2.3.2.1 kāpili
No ka mea, pehea la ia paha 'aʻole i "nui" oukou "nui ikepili" ka' ike oukou makemake.
Most nui ikepili kumu, ua kāpili, ma ka hoohalike ana lakou i loaa ole ia oukou i ka 'ike a pau au e makemake ai no ko oukou noiʻi. Keia mea o ka hoʻomaopopo like hiʻona o ka aeaiiuo i pau i hanaiaʻi no ka hana 'ē aʻe ma mua o noiʻi. He nui na lawelaweʻepekema, ua i mua o ka hana o Hana me ka incompleteness, e like me kekahi anamanaʻo ka mea, aole i noi mai i ka ninau ia oukou i makemake ai. Eia naʻe, i na pilikia o ka incompleteness kamaʻilioʻana e noho hou loa i ka nui ikepili. Ma koʻu ho'āʻoʻana, nui ikepili mālama ai e nalo ekolu 'ano o ka' ike pono i ka lawelawe noiʻi, HI, hana maʻawa a kekahi, a me kaʻikepili e operationalize theoretical? Aiey iauaeoia.
A pau ekolu o keia ano o ka incompleteness i ia manaʻo i loko o kekahi ao, ma Gueorgi Kossinets a me Honolulu Watts (2006) e pili ana i ka evolution o ka nohona pukapuka ma ke kula nui. Kossinets a Watts la me ka leka uila pauku mai ke kulanui, ka mea i kūlike loa ike e pili ana i hoouna emails i ka mea i ka manawa (aole i loaa i na noiʻi komo i ka oluolu o na emails). Keia leka uila moʻolelo kani e like me ka mea kupaianaha dataset, aka, no lakou, ua, hoʻowahāwahā i ko lākou nui, a me granularity-fundamentally kāpili. No ka mea, laʻana, i ka leka uila pauku i hoʻokomo i ka 'ikepili ke HI ano o na haumana, e like me ka wahine, a me na makahiki. Eia, o ka leka uila pauku mai aʻole helu 'ia ka' ike e pili ana i ke kamaʻilio ma na Media, e like me ka kelepona kāhea, kikokikona olelo, a maka-i-maka i kamaʻilio. Eia ke oki, o ka leka uila pauku, aole pono hoʻokomo 'ike e pili ana i ka pili ma, ka theoretical? Aiey iauaeoia, ma na mea he nui nei theories. Hope, ma ka mokuna, i ka wa aʻu e kamailio ana noiʻi papa kōnane, ia oukou e ike i ko Kossinets, a me Watts Hoʻoponopono 'keia mau pilikia.
No ekolu ano o incompleteness, ka pilikia o ke kāpili ikepili e operationalize theoretical? Aiey iauaeoia, oia ka hardest e hoʻoponopono i, a iloko o koʻu hoao ana, ua pinepine accidentally e nana ma ikepiliʻepekema. 'ōlelo Koʻikoʻi akula, theoretical? Aiey iauaeoia, ua Hōʻuluʻulu Manaʻo nā manaʻo i ka nohonaʻepekema hoʻopaʻa haʻawina, akā, Eia naʻe, i kēia mau iino? Ieea hiki ole mau e unambiguously i ho'ākāka 'a ana. No ka mea, laʻana, e ke manao wale e ho'āʻo ana e empirically hoao i ka apparently mea koi i ka poe kanaka, ka poe nui akamai loaʻa hou ke kala. I mea e hoao i keia koi ana ia oukou e pono ai ana "manao." Aka, heaha ka mea akamai? No ka mea, laʻana, Gardner (2011) hoʻopaʻapaʻa a pau, ua lilo ewaluʻokoʻa ano o ke akamai. A, ua nui ke kaʻina hana i hiki pololei ana i kekahi o keia mau ano o ke akamai? Akā no alahula mau dala o ka hana ma psychologists, kēia mau nīnau nae aʻole 'oe i unambiguous pane. Pela, a hiki i ka kŘpa mea kuleana, poe kanaka, ka poe nui akamai ka loaʻaʻana aku i ke kālā, hiki ke hana i ka Loiloi i empirically, no ka mea, e hiki e hana e operationalize theoretical iino? Ieea ma aeaiiuo. Other examples o ka theoretical iino? Ieea i poe nui, aka, paakiki, e operationalize komo "kūmau," "nohona kumukuai," a me "aupuni a ka lehulehu." Socialʻepekema kapa i ka ń ma waena o theoretical? Aiey iauaeoia, a me kaʻikepili? Ieoaeunoai validity (Cronbach and Meehl 1955) . A, e like me keia papa inoa o ka iino? Ieea paipai,? Ieoaeunoai validity ka mea, he pilikia i ua Oni nohonaʻepekema i no ka lōʻihi loa ka manawa, a hiki i ka wa a lakou i hana me ka 'ikepili i ohi ia no ka hana o ka noiʻi. I ka wa e hana ana me kaʻikepili no nā hana'ē aʻe ma mua o ka noiʻi, nā pilikia o? Ieoaeunoai validity nei ka 'oi hana nui (Lazer 2015) .
