hou commentary

Keia pauku, ua papahana e, e hoʻohana 'e like me ka olua, i ole e heluhelu ia ka moolelo.

• Introduction (Pauku 5.1)

Mass laulima Blend manaʻo mai kupa 'epekema, crowdsourcing, a me na Kane akamai. Kupa nauka ana 'o ia hoʻi' ole i "kanaka" ( 'o ia hoʻi, ai' epekema) ma ka 'epekema kaʻina (Crain, Cooper, and Dickinson 2014) . Crowdsourcing ana o ia hoʻi, e lawe i ka pilikia ana nā mākau 'loko o ka hui, a ma kahi outsourcing ia i ka lehulehu (Howe 2009) . Kane manao ana 'o ia hoʻi pūʻana o nā kanaka hana collectively ma ka aoao i mea akamai (Malone and Bernstein 2015) . Nielsen (2012) He kupanaha buke-loa pōkole i loko o ka mana o ka nuipa a laulima no ka mea, iao? Noiʻi.

He nui ke ano o ka nuipa a laulima i ole ponoʻia i loko o ka waeʻano ekolu aʻu hou, a ke manao nei au ekolu pono kūikawā noonoo no ka hiki ia lakou ke noho pono keia mau mea i loko o ka lawelawe noiʻi ma kekahi welau. Hookahi kumu, he wānana 'aha kanaka, kahi i komo kuai a me ka kuai aelike i ua redeemable nānā' ana i nā haumāna a pau ana i loko o ke ao nei (Wolfers and Zitzewitz 2004; Arrow et al. 2008) . Noi aha kanaka, ua pinepine hoʻohana 'ia e onipaa no a me na aupuni no forecasting, a me ka luaÿi wahi kanaka ua hoʻohana no hoi e lawelawe noiʻi e kilokilo i ka replicability o ka paʻi haʻawina ma ka psychology (Dreber et al. 2015) .

A lua o kumu e, aole ia e pono maikaʻi i loko o koʻu categorization noaia, oia ka PolyMath papahana, kahi noiʻi hana pū 'ana me ka hoʻohana' Moʻomanaʻo Pūnaewele a me na Wiki e ho'āʻo hou makemakika theorems (Gowers and Nielsen 2009; Cranshaw and Kittur 2011; Nielsen 2012; Kloumann et al. 2016) . Ka PolyMath papahana ma kekahi aoao i like loa me ka Netflix makana, aka, ma ka PolyMath pāhana i komo hou Imi kūkuluʻia ma luna o ka hapa 'pāʻoihana o na mea e ae.

A kolu kumu e, aole ia e pono maikaʻi i loko o koʻu categorization noaia, he manawa-e kaukaʻi mobilizations e like me ka hoomalu ana Pae holomua Lālā Research Projects oihana i (DARPA) Leakaʻaʻike FIRST ( 'o ia hoʻi, ka Red Balloon FIRST). No ka mea, e oi aku maluna o keia manawa ikepili koʻikoʻi mobilizations ike Pickard et al. (2011) , Tang et al. (2011) , a me Rutherford et al. (2013) .

• Kanaka hou a (Pauku 5.2)

Ka manawa "kanaka hou a" hele mai ana mai loko mai o ka hana i hanaia e kekahi polokalamu kamepiula, ka noiʻi, a hoʻomaopopo i ka pōʻaiapili ma hope o kēia noiʻi kou hiki pono ke lawe aku i ke e amenable no ia pilikia, e hoʻoikaika 'ana. No ka mea, o kekahi hana, kamepiula incredibly ikaika me ka loihi e oi aku i akamai kānaka uea. No ka mea, laʻana, ma ka chess, kamepiula 'ē aʻe ke lanakila i nā mea maikaʻi nui haku. Aka, a ua emi maikaʻi mahalo i keia ma ka lawelaweʻepekema, no ka mea, na hana, kamepiula nae he nuiʻoi aku ma mua o nā kānaka. Ma kekahi olelo, pono Ano oe ua maikai mamua o ka mea Ka Uluwehi O Ke kamepiula ma kekahi hana pili i aaioee o nā kiʻi, video, nā leo, a me kikokikona. Pela, e like me ka ua ia manaʻo ma ka ke kupanaha XKCD kanak-laila, ua hana ka poe oluolu no kamepiula 'ē aʻe, a me ko lāua koʻikoʻi i kanaka, aka, he poe hoi hana i ka poe hana i kamepiula' ē aʻe, a oluolu no na kanaka (Kii 5.13). Kamepiulaʻepekema hana ma keia mau hana-no ka mea,-kamepiula 'ē aʻe-oluolu-no ka mea,-kanaka hana, nolaila, ike iho la lakou, e like me kānaka i loko o ko lākou computational hoʻolohe manaʻo kaʻina. Eia ko Luis av ahn (2005) i ho'ākāka 'ia ke kanaka hou, i ka wa ia dala mua i ke kau iloko o kona dissertation: ". I ka noho' ana no ka hoʻohana kanaka aaioee ka mana e hoʻoponopono i pilikia i kamepiula 'ē aʻe hiki hou ole ke hoʻoponopono"

