6.1 Introduction

Ka mua mokuna, ua hoike ia ka mīkini makahiki hana hou kūpono no kaʻohiʻohi a me ke kālailai nohona ikepili. Ka mīkini makahiki i hoi hana hou ethical hana nui loa ia. Ka pahuhopu o kēia mokuna ka mea, e haawi aku ia oukou i na mea paahana a pau e pono e hana i käna mau ethical hana nui loa ia.

I ko lakou mau mea a ianoiyuaa a maopopo, a hoa pāonioni e pili ana i ka hana kūpono o kekahi mīkini elemakule nohona noiʻi. Keia ka maopopo 'Ua alakai elua nā pilikia, o kekahi o ka mea i loaa nui aku noonoo ana mamua o ka kekahi i ka. Ma ka kekahi lima, kekahi noiʻi ua hoopiiia o na kanaka ke kuleana hūnā 'ike' aʻe 'ole kākau inoa' ​​oe i komo i loko o unethical hoʻokolohua. O keia mau hihia, ka mea aʻu e hōʻike i loko o kēia mokuna, i hookumu i ke kumuhana o ka nui hoopaapaa, a me ke kūkākūkā. Ma ka kekahi lima, i ka ethical maopopo i no hoi i he kanawai, pale ethical a me ka nui noiʻi mai ka hana; i kekahi mea i au i manao, ua nui emi i hoʻomaopopo ai. No ka mea, laʻana, iloko o ka 2014 Ebola outbreak, na ola luna makemake 'ike e pili ana i ka ka hoʻoneʻe ana o na kanaka, ma ka loaʻelemakule mailoko o'āina, i mea e kōkua ai i ka mana outbreak. Mobile kelepona poe i piha kahea mooolelo a pau i hiki i hoomakaukau kekahi o kēia 'ike. Aka, ethical a me na loio i pili bogged iho ho'āʻo noiʻi 'e kālailai i nā ikepili (Wesolowski et al. 2014) . Ina kakou e hoʻomōhala ethical kūmau a me nā ana hoʻohālike o ka poe i kaana e na noiʻi, a me ka lehulehu, a ke manaʻo nei au ia kakou ke hana i keia, alaila, ke kaua i na uea 'o ka mīkini makahiki ma ka aoao o ka poe kuleana a me ka pono i ke kaiāulu.

He nui kaʻokoʻa ma waena o ka lawelaweʻepekema, a me ikepiliʻepekema hoʻokokoke noiʻi ethics. No ka mea, lawelaweʻepekema, manao no ethics ua Kīwala'ō ma lalo huiʻoihana Review Boards (IRBs) a me na rula a lakou i uaʻano hana me ka pule. Ma hope o na mea a pau, ke wale no ala a pau loa empirical nohonaʻepekema 'ike ethical hoopaapaa no ma ka bureaucratic kaʻina o IRB hōʻike manaʻo. Ikepiliʻepekema, ma ka kekahi lima, e uuku systematic hana me ka noiʻi ethics no ka mea, aole i olelo kūkākūkā ma ka kamepiula 'epekema, a me ka hana' enekinia. Aole o keia mau hoʻokokoke mai-na rula-Aʻo kokoke loa i kahi o ka lawelaweʻepekema, a me ka hoʻolaha-hoc kokoke loa i kahi o na aeaiiuoʻepekema, he pono Ka Pakipika no ka lawelawe noiʻi ma loko o ka mīkini mau makahiki. Akā, ke manaoio nei au e like me kakou e like me ke kaiāulu e hana holomua, ina kakou apono i ke kumu-Aʻo kokoke loa i kahi. Ka mea, noiʻi e loiloi i ko lakou noiʻi ma o na rula, ka mea aʻu e lawe i haawi mai ai, ae lawe e followed-, a ma o oi nui ethical kumu. Keia kumu-Aʻo kokoke loa i kahi e hōʻoiaʻiʻo i noiʻi hiki i kupono hoʻoholo a puni noiʻi no ka mea, i na rula i ole i palapalaia, a ia makou ke manawalea ana mai iaʻu i ko makou hoopaapaa ana me kekahi noiʻi, a me ka lehulehu.

Na kumu-Aʻo kokoke wale no kaʻu e koiʻo ka mea i hou; ka mea, ua kokoke mai no makahiki o mua manaʻo. E like me ka oukou e ike, ma kekahi mau hihia o na kumu-Aʻo kokoke hiki aku ai ae hoomaemae loa oia, actionable pāʻoihana. A, i ka wa ia aole ia e alakai aku i ka pāʻoihana, he clarifies ka oihana-mua aʻe nei ho ohana ana, i mea pilikia no ka mea, he kaulike kūpono luku ana a me ka hikiʻole ke wehewehe ana i ko oukou hoopaapaa ana i na noiʻi, a me ka lehulehu. Eia, e like me oukou e ike, e lawe i kekahi kumu ke aʻo kahua kokoke loa i kahi, aole ia e pono i kuko nui o ka manawa. Koke ke kumu o kumu e aʻo, e hiki hoʻohana lakou e koke, a me ka maiau kona noonoo ana i ka laulā huahelu o ka pilikia. Eia ke oki, o na kumu mua, ma muli o hoʻokokoke ua lawa loa ia au i manao ai he mea e kōkua aole mea i ko oukou noiʻi i wahi paha kahi o oukou hana (e like me, Ke Kulanui, aupuni, NGO, a me ka poʻe).

