6.4.3 Lunakanawai

Pono ka mea e pili ana i kaulike ai na ka pilikia a me na pomaikai o ka noiʻi, ua haawi ma mull wale.

Ka Belmont Report hoʻopaʻapaʻa ai hoi ka loina hooponopono o Lunakanawai helu kuhi henua ka puunaue ana o na ukana a me na pomaikai o ka noiʻi. Ka mea, he mea e ole ai e ka hihia i kekahi hui ma ke kaiāulu hanau i na koina o ka noiʻi oiai kekahi hui'ē hoʻi eʻohi i kona pomaikai. No ka mea, laʻana, ma ka 19th, a kakahiaka nui 20th kenekulia, o na mea kaumaha a ana e like me ka hana noiʻi kanaka ma ka 'inikua hookolokolo haule pili i ka poe ilihune, a me ka pomaikai o ka hou mālama' kahe kuhikuhi i ka waiwai.

Ma ka hana, ka loina o ka Lunakanawai, ua initially hoohalike ana a puni ka manaʻo i kūlana kanaka e hoomaluia mai noiʻi. Ma kekahi olelo, noiʻi e ole e 'ae' ia intentionally waiwai pio ma ka powerless. He mea pihoihoi iho la ia kumu i loko o ka wā i hala, he nui loa ethically problematic haʻawina, ua komo loa kūlana i komo me ke komo pu poorly hoʻonaʻauao, a disenfranchised kanaka (Jones 1993) ; pio (Spitz 2005) ; institutionalized, mentally ka polokalamu JavaScript keiki (Robinson and Unruh 2008) ; a me na elemakule, a me nā mea maʻi debilitated haukapila (Arras 2008) .

Around 1990, naʻe, ike o ka Lunakanawai hoomaka ae la e kowali ae mai ka palekana o ke kōkua o (Mastroianni and Kahn 2001) . No ka mea, laʻana, activists hoʻopaʻapaʻa ana keiki, na wahine, a me nā lāhuiʻuʻuku, e pono e e explicitly komo iloko o lapaʻau hookolokolo i ka mea mai ka ike i loaa ma keia mau hoao ana kōkua hiki i keia mau pūʻulu.

A iâ lâkou e ninau e pili ana i ka hoomaluia mai, a me ke kōkua o, ka loina o ka Lunakanawai, ua pinepine ka hoohalike ana, e hoala ninau e pili ana i kūpono uku no ka mea i komo-mea hoopaapaa a pau malalo iho i pili hoopaapaa ma ka 'inikua ethics (Dickert and Grady 2008) .

Ana i ka rula o Lunakanawai i ka ekolu examples e kaumaha ana i kekahi ala e loiloi ia lakou. I komo i loko o kekahi o nā haʻawina, ua compensated financially. Encore hoala i ka mea luna 'nīnau e pili ana i ka loina o ka Lunakanawai. Oiai ka rula o Beneficence ke paipai Ma waho aʻeo ka i komo mai nā'āina, me repressive aupuni, ka loina o ka Lunakanawai ke hoʻopaʻapaʻa ana e ku e hoole ana i keia poe kanaka i ka manawa kūpono e aku i komo i loko, ae pono mai-pololei ana o ka Internet censorship. I ka hihia o ke ono, Makehewa, a Time no hoi ke hoala mai ia wa iho. Ma keia hihia, hookahi a pūʻulu haumāna keia na ukana o ka noiʻi, a me ke kaiāulu kanaka, e like me ka ka pomaikai. E ike, naʻe, i keia ia, aole he oi loa kūlana kanaka. Eia ke oki, i ka 'ehaʻeha o Contagion ka i komo i ka hāpana mai ka heluna loa e kiʻi mai ia mai ka hopena o ka noiʻi pōmaikaʻi, pono aligned ke kahua me ka rula o ka Lunakanawai.