4.5.1.1 ho ohana i na hana kūpono

Oe ke holo ho okolohua i loko na hana kūpono, pinepine me kekahi coding a hui.

Logistically, ke easiest ala e hana kikohoʻe ho okolohua ka mea e hoʻouhi ia i kou hoʻokolohua ma luna o kekahi 'ia, ka ho'ā ia oukou e holo i ka mīkini kula hoʻokolohua. Keia mau hoao hiki ke holo ma ka pālākiō reasonably nui, a aole hoi e koi hui me ka poʻe a nui lako polokalamu ulu ana.

No ka mea, laʻana, Jennifer Doleac a me Luke Stein (2013) i ka lanakila o ka online, kuai, (e like me, craigslist) e holo i ka hoʻokolohua i ana nā hui pili koko hoʻokae. Doleac a Stein hoʻolaha pāʻoihana tausani o na iPods, a ma systematically loli iki ana i na ano o ke kuai, ua hiki ke noiʻi i ka hopena o ka lāhui ma oicyenoaaiiie hana a lakou. Eia, Doleac a me Stein hoʻohana i ka pālākiō o ko lakou hoʻokolohua i ke kiÿeleo ka wa o ka hopena, ua ko Salisbury mau (heterogeneity o ka lapaau waiwai) ae kaumaha aku i kekahi mau manaʻo e pili ana i ke kumu o ke kanawai e hana (maomeka).

Ma mua a hiki i ka hoʻopaʻa 'ana o Doleac, a me Stein, aole i ka papa kuhikuhiE hoʻokokoke mai elua e experimentally ana hoʻokae. Ma nā leka i haʻawina noiʻi ho okumu ka hoʻomau 'ana o ka fictional poe kanaka oʻano o kēia lāhui kanaka, a ho ohana mau ka hoʻomau' ana i ka, no ka mea, laʻana, pili no ka mea, okoa hana. Bertrand, a me Mullainathan ka (2004) pepa me ka Haliʻaaʻela ka inoa "Ka Emily, a me Greg More Employable No Lakisha, a me Jamal? A kahu Hoʻokolohua maluna o na Hana Lima Market ka hoʻokae ' "He kupanaha hoʻi ke kaha kiʻi o kekahi palapala mahele. Palapala haʻawina i kŘpa a haahaa lilo no kilo, i mau hiʻohiʻona nō he kanaka noiʻi, e ohi i na tausani o na loina i loko o ka KOLOHE mahele. Aka, nā leka i haʻawina o nā hui pili koko hoʻokae 'ole i nīnau no ka inoa potentially peʻahi he nui na mea ma ka hou ana i ka heihei o ka mea noi. Ka mea, e like me ka inoa Greg, Emily, Lakisha, a Jamal i peʻahi nohona papa ma ka hou e heihei. Pela, i kekahi koena unuhi ma ka lapaau no ka hoʻomau 'ana o Greg, a me Jamal ka i aie i oi aku mamua oʻaʻa lākou lāhui oko o na nā kānaka noi manawaleʻa. Hooia haʻawina, ma ka kekahi lima, pū ma waena nā mea hana keaka o ka okoa o kēia lāhui kanaka, e pili ana i kino i ka hana. 'Aʻole nō naʻe hooia haʻawina hoolako he maopopo peahi o ka mea noi lāhui, ka mea, ua like pipiʻi no kilo, ka mea hoʻi ia lakou nō kāu wale no he mau haneri o na loina.

Iloko o ko lakou mau kikohoʻe mahinaʻai hoʻokolohua, ua hiki ke ho okumu i ka uʻi hybrid Doleac a me Stein. ua hiki ke ohi i ka ikepili ma kŘpa a haahaa lilo no kilo-kūpono ma loko o nā tausani o na loina lakou, (e like me ia ma ka palapala mahele) -and ua hiki ke peʻahi lāhui me kiʻi-kūpono ma ka ike uncounfounded peahi o ka lāhui lakou, (e like me ia ma ka mahele Hooia ). Pela, i ka online, i hoʻolilo 'ia kekahi manawa mau hiʻohiʻona nō noiʻi e hana hou kūlana kanaka i loaa ka waiwai i ua paakiki no? Ieoaeunoai pela.

