4.4.3 maomeka

Hoao ana ka mea hiki. Maomeka wehewehe no ke aha la, a pehea ia i hiki mai.

Ke kolu kēia manaʻo no ka neʻe ma o aku o na mea ho okolohua he maomeka. Maomeka hai mai ia kakou ke aha a pehea ka hana i ka hopena. I ka hana o ke huli no maomeka, ua hoi i kekahi manawa kapaia e kakali ana no ka intervening aiaiiuo a mediating aiaiiuo. 'Oiai, he maikai no aayoaeuiinoe causal loa ia mea, aole lakou ua pinepine i ke hoʻololi i hoike maomeka. Digital makahiki ho okolohua ke kōkua mai iā mākou kuhikuhi maomeka i elua aoao: 1) lakou i hiki ai iā mākou e ohi hou 'ana ka ikepili a me 2) lakou hiki ai ia kakou e hoao ai na mea he nui nā kūlana kanaka.

No ka mea, maomeka ua tricky e hoakaka Ka Iwi (Hedström and Ylikoski 2010) , I hele ana au e hoʻomaka me ka mea hoʻohālike: Lime a me ka puʻupuʻu (Gerber and Green 2012) . Ma ka 18th kenekulia kauka i ka mea pono nani maikai, i ka wa a na luina ai Lime aole lakou i loaʻa puʻupuʻu. Puʻupuʻu ka mea, he maʻi weliweli i keia, he mana ike. Aka, o keia mau kauka, aole lakou i ike i ke kumu Lime Hāʻule maila lākou puʻupuʻu. Ka mea, aole hiki i 1932, aneane 200 mau makahiki ma hope mai, uaʻepekema hiki reliably hoike mai i vitamin C,ʻo ia ke kumu i Lime Hāʻule maila lākou puʻupuʻu (Carpenter 1988, p 191) . Ma keia hihia, vitamin C, oia keʻano papa hana ma ka mea Lime pale aku puʻupuʻu (Kii 4.9). O ka papa, i näʻano papa hana, he mea nui scientifically-puu o ka 'epekema mea e pili ana i ka hoʻomaopopo no ke aha la mau mea hana. Nä maomeka he mea nui practically. Koke kakou maopopo no ke aha la ka lapaʻau hana, hiki ia kakou ke potentially hoʻomōhala hou kūlana kanaka e hana i maikai.

Kii 4,9: Lime pale aku puʻupuʻu, a me keʻano papa hana, he Vitamin C.

Eia naʻe, kaʻawale maomeka he mea paʻakikī. Like ka puna a me nā puʻupuʻu, ma na mea he nui pilina 'okoʻa no ka, ohe. Paha hana ma na mea he nui interrelated mau alahele, ka mea i isolation o maomeka paʻakikī loa. Eia nō naʻe, i loko o ka hihia o ka lawelawe kūmau a me ka ikehu hoʻohana 'ana, ua ho'āʻo noiʻi e kaʻawale maomeka ma kaʻohiʻohi kaʻina ka ikepili a me ka hoao nā kūlana kanaka.

ke ala hookahi e hoao muli maomeka ka mea, ma kaʻohiʻohi hoʻolohe manaʻo kaʻina i ka 'ikepili i ka iapaau ana hopena i hiki maomeka. No ka mea, kumu, iloko o Allcott (2011) i hoike mai i ka Home Energy ai ia mau moʻolelo i kanaka lakou ma ko lakou uila oAaEeIeIAaIAeO. Aka, pehea la e hana i keia mau hoike haʻahaʻa uila oAaEeIeIAaIAeO? Heaha poe na maomeka? Ma ka hope-up ao, Allcott and Rogers (2014) hoʻolaukaʻi me ka mana poʻe a pau, ma ka polokalamu rebate, i loaa ia lakou ka ike i ka mea nā mea kūʻai mai hōʻano hou i ko lakou nā mīkini home i oi aku ka ikehu efficient ana hoʻohālike. Allcott and Rogers (2014) loaa ai iki hou kanaka e loaa ana i ka Home Energy ai ia mau moʻolelo hōʻano hou i ko lakou mau nā mīkini home. Aka, o keia koena unuhi, he uuku ia i ka mea hiki wale hoike no 2% o ka emi ana iloko o ka ikehu lawelawe i loko o ka ia hale. Iloko o na olelo, aole mea hāpai mīkini hōʻano hou i ka Hoʻohakuʻano papa hana ma ka mea a ka Home Energy Report ua hoʻemi uila hokii.

A lua oʻano a pau e noiʻi i maomeka oia e holo ho okolohua me iki okoa wale nō o ka lapaau. No ka mea, laʻana, ma ka ho okolohua o Schultz et al. (2007) , a me ka poe mahope Home Energy Report hoʻokolohua, ua hoomakaukau i komo i ka hana a pau i ka papa kuhikuhiE wahi elua. 1) kōkua e pili ana i ka ikehu makauliʻi, a me 2) 'ike e pili ana i ko lakou ikehu i pili i na¯ ko lakou (ke Kii 4.6). Pela, he mea hiki i ka ikehu olaʻi kōkua he mea i ka loli, aole i ke kūkā 'ike. E Loiloi i ka manawa kūpono a pau e i hiki ai i na koa wiwo wale, Ferraro, Miranda, and Price (2011) hoʻolaukaʻi pū me ka poʻe e kokoke ana i Atlanta, HI wai, a holo i ka hai hoʻokolohua ma ka wai mālama ke komo pū ma kahi o 100.000 mau lunaohana. Aia he eha ana:

• he hui i loaa paha ma ka hoola wai.
• he hui i loaa paha ma ka hoola wai + ka pono hoopii e hoola i ka wai.
• he hui i loaa paha ma ka hoola wai + ka pono hoopii e hoola i ka wai + 'ike e pili ana i ko lakou wai i pili i ko lakou mau na¯.
• ka hooponopono pūʻulu.