Kii 5,13: No ka mea, i kekahi mau hana kamepiula kupaianaha, oi aku ka ikaika o kanaka akamai. Aka, no ka mea, na hana, ano ao kanaka i ke outperform i Ka Uluwehi O Ke kamepiula 'ē aʻe nenoai. Large pālākiō pilikia a pau pū hana i ka poe hana i kamepiula 'ē aʻe, a oluolu i ka hopena, ua pono-Ka Pakipika i ka pono hou a. Hoʻohana 'ia e like me nā hua'ōlelo i hōʻike' ia maʻaneʻi; http://xkcd.com/license.html

Ma keia ho'ākāka 'ana FoldIt-ka mea aʻu i hōʻike' ia ma ka māhele ma hamama kāhea aku a ke-hiki manaoia he kanaka hou papahana. Eia naʻe, I koho e categorize FoldIt e like me ka hamama kahea, no ka mea, pono hana kūikawā nā mākau, a me ia mea i ka pono pāʻoihana ka pilina ma mua o ka hoʻohana 'ana i ka mahae-pili-hui pu iho la ka hoʻolālā.

No ka mea, he maikaʻi puke loa lapaʻau o ke kanaka hou a, ma ka mea nui ano o ka makahiki, e ike Law and Ahn (2011) . Mokuna 3 o Law and Ahn (2011) he hoihoi 'kūkākūkā o ka oi aku luna' hui pu iho la me ke kapuai hookahi mamua o na mea i loko o kēia mokuna.

Ka manawa "mahae-pili-hui pu iho la" ua hoʻohana 'ia e Wickham (2011) e wehewehe i kou akamai no ana helu Me, aka, ia wahi aku me ka hopuʻia ke kaʻina o na kanaka hou a pāhana. Ka mahae-pili-hui pu iho kou akamai, ua like me ka MapReduce? Aieao i? Ac? Ma Google (Dean and Ghemawat 2004; Dean and Ghemawat 2008) .

Elua akamai kanaka hou a hana a pau aʻu i loaa i manawa e hui kūkā pū nō ka ESP Game (Ahn and Dabbish 2004) , a me reCAPTCHA (Ahn et al. 2008) . Elua o kēia mau papahana loaa ana 'aoao e kona kūpaʻa i komo e hoʻolako lepili ma luna o nā kiʻi. Eia naʻe, ua ho'ālaʻia elua o kēia mau papahana ethical nīnau no ka mea, e like Galaxy Zoo, i komo i loko o ka ESP Game, a me reCAPTCHA, aole i ike i ko lakouʻikepili ua i hoʻohana (Lung 2012; Zittrain 2008) .

Hooeueuia lakou e ko ESP Game, ua hoao nui noiʻi i nā mea e ae. "Pāʻani me ka manaʻo" (Ahn and Dabbish 2008) ( 'o ia hoʻi, "kanaka-aʻo hou a pāʻani" (Pe-Than, Goh, and Lee 2015) ) i hiki e hoʻohana e hoʻoponopono i keʻano o na pilikia. He aha kēia mau "pāʻani me ka mea" i ka pono ole, ua ai lakou i hoao e hana i na hana komo i loko o ke kanaka hou a ka puaʻa. Pela, oiai ka ESP Game mahele ia mahae-pili-hui pu iho la me nā hale me Galaxy Zoo, he mea i kekahi i ka i komo ua kūpaʻa-leʻaleʻa vs. makemake e kōkua 'epekema.