Ka Ipod hoʻolaha o Doleac, a me Stein e lauwili ma ka papa kuhikuhiE Ana ekolu. Mua, aole lakou e lauwili i na ano o ke kuai, ka mea i hōʻikeʻana i ma ka lima paʻi kiʻi pū i paʻa i ka Ipod [keokeo, eleele, keokeo me ka honu] (Kii 4.12). Lua, la lakou e lauwili ka noi kumukuai, $ 90, $ 110, $ 130]. Kolu, la lakou e lauwili ka mea e like ai o ka a kikokikona [kiʻekiʻe-e like ai me ka haʻahaʻa a i (e like me, cApitalization hewa, a me spelin hewa)]. Pela, ke kākau i he 3 X 3 X 2 i manao ai i ua deployed ma oi aku mamua o 300 kūloko wahi kanaka HEN, mai nā kūlanakauhale (e like me, Kokomo, IN, a me North Platte, NE) i mega-kulanakauhale (e like me, New York, a me Los Angeles).

Kii 4,12: Hands hana i loko o ka ho okolohua o Doleac and Stein (2013) . ua kuai iPods e kūʻai meʻano ano e ana ka hoʻokae 'i loko o ka online, kuai.

'Awelika no ma na kanawai, o na nā haumāna, he pono no ke keʻokeʻo kuai ma mua o kaʻeleʻele kuai, a me ka uhi honu kuai nona ka waena hualoaʻa. No ka mea, laʻana, keokeo kūʻai loaa hou aku ia oe, a uaʻoi kona kiʻekiʻe ma hope loa kuai kumukūʻai. Ma kēlāʻaoʻao o kēia mau awelika loa, Doleac a me Stein aayoaeuiinoe i ka heterogeneity o ka waiwai. No ka mea, laʻana, hookahi wānana mai kumumanaʻo mua oia i ka hoʻokae 'e emi mai i wahi mea ua oi aku nâ. E ho ohana i ka nui o na kaumaha ai oukou ia loaa e like me ka hope no ka makeke Competition, na kākau i loaa iʻeleʻele kūʻai maiʻiʻo loaa ino aku ia oe ma na wahi me ka haahaa o ka Competition. Eia, ma ke kapakai a nā haumāna no ka hoʻolaha pāʻoihana a me kiʻekiʻe-e like ai me ka haʻahaʻa a kikokikona, Doleac a me Stein ike ia a mea e like ai, aole ia e ka hopena o ke keakeaʻalo eʻeleʻele a me ka uhi honu kūʻai. Eia ke oki, e lawe pomaikai o ka mea i hoʻolaha ua waihoia lakou ma oi aku mamua o 300 kahi kuai, i na kākau loaa iʻeleʻele kūʻai ua oi aku keakea i loko o nā kūlanakauhale a me nā wahi hewa kumu, a me kiʻekiʻe noho segregation. Kekahi o keia mau hualoaʻa haawi mai ia makou i kūlike loa naauao o kaʻeleʻele kūʻai i oi aku nā haumāna e like no ke aha la, aka, i ka wa a hui me nā hualoaʻa o kekahi haʻawina, aole lakou e hiki ke hoomaka e hai aku theories e pili ana i na kumu o nā hui pili koko ka hoʻokae 'i loko o nāʻano o nā oicyenoaaiiie hana.

Kekahi kumu e hōʻike i ka hiki ana o noiʻi e alakai mīkini kula hoʻokolohua ma na nenoai, oia ka noiʻi ma Arnout van de Ka Rijt, a me nā hoapili (2014) i na ki i ka pomaikai. Iloko o na, ao ke ano o ke ola, seemingly like na kanaka a pau i luna me he okoa nā haumāna. Hookahi hiki wehewehe no keia kumu ka mea, ua liʻiliʻi, aʻano nui kaulele-pono ke laka 'ana i loko, ae mahuahua ma luna o ka manawa, he hana i noiʻi kapa huina lanakila. I mea e ike ai i ko ka poe liilii, ka loiloi mua successes ka laka-i a mae aku, van de Ka Rijt, a me nā hoapili (2014) intervened i ehaʻokoʻa nenoai i hoʻohanohano ka pomaikai ma randomly wae i komo, a laila ana aʻela i ka loihi-manawa ka hopena o keia ākeʻakeʻa kumu i ka pomaikai.

