6.4.2 Beneficence

Beneficence mea e pili ana i ka naʻauao, a me ka hoʻomaikaʻi i ka pilikia / pono holoʻokoʻa o ko oukou ao, a laila, hoʻoholo 'ana ina mea pepehi i ke koena akau.

Ka Belmont Report hoʻopaʻapaʻa ai hoi ka loina hooponopono o Beneficence, he malama i ka noiʻi i ia i komo, a me ka mea komo ai nā'āpanaʻelua: (1) e hanaʻino a me (2) maximize hiki pomaikai, a me kń hiki ia ia i hoeha mai. Ka Belmont Report ko läkou 'ka manaʻo o "mai hana ino aku ia" i ka Hippocratic kauoha ma ka' inikua ethics, a he mea hiki e hoike ia ma keʻano ikaika kahi noiʻi "aole e iki i kekahi kanaka i ka nānā 'ole o ka pomaikai i ke hele mai i kekahi" (Belmont Report 1979) . Akā naʻe, i ka Belmont Report hoi hooiaio i ka mea pono ke aʻo 'ana ke pūʻilikai kekahi poe kanaka i ke kamepiula. Nolaila, ke Kuleana o ka hana ino e hiki ke kue i ke Kuleana e aʻo, e alakai noiʻi e hana occasionally paʻakikī hoʻoholo e pili ana i "wa he justifiable e imi i kekahi mau pomaikai mamua o ka ka pilikia ohana, a me ka wa o na pomaikai e foregone no o ka ka pilikia. " (Belmont Report 1979)

Ma ka hana, i ka loina o Beneficence Ua pio ka polokalamu hoohalike ana i ka olelo i noiʻi e lawelawe elua hookaawale keʻano o ka hanaʻana, he pilikia / pono Ka Ikepili a laila, i ka olelo hooholo e pili ana ina paha na ka pilikia a me na pomaikai pepehiʻiaʻana o kekahi ethical koena. Keia mua kaʻina ua pili kēia he oaoieei-mea e noi ana substantive akamai, a me ka lua, ua pili kēia he ethical mea kahi substantive mākaukau e e emi waiwai, a hoi detrimental.

A pilikia / pono Ka Ikepili komo ai na hoomaopopo, a me ka hoʻomaikaʻi i ka ka pilikia a me na pomaikai o ka mahele. Ka Ikepili o ka pilikia e komo elua hehee wale:ʻo ka probability o adverse hanana, a me ka inaina o ia mau hanana. Iloko o keia kahua, no ka mea, laʻana, he kanaka noiʻi hiki hoʻomaʻa i ka hoʻopaʻa 'ana i manao e emi i ka probability o ka adverse hanana (e like me, paku aku i komo ka poe kūlana) a emi i ka inaina o ka adverse hanana, ina he mea ia lŘlŘ (e like me, e aʻo i loaʻa i ka i komo e noi aku). Eia, i keia kaʻina noiʻi pono e malama i ka manao o ka hopena o ko lakou hana, aole pono ia i komo, aka no hoi i ka politika, a me ka i komo pilina nenoai. No ka mea, laʻana, noonoo i ka hoʻokolohua, ma Restivo, a me van de Ka Rijt (2012) ma ka hopena o ka hoʻolilo 'ia' o Wikipedia me ka luna hoʻoponopono (kūkākūkā ma ka Mokuna 4). Ma keia ho okolohua, ka noiʻi i hoʻolilo 'ia' ana i kekahi me ka luna hoʻoponopono a lakou i manao e pono ai, a laila pūʻolo i ko lakou mau haʻawina no Wikipedia like me ka hooponopono ana hui o like me ka luna hoʻoponopono e pono ai i ka mea a ka noiʻi i haawi hiki ke hoʻolilo '. Ma keia mau ao, i ka nui o na hoʻolilo 'ia' lakou i ua liʻiliʻi, aka, ina ua waikahe ka noiʻi Wikipedia me ka hoʻolilo 'ia' ia i hiki i o Nyos i ka lehulehu o na me ka luna hoʻoponopono me ka hoʻopōʻinoʻole i kekahi o lākou pākahi. Ma kekahi olelo, i ka wa e hana kamepiula / pono Ka Ikepili oe e manao e pili ana i ka hopena o ko oukou hana, aole pono ia i komo aka, maluna o ke ao hou broadly.

