5.2.1 Galaxy Zoo

Galaxy Zoo hiehie o ka hana ana o na mea he nui non-akamai hana manawaleʻa e classify he miliona galaxies.

Galaxy Zoo ulu mai loko mai o ka pilikiaʻalo e Kevin Schawinski, he puka ka haumāna i loko o Lewanuʻu ma ke Kulanui o Oxford i ka 2007. Simplifying loa ai ka iki, Schawinski ua hoihoi ma galaxies, a me na galaxies hiki ke hoʻolaha ma ko lakou morphology-elliptical a spiral, a ma ko lakou mau waihoʻoluʻu-poni uliuli, a me kaʻulaʻula. I ka manawa,ʻike mau akamai i waena o astronomers,ʻo ia spiral galaxies, e like me ko kakou nō hoʻi, he uliuli ke kala (e hoike ana wā'ōpiopio,) a me ka elliptical galaxies heʻulaʻula ke kala (e hoike ana elemakule). Schawinski kanalua ana i keiaʻike mau ka naauao. He manao, oiai o keia kumu ke eʻoiaʻiʻo ma luna, he he sizable nui o na 'ia paha, a me ka mea ma o puu o keia mau hana galaxies-i na mea a pau i kupono i ka manao kumu,ʻo ia ke aʻo i kekahi mea e pili ana i ke kaʻina hana ma ka mea galaxies hana.

Pela, i ka mea a Schawinski pono, i mea e hoʻokahuliʻike mau ka naʻauao he nui kau o morphologically hoʻolaha galaxies; oia hoi keia, galaxies mea i hoʻolaha e like me kekahi spiral a elliptical. Ka pilikia, naʻe, ua pau na algorithmic epekema no ka Mea Maluna, aole he manawa pono lawa ia e hoʻohana no ka 'epekema noiʻi; i na olelo, classifying galaxies ia, i kēlā manawa, he pilikia ka mea, ua paakiki no kamepiula 'ē aʻe. Nolaila, i ka mea i pono, ua nui no na kanaka hoʻolaha galaxies. Schawinski Ho'āʻo keia Mea Maluna pilikia me ke ohohia o ka puka haumāna. Ma ka marathon Ahaolelo o ehiku, 12-hora lā,ʻo ia he hiki ke classify 50.000 galaxies. Oiai 50.000 galaxies hookani e like me ka hailona e, he mea nae wale he 5% o kaʻaneʻane hookahi miliona galaxies ka mea i kiʻi pū i loko o ka Sloan Digital Sky Survey. Schawinski koke aku ana ia i nele i kekahi hou scalable kokoke loa i kahi.

Mea pōmaikaʻi, he huli aku i ka hana o ka classifying galaxies, aole ia e koi holomua aʻo ma ka kilohōkū; ia oukou ke ao aku kekahi, e hana aku ia mea nani koke. Ma na olelo, a hiki nae classifying galaxies ka mea, he hana ka mea, ua ikaika no kamepiula 'ē aʻe, ka mea, ua nani maʻalahi no nā kānaka. Pela, oiai e noho ana i loko o ka Pub ma Oxford, Schawinski a me ka hoa astronomer Chris Lintott moe au i ka punaewele kahi hana manawaleʻa e classify nā kiʻi o nā galaxies. A mau mahina ma hope mai, Galaxy Zoo ua hanau.

Ma ka Galaxy Zoo pūnaewele puni, hana manawaleʻa e undergo kekahi mau minuke o ke aʻo; no ka mea, laʻana, ke aʻo 'ana i ka likeʻole o ka spiral a me ka elliptical galaxy (Kii 5.2). Mahope iho o keia aʻo, ka hana manawaleʻa i kekahi, i ka kŘpa a oluolu quiz-pono classifying 11 o 15 galaxies me ka ikeia Mea Maluna, a laila, e hoʻomaka i ka hana manawaleʻa maoli Mea Maluna o ka hihipeʻa o galaxies ma ka mea pūnaewele-Aʻo mau '(Kii 5.3). Ke hoʻololi mai ka mea lawelawe i ka astronomer e lawe wahi i emi malalo o 10 minute a wale koi hele i ka haahaa o hurdles, he mea quiz.

Kii 5.2: 'O kekahi o nā kumu ano elua o na galaxies: spiral a me elliptical. Ka Galaxy Zoo pāhana hoʻohana oi aku mamua o 100.000 hana manawaleʻa i waeʻano oi aku mamua o 900.000 kiʻi. Source: www.galaxyzoo.org .