Koʻu ho'ākāka 'ana no Galaxy Zoo kokoke mai ma Nielsen (2012) , Adams (2012) , Clery (2011) , a me ka Hand (2010) , a ua Nohie koʻu ka hōʻike o ka noiʻi pahu hopu o Galaxy Zoo. No ka mea, nui ma ka moolelo o ka galaxy Mea Maluna ma ka kilohōkū, a me ko Galaxy Zoo mau keia moolelo, e ike Masters (2012) , a me Marshall, Lintott, and Fletcher (2015) . Hale maluna o Galaxy Zoo, ka noiʻi ana Galaxy Zoo 2 i ohi oi aku mamua o 60 miliona hou luna 'morphological Mea Maluna mai hana manawaleʻa (Masters et al. 2011) . Hoailona hou, a ai manamana aku la iloko o pilikia ma waho o ka galaxy morphology me exploring i ka ili o ka mahina, huli i kāʻei, a transcribing palapala kahiko. Currently, ua ohi i ko lakou mau papahana ma www.zooniverse.org (Cox et al. 2015) . Kekahi o na papahana-kope Serengeti-i nā hōʻike i Galaxy Zoo-type kiʻi Mea Maluna hana e hiki ai ke hana hoi no? Aneie noiʻi (Swanson et al. 2016) .

No ka mea, noiʻi hoʻolala e hoʻohana i ka anakahi iki-hana ka hana market (e like me, Amazon Mechanical Tureke) no ka mea, he kanaka hou papahana, Chandler, Paolacci, and Mueller (2013) , a me Wang, Ipeirotis, and Provost (2015) kaumaha maikai aʻo ma ka hana i manao ai, a me na nā nīnūnē.

Noiʻi hoihoi i ka pili ana i ka mea Fashion kapaia ka lua o ka hanauna kanaka hou a nenoai (e like me, nenoai kanaka lepili i ho ohana lńkou i ka mīkini aʻo ÷) ia e hoihoi ma Shamir et al. (2014) (no ka mea, i mea hoike me nā leo) a Cheng and Bernstein (2015) . No hoi, keia mau papahana hiki ke hana me ka hamama mau kāhea, ai noiʻi paʻi e hana mīkini aʻo Ke Ana Hoʻohālike a me ka nui predictive hana. No ka mea, laʻana, ka mea Galaxy Zoo hui holo i hamama kahea, a loaa i ka hou ua kokoke mai outperformed i ka mea ulu ma Banerji et al. (2010) ; ike Dieleman, Willett, and Dambre (2015) no ka mea, details.

• Open kelepona mai (Pauku 5.3)

Open kelepona mai, ua i hou. I ka mea, o kekahi o ka poe nui loa, ike hamama kelepona mai nā lā hoʻi i ka 1714 i ka wa Pelekane ka hale kanawai i hana mai i ka Longitude makana no ka mea e hiki ke kūkulu i ke ala e hooholo i ka me longitude o ka moku ma ka moana. Ka pilikia kumu nui o ka poʻeʻepekema nui loa o ka lā, e like me Isaac Newton, a me ka lanakila ana pāʻoihana, ua ho'ōla i waihoia mai e ka clockmaker mai ke kula i hele mai i ka pilikia okoa maiʻepekema i hoʻomōhala ma ka pāʻoihana a pau e somehow pū kilohōkū (Sobel 1996) . E like me keia hana kahaki ii ka, hookahi kumu e hamama kelepona mai i manaʻo ai e hana i pono no ia lakou hoomakaukau ke kōkua o ke kanaka meʻano kuanaʻike, a me nā mākau (Boudreau and Lakhani 2013) . Ike Hong and Page (2004) , a me Page (2008) no ka oi ma luna o ka waiwai o ke 'ano i ka wehe pilikia.