I ka wa ia oe ka noiʻi pepa e heluhelu, hookahi ola a me ka pono ala e Loiloi i pili e pili ana i? Ieoaeunoai validity oia e lawe i ka papa kuhikuhiE koi ma ka pepa, i ka mea ana i olelo ia ma ka olelo o? Aiey iauaeoia, a me ka hou, ka hoike ia mea, ma na olelo o na ikepili i hoʻohana. No ka mea, laʻana, noonoo mea hypothetical haʻawina elua e koi e hoike i ka nui akamai poe kanaka ka loaʻaʻana nui ke kālā:
- Like 1: kānaka i nāʻai pono ma ke koraka e holumua ai Matrices hoao ai-he luawai aʻo hoao o analytic manao (Carpenter, Just, and Shell 1990) -have kiekie ae hoike iʻole loaʻa mai i ko lakou auhau hoike
- Like 2: kanaka ma Twitter i hoʻohana hou olelo, ua oi aku ka ao ao e hōʻike hana maʻamau lama
Ma na hihia, noiʻi hiki hoʻike ia lakou, ua hoike ia nui akamai poe kanaka ka loaʻaʻana nui ke kala. Aka, ma ka hoʻopaʻa 'ana i mua o ka theoretical? Aiey iauaeoia, ua pono operationalized e na aeaiiua, a ma ka lua o ka mea, aole ae. Eia, e like me keia hana kahaki ii ka, oi aeaiiua aole nōna ke hoʻoponopono pilikia me ka? Ieoaeunoai validity. Oe e kanalua i ka hopena o Study 2 ina paha he pae'āina he miliona Tweets, he ieeeea? Tweets, a he trillion Tweets. No ka mea, noiʻi, aole kama'āina i ka manaʻo o? Ieoaeunoai validity, Papa 2.2 hoʻolako kekahi laʻana o nā haʻawina a pau i operationalized theoretical iino? Ieea ka hoʻohana mīkini kumumea aeaiiuo.
| Digital kumumea | Theoretical? ieoaeunoai | mau kuhikuhina |
|---|---|---|
| leka uila pauku mai ke kulanui (meta-ʻikepili wale) | Social pili | Kossinets and Watts (2006) , Kossinets and Watts (2009) , De Choudhury et al. (2010) |
| nohona Media mau elele maluna o Weibo | Civicʻano | Zhang (2016) |
| leka uila pauku mai ka naueue ole (meta-ʻikepili, a me ke kina ole, kikokikona) | Ka nohona pono iloko o ka hui | Goldberg et al. (2015) |
Oiai ka pilikia o ke kāpili ike no operationalizing theoretical? Aiey iauaeoia, he nani paakiki ia ke hoʻoponopono, aia he ekolu na pāʻoihana i ka pilikia o ka kāpili HI ike, a kāpili ma luna o ka ike hana ma paepae ai kekahi. O ka mua, oia no nae ohi i ka ikepili e pono; I e hai aku ia oukou i kekahi kumu o ka mea ma ka Mokuna 3 i ka wa aʻu e hai aku ia oukou no ana. Eia naʻe, i kēiaʻano o ka aeaiiuo ohi ka mea, aole e mau ana e hiki. I ka lua o ka papa kuhikuhiE pāʻoihana ka mea e hana i ka mea a ikepiliʻepekema kapa aku hoʻohana-kaila kuhi, a me ka nohonaʻepekema kahea aku imputation. Ma keia kokoke loa i kahi, noiʻi hoʻohana i ka 'ike a lakou i loaaʻi i kekahi poe kanaka e infer i ke kaila o na kanaka. Ke kolu hiki pāʻoihana-ka mea hoʻohana e Kossinets, a me Watts-he e hui pu iho la mau ikepili kumu. Keia hana ua kekahi manawa kapaia merging a me ka moolelo linkage. Koʻu punahele metaphor no kēia kaʻina, ua manaoia ma ka paukū mua loa o ka mua loa pepa loa i kākauʻia ma ka moolelo linkage (Dunn 1946) :
"Kēlā me kēia kanaka i loko o ke ao nei i ka mea buke o ke ola. Keia Book hoʻomaka me ka hānauʻana a me ka welau a me ka make. Kona palapala, ua hana mai o na mooolelo o na hanana loina i loko o ke ola. Moolelo linkage, oia ka inoa i haawiia i ka kaʻina hana o ka hoakoakoa i na 'aoʻao o kēia buke i loko o ka buke. "
Keia e hooholo ia i kākauʻia i loko o 1946, a ma ia manawa, kanaka i ka manao o ka buke o ke ola, e like me nui ola hanana like me hanau, mare, oki mare, a me ka make. Eia naʻe, Ano, i ka nui o ka ike e pili ana i na kanaka, ua palapala, i ka buke o ke ola ke lilo i incredibly piha kiʻi, ina hiki e nakinaki pu ia ka poe okoa 'aoʻao (' o ia hoʻi, ko kakou kikohoʻe ko läkou '),. Keia buke o ke ola i hiki i kekahi mau nui no ka noiʻi. Aka, o ka buke o ke ola ua hiki no hoi ke kapa i ka hōkeoʻikepili o ka puʻu'ōpala (Ohm 2010) , ka mea hiki ke hoohana ia no na ano a pau o unethical hana, e like me ia i ho'ākāka 'hou ma lalo nei i ka wa aʻu e kamailio e pili ana i ka' ikepili 'ano o ka' ike i ohi ia e nui ikepili kumu ma lalo a ma ka Mokuna 6 (Ethics).