Kii 5,3: hoʻokomo o pale kahi koho pāloka i noi e classify i hoʻokahi kiʻi. Source: www.galaxyzoo.org .

Galaxy Zoo o Laielohelohe o ka puka mua manawaleʻa ma hope o ka papahana, ua Hoʻolaha i loko o ke kūkala nūhou Haawina, a ma kahi o eono malama i ka papahana ulu i ka pū oi aku mamua o 100.000 kupaʻepekema, kanaka i komo no ka mea, nanea i ka hana a lakou i makemake ai e kokua mua kilohōkū. Pu, keia mau 100.000 hana manawaleʻa ka pilina i ka huina o ka oi mamua o 40 miliona Mea Maluna, a me ka hapanui o na Mea Maluna e hele mai ana, mai ka kŘpa a uuku,ʻo Kora na hui o na komo (Lintott et al. 2008) .

Noiʻi ka poe i loaa ka hoao ana ma waena laepua, noiʻi kōkua ma ke ke koke e-Liloa e pili ana i aeaiiuo e like ai. Oiai keia skepticism he kumu, Galaxy Zoo hōʻike i ka wa a hana manawaleʻa nā haʻawina e pono, i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe, debiased, a aggregated, aole lakou e hiki ke paka kiʻekiʻe-kbps hualoaʻa (Lintott et al. 2008) . An nui liana no ka noho o ke kanaka e hana 'oihana e like aiʻikepili he redundancy; oia hoi, ua ka ia hana i hoʻokōʻia nāʻokoʻa kanaka. In Galaxy Zoo, ua kokoke 40 Maluna o ka galaxy; noiʻi me laepua, noiʻi kōkua hiki loa hoʻolimalima i keia nui o ka redundancy, a nolaila, pono e nui aku, ae hoʻomaopopoʻia me ka mea e like ai o kela a me keia kanaka Mea Maluna. He aha ka hana manawaleʻa nele i ka aʻo, aole lakou i ae la no ka mea, me ka redundancy.

A me ka mau Maluna o ka galaxy, nae, hoʻohuiʻia ia ke kauoha o ka hana manawaleʻa Mea Maluna e paka i kona manaʻo ma Maluna, he tricky. No ka mea, ua aneane like ho'āʻo ai ka haohao ana iloko o ka nui kanaka hou a hana, he mea kōkua maikaʻi ke nānā i pokole i na anuu, ekolu i ka Galaxy Zoo noiʻi hoʻohana i ka paka i ko lakou manaʻo ma Maluna. Mua, ka noiʻi ", i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe" i nä 'ikepili ma ka wehe' bogus Mea Maluna. No ka mea, laʻana, poe kanaka, ka poe pinepine hoʻolaha i ka ia galaxy-i kekahi mea, ina lakou i imi e manipulate i ka mea e hiki mai ana hualoaʻa-i ko lakou Mea Maluna a pau i kāpaeʻia. Keia a me kekahi ano, i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe i hele ai ma kahi o 4% o na Mea Maluna.

Ka lua, mahope iho o ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe, ka noiʻi pono e hoopau systematic biases i ka Mea Maluna. Ma ke ano o ka bias ka loaʻaʻana haʻawina i loko iho i loko o ka palapala papahana, no ka mea, laʻana, ae hōʻike ana i kekahi mau hana manawaleʻa ka galaxy ma ka monochrome ka hakahaka o ano-na noiʻi loaa na systematic biases, e like me ka systematic bias e classify loa aku spiral galaxies e like me elliptical galaxies (Bamford et al. 2009) . Hoʻomaʻa no ka mea, o keia mau systematic biases he paʻakikī nui no ka averaging nui nā haʻawina, aole ia i wehe i systematic bias; ia mea wale nō e lawe aku oe moʻolelo kaulele hewa o keia hoopunipuni.

Eia ke oki, mahope iho o debiasing, ka noiʻi pono i kekahi papa hana e hui pu iho la ka poe kanaka Mea Maluna e paka i kona manaʻo ma Maluna. Ka simplest ala e hui pu iho Mea Maluna no kela a me keia galaxy e, e koho i ka mea like Mea Maluna. Eia naʻe, ua kokoke loa i kahi e haawi kela a me keia hana manawaleʻa like kaumaha, a me ka poʻe noiʻi manao o kekahi mau hana manawaleʻa uaʻoi ma Maluna mamua o na mea e ae. No laila,ʻo ka noiʻi nui i oi aku ka luna 'iterative kaumaha hana a pau a ho'āʻo paha e koho huai ae i ka maikai classifiers, ae haawi ia lakou i oi aku ke kaumaha.