I ka noiʻi loaa ai na koa wiwo wale iapaau ana, aole kanawai maluna o ka wai oAaEeIeIAaIAeO i loko o ka pōkole (hookahi makahiki), meakino (elua makahiki), a me ka loihi (ekolu makahiki) manawa. Ka kōkua + hoʻopiʻi kū'ē 'ana lapaʻau i komo e emi ka wai oAaEeIeIAaIAeO, aka wale i loko o ka pōkole-makahiki. Eia ke oki, i ka iapaau ana kōkua + hoopii + kūkā 'ike i ua hoʻemi oAaEeIeIAaIAeO i loko o ka pōkole, meakino, a me ka loihi o ka manawa (Kii 4.10). Keia ano o na ho okolohua me unbundled ohe. He i ka aoao maikai e pohihihi aku i kekahi hapa o ka iapaau ana, a me ka mea mau wahi pu-poe i na mea i ka poe hoomokuahana i ke kanawai (Gerber and Green 2012, Sec. 10.6) . No ka mea, laʻana, ka ike maopopo ana Ferraro, a me nā hoapili hōʻike mai i ka wai olaʻi kōkua wale no, aole lawa, e emi ka wai oAaEeIeIAaIAeO.

Kii 4,10: Results mai Ferraro, Miranda, and Price (2011) . Kūlana kanaka, ua hoouna May 21, 2007, a me ka 'ole ua ana i na ka luna hoʻomalu o ka 2007, 2008, a me 2009. Ma ka unbundling i ka lapaau i na noiʻi manaʻo e kūkulu i kekahi pono ano o na maomeka. Ka kōkua wale lapaʻau iʻano nui ole iloko o ka pōkole (hookahi makahiki), meakino (elua makahiki), a me ka loihi (ekolu makahiki) makahiki. Ka kōkua + hoʻopiʻi kū'ē 'ana lapaʻau i komo e emi ka wai oAaEeIeIAaIAeO, aka wale i loko o ka pōkole-makahiki. I ka'ōlelo aʻo + hoopii + kūkā 'ike lapaau i komo e emi ka wai oAaEeIeIAaIAeO i loko o ka pōkole, meakino, a me ka loihi manawa. Vertical kī ua aayoaeuiinoe wiwo oleʻanuʻu. Ike Bernedo, Ferraro, and Price (2014) no ka mea, maoli mahele lako.

Ideally, kekahi e neʻe ma kela aoao o ka layering o eiiiiiaiou (kōkua, kōkua + hoopii, kōkua + hoopii + kūkā 'ike) i ka piha factorial manao-no hoi kekahi manawa kapaia, he \ (2' K \) factorial manao-kahi kēlā hiki huihui 'ana o ka ekolu hehee wale, ua ho'āʻo (Oaaeeoea 4.1). Ma ka hoao kela e hiki pu ana o na eiiiiiaiou, noiʻi hiki loa Loiloi i ka hopena o kela a me keia ke keʻena i loko o isolation, a me ka hui pu ana. No ka mea, laʻana, ka ike maopopo ana Ferraro, a me nā hoapili, aole ia e hōʻike ai i nā hoa e like wale no, ina i hiki ai ke alakai i ka lōʻihi o kau hoololi ana i ka lakou hana ana. I ka wā i hala, i keia mau piha factorial manao ua hiki ole ke holo, no ka mea, e noi mai ana, he nui loa i komo a lakou e noi noiʻi e hiki ia makou ke precisely ka pāʻana, ae haawi i ka nui loa o ka nohoʻana. Aka, i ka mīkini makahiki e lawe aku oe i keia mau logistical constraints ma kekahi mau wahi, i hiki.

Ma ka hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo, maomeka-na mau alahele ma ka mea i hana i ka hookoia, ua incredibly nui. noiʻi e pili ana i maomeka e 1) kaʻohiʻana kaʻinaʻikepili, a me 2) ka ho'ā piha factorial manao mīkini makahiki ho okolohua e kōkua mai. Na maomeka? Aaei ma keia mau hoʻokokoke mai ke a laila, e ho'āʻo pono e ho okolohua ua hōʻike hewa hoʻololi i mea e hoao ai maomeka (Ludwig, Kling, and Mullainathan 2011; Imai, Tingley, and Yamamoto 2013; Pirlott and MacKinnon 2016) .

O ka huinanui, keia mau ekolu manaÿo-validity; heterogeneity o ka lapaʻau 'ole; a me na maomeka-hāʻawi i kekahi lākou ikaika o ka manaʻo no ke hoʻololi i a me ka pakuhi hoʻokolohua. Këia mau manaÿo kōkua noiʻi neʻe ma kela aoao o na mea ho okolohua e pili ana i ka mea "hana" i waiwai ho okolohua e loaa tighter loulou i ka kumumanaʻo, e hoike mai kahi, a no ke aha kūlana kanaka hana, a ke hiki kōkua noiʻi i manao ai oi pono ka nohoʻana. Haawi mai i keia conceptual kāʻei kua e pili ana ia mea, aole au e kipa hiki nae pehea la oukou i ko oukou mau ho okolohua hiki mai ai.