Keia mokuna Ua hoʻololi i kōkua i ka luawai, me ka manao kanaka noiʻi. Pehea e manao nei anei oukou i na ethics o ko oukou mau hana? He aha e hiki ai ia oukou e hana aku ai i ko oukou mau hana hou ethical? Ma ka Pauku 6,2, au e hōʻike ekolu mīkini makahiki noiʻi hana a pau i ua loaʻa ethical hoopaapaa. A laila, ma ka Pauku 6,3, I u Hōʻuluʻulu Manaʻo mai ka poe i ho'ākāka 'ano he kumu hoʻohālike i hōʻike i ka mea au i manao, oia ke kahua kumu no ethical ka maopopo': koke e māhuahua ka mana no ka noiʻi e malama a me ka hoʻokolohua maluna o na kanaka me ko lakou 'ae' ole o kaʻike. Keia mau uea, ua hoʻololi ma mua o ko makou kūmau, rula, a me na kanawai. A malaila, ma ka Pauku 6,4, au e kakau i na kumu eha e hiki kuhikuhi i kou manaʻo: mahalo no ka poe, Beneficence, Lunakanawai, a me ka mahalo aku i ke kānāwai, a me na Paio. A laila, ma ka Pauku 6.5, au e hōʻuluʻulu elua laulā ethical? Aieao-consequentalism a me ka deontology-i ke kōkua ia oukou kona noonoo i kekahi o ka hohonu hana nui loa ia e ia oukou ke maka; wa he mea pono no oukou e lawe ethically questionable mea i mea e loaʻa ai ka ethically kūpono pau. Keia mau kumu, a me ethical? Aieao e hiki ai ia oukou e neʻe kēlāʻaoʻao hoʻomōhala i ka mea i ae ia e na rula, a me ko oukou akamai i nā mea i ko oukou hoopaapaa ana me kekahi noiʻi, a me ka lehulehu (Kii 6.1) hoʻonui. Me ka mea kāʻei kua, ma ka Pauku 6,6, e kūkākūkā eha wahi a pau he pololei ai hana nui no ka mīkini elemakule lawelawe noiʻi: 'ae (Pauku 6.6.1), ka naauao a me ka mālama' ana i 'ike pilikia (Pauku 6.6.2), pilikino (Pauku 6.6.3 ), a me ka ethical hoʻoholo i loko o ka maka o ka maopopo '(Pauku 6.6.4). Eia ke oki, ma ka Pauku 6,7, au e manao i ekolu mea hiki paha no ka hana i loko o ka wahi me ka unsettled ethics. Ma ka Historical i paiiaʻi na, au e wehewehe i ka evolution o ka 'ōnaehana o ka noiʻi ethics kiai ana i loko o kaʻAmelika Hui Pūʻia e like me ka Tuskegee Syphilis Study, ka Belmont Report, ka Lei Rule, a me ka Menlo Report.

Kii 6,1: The rula kālai'āina noiʻi ua loko mai o nā loina i ka huli i loko mai o ethical? Aieao. A ka papa kuhikuhiE hoʻopaʻapaʻa o kēia mokuna, oia ka noiʻi e loiloi i ko lakou noiʻi ma o na rula, ka mea aʻu e lawe i haawi mai ai, ae lawe e followed-, a ma o oi nui ethical kumu. Ka Common Rule, oia ke kauoha o na rula a ianoiyuaa a kālai'āina loa federally-hoʻolako 'ia ma kaʻAmelika Hui Pūʻia (no ka mea,' ike hou aku, e nānā i ka Historical i paiiaʻi). Na kumu eha hele mai elua uliuli-ribbon Panel ka mea i imi e hoʻolako ethical alakaʻi i ka noiʻi: The Belmont Report, a me ka Menlo Report (no ka mea, 'ike hou aku, e nānā i ka Historical i paiiaʻi). Eia hoi, consequentialism a me ka deontology ua ethical? Aieao i ka mea i hoʻomohalaʻia poe akeakamai no na haneri o na makahiki. A ola a me ka crude ala, e hoomaopopo i na aieao elua, oia ka mea e consequentialists kālele ana ma ka welau a me na deontologists kālele ana ma ka mea.