Pela, mahope iho o ka ekoluʻanuʻu kaʻina-, i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe, debiasing, a kaumaha, ka Galaxy Zoo noiʻi hui, ua hoohuli 40 miliona hana manawaleʻa Mea Maluna iloko o ke kaʻina o kona manaʻo ma morphological Mea Maluna. I ka wa a keia mau Galaxy Zoo Mea Maluna, ua like me ekolu mua uuku-unahiʻole, i ka ho'āʻo 'ana ma ka' oihana astronomers, a me ka Mea Maluna ma Schawinski i kokua mai ai i ka hoihoi o Galaxy Zoo, ua ikaika aelike. Pela, o na hana manawaleʻa, ma ka 'Ohi, ua hiki ke hoolako kbps Mea Maluna, a ma ka unahiʻole, i ka mea a ka noiʻi hiki' aʻohe (Lintott et al. 2008) . I mea, ma ua kanaka Mea Maluna no ka mea, ua nui ka nui o na galaxies, Schawinski, ua hiki ke hoike i wale no ma kahi o 80% o galaxies hahai i ka manao kumu-uliuli spirals a me kaʻulaʻula ellipticals-a pepa lehulehu ua palapalaia no Lintott, a me kekahi poe e ae keia kaka (Fortson et al. 2011) .

Haawiia mai i kēia kāʻei kua, ia kakou ke ano ike pehea Galaxy Zoo penei ka mahae-pili-hui pu iho beauty, oia beauty i ka mea i hoʻohana no ka hapanui kanaka hou a pāhana. Mua, he nui pilikia, ua Wāwahi iloko o chunks. Ma keia hihia, ua Wāwahi ka pilikia o classifying he miliona galaxies iloko o ka miliona pilikia o classifying hookahi galaxy. Aʻe, he hana i pili i kela a me keia chunk kū kaʻawale. Ma keia hihia, he hana manawaleʻa e classify kela galaxy e like me kekahi spiral a elliptical. Eia ke oki, ua hui nā hualoaʻa e paka i kona manaʻo ma result. Ma keia hihia, ke hui pu iho la ka anu u me ka hoʻomaʻemaʻeʻana, debiasing, a kaumaha e paka i kona manaʻo ma Maluna no kela a me keia galaxy. 'Aʻole nō naʻe ka hapanui o nā papahana e hoʻohana i kēia mau beauty, kela mea keia mea o na anuu, pono e hulina i ka ho'ākāka' pilikia i kamaʻilio. No ka mea, laʻana, ma ke kanaka hou a papahana i ho'ākāka 'ia ma lalo nei, i ka ia beauty e hahai, aka, i ka pili, a hui pu iho la me ke kapuai hookahi e lilo lāʻokoʻa.

No ka mea, o ka Galaxy Zoo hui, kēia papahana mua he pono ke kinohi. Loa koke lakou i ike i ke ahiahi he mea la he hiki ke classify kokoke i galaxies he miliona, o keia ka unahiʻole, ka mea i lawa i ka hana me ka polokalamu kele mīkini lani ana, a hiki paka i nā kiʻi o ma kahi o 10 ieeeea? Galaxies (Kuminski et al. 2014) . E lawelawe i mahuahua mai 1 miliona ia 10 ieeeea?-He ololi o ka 10,000-Galaxy Zoo e pono e Imi i kaʻoʻoleʻa 10,000 manawa hou aku i komo. 'Aʻole nō naʻe i ka nui o na hana manawaleʻa ma ka Internet he nui, he mea ole mana loa. No laila,ʻo ka noiʻi ike a ina lakou e hele ana e hana i käna mau loa aku ulu dala o na aeaiiuo, he hou, a nui aku scalable, hoʻokokoke ua pono.