Kela a me keia o ka hamama kahea hihia ma ka mokuna koi he wahi hou wehewehe no ke aha ka mea, no loko o kēia mahele. Mua, hoʻokahiʻaoʻao a pau aʻu iʻike ma waena o kanaka hou, a hamama kapa papahana, oia paha ka auoiaea, he awelika o na mea a pau nā pāʻoihana (kanaka hou a) ai 'ole i ka maikaʻi pāʻoihana (e wehe ae kāhea). Ka Netflix makana, oia kekahi tricky ma keia manao, no ka mea maikaʻi loa pāʻoihana huli aku ai e lilo i Ka Uluwehi O Ke awelika o kanaka pāʻoihana, he kokoke kapaia he Kanakaʻole pāʻoihana (Bell, Koren, and Volinsky 2010; Feuerverger, He, and Khatri 2012) . Mai ke kuanaʻike o Netflix, nae, a pau lakou i ka hana, ua koho ka maikaʻi loa pāʻoihana.

Lua, ma kekahi wehewehena o ke kanaka hou a (e like me, Von Ahn (2005) ), FoldIt e manaoia he kanaka hou papahana. Eia naʻe, I koho e categorize FoldIt e like me ka hamama kahea, no ka mea, pono hana kūikawā nā mākau, a me ia mea i ka pono pāʻoihana ka pilina, ma mua me ka mahae-pili-hui pu iho la ka hoʻolālā.

Eia ke oki, ka mea hiki hoʻopaʻapaʻa ana i nā hoa-i-Palapala Sila Nui, he laʻana o māhele aeaiiuo ohi. I koho e komo aku e like me ka hamama kahea, no ka mea, he hoʻokūkū, e like 'ole, a ua hana wale no ka maikaʻi loa nā haʻawina (no ka mea, me ka haawi aeaiiuo ohi, i ka manaʻo o ka pono a me ka hewa nā haʻawina ua emi maopopo).

No ka mea, hou maluna o ka Netflix uku, ike Bennett and Lanning (2007) , Thompson (2008) , Bell, Koren, and Volinsky (2010) , a me Feuerverger, He, and Khatri (2012) . No ka mea, hou maluna o FoldIt ike, Cooper et al. (2010) , Andersen et al. (2012) , a me Khatib et al. (2011) ; koʻu ho'ākāka 'ana no FoldIt kokoke mai ma luna o nā ho'ākāka ma Nielsen (2012) , Bohannon (2009) , a me ka Hand (2010) . No ka mea, hou i nā hoa-i-Palapala Sila Nui, ike Noveck (2006) , Bestor and Hamp (2010) , Ledford (2007) , a me Noveck (2009) .

I like loa me ka hopena o Glaeser et al. (2016) , Mayer-Schönberger and Cukier (2013) , Chapter 10 nā hōʻike nui i waiwai ai ma ka hana a hale luna, ma New York City ka wa ka nānā 'ana, ua alakaʻiʻia e predictive ana hoʻohālike. In New York City, ua kūkuluʻia kēia mau predictive ana hoʻohālike ma ia kulanakauhale? Aaiuo, aka, ma na hihia, ka mea hiki ke manao wale ia lakou e hiki ke hana a hou me ka hamama mau kāhea (e like me, Glaeser et al. (2016) ). Eia naʻe, hoʻokahi nui, ae hoʻomaopopoʻia me ka predictive ana hoʻohālike i hoʻohana 'ia e līkaia waiwai oia i ka Ke Ana Hoʻohālike i ka Loaʻaʻia e hoʻopuʻipuʻi na biases. Nui noiʻi ano ike "ioni? I, ioni? I", a me ka predictive ana hoʻohālike mea hiki e "bias iloko, bias mai." E nana Barocas and Selbst (2016) , a me O'Neil (2016) no ka oi ma na pilikia o predictive ana hoʻohālike i hanaʻi me ka biased aʻo aeaiiuo.

Kekahi pilikia e hiki ke pale aupuni mai me hamama hoopapa, oia ia mea pono ikona hookuu, ka mea hiki ke alakai i ka pilikino 'aʻe'. No ka mea, e pili ana i kuleana hūnā 'ike a me kaʻikepili kala ma hamama mau kāhea ike Narayanan, Huey, and Felten (2016) , a me ke kūkā ma ka Mokuna 6.