Aʻe, manawa na ka pilikia, ua minimized, a me na pomaikai i maximized, noiʻi e Loiloi paha ka hoʻopaʻa hahau i ka maikaʻi koena. Ethicists i waiho i kekahi mea summation o na koina a me na pomaikai. I like ko, kekahi ka pilikia hoʻihoʻi i ka noiʻi impermissible aole mea na pomaikai i (e like me, ka Tuskegee Syphilis Study i ho'ākāka 'ia i loko o ka Historical i paiiaʻi). Like ka pilikia / pono Ka Ikepili, i ka mea pili oaoieei-, o keia lua o ka anu u he nui ethical, a hiki no i ka mea e lako e na kanaka i loaa ole ia oukou kekahi kumuhana-wahi mākaukau. In mea, no ka mea, Hakaka pinepine kaʻina hana okoa mea mai insiders, ua koiia IRBs i loko o ka US e loaa ma ka liʻiliʻi loa hoʻokahi ole-kanaka noiʻi. I koʻu hoao ana e lawelawe nei ma ka IRB, keia mau Hakaka hiki e kōkua maikaʻi no ka pale hui-manao. No laila, ina oe e nona pilikia ka hoʻoholo 'ana paha ko oukou noiʻi papahana hahauʻiaʻana o kekahi kamepiula / pono Ka Ikepili, aole i pololei ninauʻoukou nā hoapili, e ho'āʻo e noi ana kekahi ole-noiʻi. ko lakou mau pane ke kahaha ko oukou naau ia oukou.

o ka Naauao no ka mea, aohe mea pinepine lula 'ka maopopo' ana i ka pilikia ma mua o ka hoʻomaka ao ana i ka loina o Beneficence i ka ekolu examples. No ka mea, laʻana, na noiʻi i ike i ka probability a nui o nā hanana adverse i hiki ke kena ae la ma ko lakou mau haʻawina. Keia maopopo no nae loa, he pono ole i ka mīkini makahiki noiʻi, a me ka hope o keia Mokuna, E hoʻolaʻaʻia lā i pauku holoʻokoʻa i ka hakaka ana o ka manaʻo hoʻoholo i loko o ka maka o ka maopopo '(Pauku 6.6.4). Akā naʻe, i ka loina o Beneficence i paipai i kekahi mau hoololi i ke e hana ai i kēia mau haʻawina e holomua i ko lakou pilikia / pono kaulike. No ka mea, laʻana, i ka 'ehaʻeha o Contagion, hiki i ho'āʻo ai i ka noiʻi e pale aku i nā kānaka ma lalo o 18 makahiki, a me na kanaka, ka poe i oi loa aku hoi e kiʻi mai ia react ino i ka iapaau ana. Lakou i hiki ke hoʻi hoao e kń i ka nui o na i komo ma ka hoʻohana 'ana i efficient ana helu ano (e like me ia i ho'ākāka' ia ma au mamuli o ka Mokuna 4). Hoailona hou, a hiki i hoao ai e kanaka hoʻoponopono i komo, ae kaumaha kokua ana i ka mea i ikeia e ua pōʻino. Iloko o lakou e hoao ei, Makehewa, a me Time, ka noiʻi hiki i waiho keu ka hoʻopalekana 'ana i ka wahi i ka wa a lakou i hookuu i nā ikepili (nae ko lakou mau kaʻina hana, ua apono ia e Harvard ka IRB i paipai ia lakou, ua ku i ka hana maʻamau i ia manawa). I e kaumaha aku ai i kekahi mea i ho'ākāka 'manaʻo kōkua e pili ana i aeaiiuo kalaʻana ma hope o ka mokuna i ka wa aʻu e hōʻike informational kamepiula (Pauku 6.6.2). Eia ke oki, ma Encore, ka noiʻi hiki i ho'āʻo e kń i ka helu o ka risky e wehe 'ia i hana i ka mea e loaʻa ai i ka pahu hopu ana o ka papahana, a ua hiki i hoʻokoe' i komo i ka poe nui i ka pilikia mai repressive aupuni. Kela mea keia mea o kēia hiki hoʻololi e alakaʻi mai i kuai-mua aʻe nei iloko o ka manao o keia mau papahana, a me koʻu pahuhopu nui ka mea, aole e paipai i keia mau kanaka noiʻi ë i hana keia mau mea hou. E aho, i koʻu pahuhopu nui no e hoike mai i na ano o ka loli i ka rula o Beneficence ke paipai.

Eia ke oki, eia nae ka mīkini makahiki ua nui i ka he o ka pilikia a me na pomaikai i oi aku ka luna ', ua lilo i mea hiki e noiʻi e hoomahuahua i na pomaikai o ko lakou mau hana. I like ko, o na mea paahana o ka mīkini makahiki nui kōkua hamama, a reproducible noiʻi, kahi noiʻi i ko lakou noiʻiʻikepili, a me karaima loaʻa i nā noiʻi ae i ko lakou mau palapala ia no ka lehulehu ma ka hoolaha ana hamama ke kula. Keia hoololi i ka wehe a me ka reproducible noiʻi, oiai, aole mea, e kaumaha ana i ka ala no ka noiʻi e hoomahuahua i na pomaikai o ko lakou noiʻi me kaʻilikai i komo i kekahi hou kamepiula (aeaiiuo kaʻana like 'ia, he koe ka mea e, e kūkākūkā i au mamuli o ka pauku maluna o informational pilikia (Pauku 6.6.2)).