Nolaila, Manda Banerji-hana me Kevin Schawinski, Chris Lintott, a me na lala e ae o ka Galaxy Zoo hui-hoʻomaka e aʻo ana kamepiula 'ē aʻe e classify galaxies. More ua hōʻike hewa, me ka kanaka Mea Maluna hana e Galaxy Zoo, Banerji et al. (2010) kukulu iho la i ka mīkini aʻo ÷ i ke kilokilo i ka kanaka Mea Maluna o ka galaxy ma muli o keʻano o ke kiʻi. Ina keia mīkini aʻo ÷ ke paʻi i na kanaka Mea Maluna me ka kiʻekiʻe pololei, alaila he mea hiki ke hoʻohana 'ia e Galaxy Zoo noiʻi e classify heʻano nui mana nui o galaxies.

I ka 'ōlelo o Banerji, a me nā hoapili' kokoke loa i kahi mea nae nani like no 'ana i kūpono mau hana i lawelawe noiʻi, eia nae ka mea similarity i ole ai e hala ole oe i mua ļ. Mua, Banerji a me nā hoapili hoohuliia mai kela a me keia ano iloko o ka lākou o ka laulā helehelena e hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo he waiwai. No ka mea, laʻana, no ka mea, nā kiʻi o nā galaxies aole loa he ekolu hiʻona: i ka nui o ka lole uliuli, ma ke ano, ke kū'ē ma loko o ka olinolino o na nā kiko kiʻi, a me ka like ana o ka ole-keokeo nā kiko kiʻi. Ke koho ana o ka pololei helehelena he nui i kekahi hapa o ka pilikia, a me ia ano laulā, pono malalo-wahi mākaukau. Keia mua 'anuʻu, mau kapa hiʻona ka hana' enekinia, hualoaʻa ma ka 'ike mua me hookahi lalani no ke kiʻi, a laila,ʻekolu kolamu hōʻike no ka mea kiʻi. Haawi mai i ka 'ikepili'ōpū mai, a me ka makemake ia auoiaea (e like me, ina paha i ke kiʻi, ua hoʻolahaʻia ke kanaka e like me ka elliptical galaxy), ke kanaka noiʻi koho i na mea kiko'î o ke ana helu kükohu-no ka mea, laʻana, i kekahi mea e like me ka logistic regression-i Wānana ke kanaka Mea Maluna ma muli o maluna o na helehelena o ke kii. Eia ke oki, ke kanaka noiʻi hoʻohana i nā mea kiko'î a ma keia ana helu kŘkohu e paka ka manaʻo Mea Maluna o ka hou galaxies (Kii 5.4). E manao o ka nohona Analog, manao wale ia oe i HI ike e pili ana i ka miliona nā haumāna, a me ka oukou ike paha lakou i puka 'o ia mai ke kulanui a me ka ole. Oe ke kupono i ka logistic regression i keia aeaiiua, a lailaʻoe e hoʻohana i ka kūpono ho kiko'î e kilokilo, ina hou haumāna e hele i puka mai kulanui. Ma ka mīkini palapala, ua kokoke loa i kahi, ka hoʻohana 'ana i hiki ke examples e ho okumu i kekahi ana helu kŘkohu i xa lepili i hiki hou ikepili-ua kapaia kākoʻo aʻo (Hastie, Tibshirani, and Friedman 2009) .

Kii 5.4: Nohie ho'ākāka 'ana no ka Banerji et al. (2010) hoʻohana i ka Galaxy Zoo Mea Maluna lńkou ke mīkini aʻo ÷ e hana galaxy Mea Maluna. Images o na galaxies i hoohuliia i loko o ka'ōpū mai o na helehelena. Ma keia Nohie hana, he ekolu hiʻona (o ka nui o ka lole uliuli, ma ke ano, ke kū'ē ma loko o ka olinolino o na nā kiko kiʻi, a me ka like ana o ka ole-keokeo nā kiko kiʻi). A laila, no ka mea, he subset o nā kiʻi, ua hoʻohanaʻia ka Galaxy Zoo lepili i lńkou i ka mīkini aʻo kŘkohu. Eia ke oki, i ka mīkini palapala, ua hoÿohana i ke kiÿeleo Mea Maluna no o na galaxies i koe. I kapa i kēiaʻano papahana i ka lua-hanauna kanaka computational papahana no ka mea, aole i loaa hopena o ke hoʻoponopono i ka pilikia, ua loaa ao kanaka i kukulu i ka dataset e hiki ke hoʻohana i ka lńkou ke kamepiula no ke hoʻoponopono i ka pilikia. I ka pono o kēia kamepiula-kokua kokoke loa i kahi o ia mea mau hiʻohiʻona nō ia oukou e hana i känaʻano nui mana dala o na aeaiiuo hoʻohana wale i ka finite nui o na kanaka ke kākoʻo 'ana.