• Haawiʻikepili ohi (Pauku 5.4)

Koʻu ho'ākāka 'ana no eBird kokoke mai ma luna o nā ho'ākāka ma Bhattacharjee (2005) , a me Robbins (2013) . No ka mea, hou maluna o ka noiʻi ho ohana ana helu ana hoʻohālike e kālailai eBird aeaiiuo ike Hurlbert and Liang (2012) , a me Fink et al. (2010) . No ka mea, nui ma ka moʻolelo o ke kupa 'epekema ma ka ornothology, ike Greenwood (2007) .

No ka mea, hou maluna o ka Malawi nā puke Papahana, ike Watkins and Swidler (2009) , a me Kaler, Watkins, and Angotti (2015) . A no ka mea hou i ka Pili pū ana papahana ma South Africa, ike Angotti and Sennott (2015) . No ka mea, hou ano he kumu hoʻohālike o ka noiʻi me 'ikepili mai ka Malawi nā puke Project ike Kaler (2004) , a me Angotti et al. (2014) .

• Ke hoʻololi i ko oukou mau (Pauku 5.5)

Koʻu kokoke i ka mohai manao'ōlelo aʻo, ua inductive, ma na ano he kumu hoʻohālike oʻana, a ole nuipa laulima hana i Fashion lohe ai e pili ana. He mea no hoi a ho'āʻo paha, he kahawai o ka noiʻi e pili hou nui nohona psychological theories i ke hoʻololi i online, nā kaiāulu i ka mea pili i ka manao o ka nuipa a laulima papahana, e nānā, no ka mea, laʻana, Kraut et al. (2012) .

E pili ana i kona kūpaʻa i komo, he mea nae kokoke tricky e pohihihi aku e like no ke aha kanaka komo 'ana i nuipa a laulima hana (Nov, Arazy, and Anderson 2011; Cooper et al. 2010, Raddick et al. (2013) ; Tuite et al. 2011; Preist, Massung, and Coyle 2014) . Ina oukou manao i kona kūpaʻa i komo me ka uku ma ke anakahi iki-hana ka hana market (e like me, Amazon Mechanical Tureke) Kittur et al. (2013) kaumaha ana i kekahi mau'ōlelo aʻo.

E pili ana i ka ho'ā kähähä, no ka mea, nui examples o unexpected discoveries e hele mai ana mai loko mai o Zoouniverse papahana, ike Marshall, Lintott, and Fletcher (2015) .

E pili ana i ua ethical, kekahi mea maikai nui hoʻokomo 'ia' ana i nā helu 'ole ua Gilbert (2015) , Salehi et al. (2015) , Schmidt (2013) , Williamson (2016) , Resnik, Elliott, and Miller (2015) , a me Zittrain (2008) . No ka mea, nāna e hoʻopuka 'ia nā nīnūnē me ka poe kanaka? Aaiuo, ike Felstiner (2011) . O'Connor (2013) helu kuhi henua ninau e pili ana ethical ia maluna o ka noiʻi i ka wa a ka pelekikena o ka noiʻi, a me i komo blur. No ka mea, nāna e hoʻopuka i pili i ke kaʻana like 'ike i mālama participats i kupa nauka hana, ike Bowser et al. (2014) . O Purdam (2014) , a me Windt and Humphreys (2016) i kekahi mau hoopaapaa ana ka ethical hāpai 'ia ma haawi aeaiiuo ohi. Eia ke oki, loa papahanaʻike nō nā haʻawina aka, aole e kilo aie i ka i komo. In Foldit, ka Foldit Band ua pinepine i makemake ai e like me ka mea kākau (Cooper et al. 2010; Khatib et al. 2011) . Ma kekahi hamama kahea hana, i ka lanakila ana kōkoʻolua hiki pinepine palapala i ka pepa hōʻike no ko lakou mau pāʻoihana (e like me, Bell, Koren, and Volinsky (2010) , a me Dieleman, Willett, and Dambre (2015) ). Ma ka Galaxy Zooʻohana o nā papahana, loaʻeleu a me ka nui kōkoʻolua i kekahi manawa, kono e lilo i ke kākoʻo 'mea kākau ma palapala. No ka mea, laʻana, Ivan Terentev a me Tim Matorny, elua Radio Galaxy Zoo i komo mai Rusia, ua kākoʻo '-mea kākau ma kekahi o na pepa i puka mai, mai ia papahana (Banfield et al. 2016; Galaxy Zoo 2016) .