More ua hōʻike hewa, van de Na Rijt, a 1) hoopaa ke kālā nā hoapili e randomly koho papahana ma kickstarter.com , he crowdfunding punaewele; 2) ikaika Loipālākiō randomly wae hōʻike manaʻo ma ka punaewele epinions ; 3) i hoʻolilo 'ia' e randomly wae hui kōkoʻolua i Wikipedia ; a me 4) pūlima randomly koho hoopii ma change.org . I ka noiʻi loaa, ua aneane like hualoaʻa ma na mea a pau eha nenoai: iloko o kela hihia, i komo i randomly haawiia mai kekahi koke ka pomaikai hele aku la ia e loaa hou mahope ka pomaikai ma mua o ko lakou ano e loa indistinguishable na¯ (Kii 4.13). I ka mea a na lākou nō kumu ma na nenoai maoli ka mawaho validity o keia mau hualoaʻa no ka mea, ho'ēmi i kā ka mea hiki wale mai ia o keia kumu, he artifact o kekahi nenoaiu.

Kii 4,13: Long-manawa 'ole o ka randomly i hooili mai ai ka pomaikai i ka ehaʻokoʻa lawelawe' oihana. Arnout van de Ka Rijt, a me nā hoapili (2014) 1) hoopaa ke kālā e randomly koho papahana ma kickstarter.com , he crowdfunding punaewele; 2) ikaika Loipālākiō randomly wae hōʻike manaʻo ma ka punaewele epinions ; 3) i hoʻolilo 'ia' e randomly wae hui kōkoʻolua i Wikipedia ; a me 4) pūlima randomly koho hoopii ma change.org .

Pu, o keia mau examples hoike e noiʻi ke alakai mīkini kula hoʻokolohua ma waho o ka pono i ka hoa me ka poe a ka poe e kukulu luna 'kikohoʻe nenoai e pono ai. Eia, Oaaeeoea 4.2 hoʻolako i oi aku examples e hoike mai i ka lohe ÿana o ka mea hiki noiʻi hoʻohana i ka wa a ka aeuiiai ieaia? O? Ueony nenoai e hoopakele lapaau, a me / ai ole ia ana nā haumāna. Keia mau hoʻokolohua ua kŘpa a nike no ka mea, noiʻi, a kaumaha aku la lakou i ka kiʻekiʻe loa o ka realism. Aka, o keia mau mea kaumaha noiʻi i kaupalena 'mana ma luna o ka poʻe i komo, ohe., A me nā haumāna e ana. Eia, no ka mea, ho okolohua lawe ana wahi i loko o hoʻokahi wale nō nenoaiu, pono noiʻi i hopohopo i ka poe waiwai ke kipakuia e ka'ōnaehana pūnaewele-i ho'ākāka 'dynamics (e like me, ke ala o Kickstarter kaua papahana a me ke ala i change.org papa hoopii, no ka mea,' ike hou aku, ike i ka hoopaapaa ana algorithmic hoopalaimaka hoi ma ka Mokuna 2). Eia ke oki, i ka wa noiʻi intervene i ka hana nenoai, tricky ethical ninau i waho mai e pili ana i hikiʻino ia i komo, ole-i komo, a me nenoai. Kakou e noonoo i keia mau ethical nīnau i oi aku au mamuli me ka Mokuna 6, a aia no he kūkākūkā maikaʻi o ia mau mea i loko o ka paiiaʻi o van de Ka Rijt (2014) . Ka hana-aʻe nei, i hele mai me ka hana ana ma kekahi nenoaiu, aole maikaʻi no nā papahana, a no ka mea kumu i kekahi mau noiʻi kukulu iho i ko lakou mau mana nenoaiu, i ke kumuhana o ka aʻe pauku.