ntawm kev siv ob lub sijhawm (BD Meyer, Mok, and Sullivan 2015) . Piv txwv, vim muaj ntau yam kev tawm tswv yim thiab kev sib raug zoo, kev tsis suav cov nqi lus-uas yog, qhov feem pua ​​ntawm cov neeg uas tsis tuaj yeem koom nrog kev soj ntsuam-tau nce ntau xyoo (National Research Council 2013) . Cov kev hloov mus los ntev no txhais tau hais tias tus nqi kev tsis tshua muaj peev xwm tam sim no muaj peev xwm tshaj li ntawm 90% hauv kev soj ntsuam hauv xov tooj (Kohut et al. 2012) .

Ntawm qhov tod tes, qhov kev hloov mus rau lub sijhawm thib peb tseem raug coj los ntawm cov haujlwm tshiab, muaj qee yam kuv yuav piav qhia hauv tshooj lus no. Txawm hais tias muaj tej yam tseem tsis tau kho, kuv xav hais tias qhov thib peb ntawm txoj kev tshawb fawb tshawb nrhiav yuav raug qiv los ntawm cov tsis muaj kev sib tw, kev sib xyuas hauv computer, thiab kev sib txuas ntawm kev tshawb fawb rau cov ntaub ntawv loj (table 3.1).

Cov kev hloov ntawm qhov thib ob thiab thib peb ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb tshawb tsis tau kiag li, thiab muaj kev sib cav sib ceg txog cov neeg tshawb nrhiav yuav tsum ua li cas. Saib rov qab rau txoj kev hloov ntawm thawj ob thiab zaum ob, kuv xav tias nws muaj ib qho kev pom tseem ceeb rau peb tam sim no: thaum pib tsis yog qhov kawg . Ntawd yog, thawj ntau txoj hauv kev siv xov tooj thib ob yog kev ua hauj lwm thiab tsis ua hauj lwm zoo heev. Tab sis, los ntawm kev ua haujlwm, cov neeg tshawb nrhiav tau daws cov teeb meem no. Piv txwv, cov kws tshawb nrhiav tau ua ntau lub xyoo ua ntej Warren Mitofsky thiab Yauxej Waksberg tau tsim ib qho kev sib tw xaiv cov qauv uas muaj cov tswv yim zoo thiab cov qauv theoretical (Waksberg 1978; ??? ) . Yog li, peb yuav tsum tsis txhob cuam tshuam rau lub xeev tamsim no ntawm peb lub sijhawm nrog lawv cov txiaj ntsig qhov kawg.

Cov keeb kwm kev tshawb fawb tshawb fawb qhia tau hais tias qhov kev tshawb fawb qhia tau zoo tshaj plaws, kev hloov los ntawm kev hloov hauv kev siv tshuab thiab kev sib raug zoo. Yog tsis muaj txoj kev los tiv thaiv txoj kev loj hlob ntawd. Tsis tas li ntawd, peb yuav tsum khawm nws, thaum tseem tab tom coj kev txawj ntse los ntawm lub sijhawm dhau los, thiab qhov no yog qhov uas kuv yuav siv rau hauv tshooj no. Ua ntej, kuv yuav sib cav tias cov ntaub ntawv loj yuav tsis hloov cov ntawv tshawb fawb thiab tias qhov ntau ntawm cov ntaub ntawv loj tuaj-tsis txo-cov nqi ntawm cov ntawv tshawb fawb (Seem 3.2). Vim tias qhov kev txhawb zog, kuv mam li xaus lub moj khaum ntawm qhov kev tshawb fawb tag nrho (nqe 3.3) uas yog tsim los ntawm thawj ob lub caij nyoog ntawm kev tshawb fawb tshawb fawb. Lub moj khaum no ua rau peb nkag siab txog kev hloov tshiab rau sawv cev-tshwj xeeb, cov qauv uas tsis muaj kev txwv (feem 3.4) -thiab kev tshiab rau kev ntsuas-tshwj xeeb, txoj hauv kev tshiab ntawm cov lus nug rau cov neeg teb (nqe lus 3.5). Thaum kawg, kuv mam li piav ob qhov kev tshawb nrhiav rau kev txuas cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb rau cov ntaub ntawv loj (Seem 3.6).