Naʻano ma Banerji et al. (2010) mīkini aʻo ÷ ua oi aku ka luna 'mamua o ka poe ma koʻu liʻiliʻi laʻana, no ka mea, laʻana, ua hoʻohana hiʻohiʻona e like me "de Ka Vaucouleurs pono axial lākiō" -andʻo kona kumu hoʻohālike i logistic regression, he meaʻimi hoʻopunipuni neural i ulanaʻia. E ho ohana i kona helehelena, kona ho, a me ka manaʻo ma Galaxy Zoo Mea Maluna, ua hiki ke ho okumu paona ma kēlā me kēia hiʻona, a laila, e hoʻohana i kēia mau paona, e hana i wānana e pili ana i ka Mea Maluna o na galaxies. No ka mea, laʻana, kona Ka Ikepili loaa i nā kiʻi me ka haahaa. "De Ka Vaucouleurs kupono axial lākiō" ua oi aku ka e kiʻi mai ia e spiral galaxies. Haawi mai i keia mau paona, ua hiki ke kilokilo i ke kanaka Mea Maluna o ka galaxy ma ke kuhi pololei.

Ka hana o Banerji et al. (2010) huli Galaxy Zoo i ka mea aʻu e kapa aku i kekahi lua-hanauna kanaka hou a nenoaiu. Ka ponoʻano a pau e noʻonoʻo e pili ana i keia mau lua-hanauna nenoai, he mea ia'ku oe me kou hopena o ke hoʻoponopono i ka pilikia, ua loaa ao kanaka i kukulu i ka dataset e hiki ke hoʻohana i ka lńkou ke kamepiula no ke hoʻoponopono i ka pilikia. Ka nui o kaʻikepili e pono e lńkou i ka kamepiula hiki ke nui a ka mea pono, he kanaka nui laulima e ho okumu ana. Ma ka hihia o Galaxy Zoo, ka neural latike hoʻohana 'ia e Banerji et al. (2010) koi 'ia i ka nui loa o ka helu kanaka,' ae 'ano he kumu hoʻohālike i wahi e hana ai i ka ÷ o ka mea e hiki ia ia ke reliably paʻi i na kanaka Mea Maluna.

I ka pono o kēia kamepiula-kokua kokoke loa i kahi o ia mea mau hiʻohiʻona nō ia oukou e hana i känaʻano nui mana dala o na aeaiiuo hoʻohana wale i ka finite nui o na kanaka ke kākoʻo 'ana. No ka mea, laʻana, he kanaka noiʻi me ka miliona hoʻolaha kanaka galaxies ke kukulu i kekahi predictive ÷ ka mea a laila, e hoʻohana 'hiki i ka classify i ieeeea? A hoi he trillion galaxies. Ina he ua alahula nui o na galaxies, alaila, i keia ano o kanaka-kamepiula hybrid oia maoli ka wale no e hiki pāʻoihana. Keia mana loa scalability ka mea,ʻaʻole i kaʻawale ia, nae. Ke kukulu ana i ka mīkini aʻo ÷ e pono paʻi hiki i ke kanaka Mea Maluna mea iho, he paakiki pilikia, aka, mea pōmaikaʻi, ua, ua maikaʻi na buke hoʻolaʻa mai i keia kumuhana (Hastie, Tibshirani, and Friedman 2009; Murphy 2012; James et al. 2013) .

Galaxy Zoo hōʻike i ka evolution o na kanaka hou a pāhana. Mua, he kanaka noiʻi ho'āʻo i ka papahana e iho, a me ka uuku o ka hui noiʻi kōkua (e like me, Schawinski ka loiloi mua Mea Maluna ho'āʻo). Ina keia kokoke loa i kahi ole ka pālākiō o ka pono, i ke kanaka noiʻi ke neʻe i ke kanaka hou papahana kahi nui na kanaka haawi Mea Maluna. Aka, no ka mea, i kekahi ka leo o ka aeaiiuo, he kanaka pono ka 'Oihana e, aole e maona. Ma ia wahi, noiʻi pono e kukulu lua-hanauna nenoai kahi kanaka Mea Maluna i hoʻohana lńkou ke mīkini aʻo ÷ e hiki alaila e pili ana i virtually kona palena dala o na aeaiiuo.