hou commentary

Keia unuhiia, ua hanaia ma ka kamepiula. ×

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hou commentary

Keia pauku, ua papahana e, e hoʻohana 'e like me ka olua, i ole e heluhelu ia ka moolelo.

Introduction (Pauku 6.1)

Research ethics ua traditionally no hoi hui pū kumuhana apau loa e like me iao? Epa a me ka auaaeaiea o ka aie. Keia mau kumuhana apau loa, ua kūkākūkā i ka nui au mamuli o Engineering (2009) .

Keia Mokuna, ua ikaika hoʻokino ma ke kahua ma ka United States. No ka mea, hou maluna o ka mea ethical manual kaʻina hana ma nā'āina'ē, eʻike mokuna 6, 7, 8, a me 9 o Desposato (2016b) . No ka mea, he hoʻopaʻapaʻa a pau o ka biomedical ethical nā loina a pau i alakaʻi ai i keia mokuna, ua excessivelyʻAmelika, ike Holm (1995) . No ka mea, nui moʻolelo loiloi 'ia o huiʻoihana Review Boards iloko o ka US, ike Stark (2012) .

Ka Belmont Report, a mahope rula i loko o ka US, ua hana aku ai i hoʻokaʻawale i waena o noiʻi, a me ka hana pono. Keia hoʻokaʻawale Ua nema a laila (Beauchamp and Saghai 2012; boyd 2016; Metcalf and Crawford 2016; Meyer 2015) . no ka mea, I noonoo i ka ethical kumu, a? aieao i pili i nā kāwaha, aole au i hana i keia hookaawale i loko o kēia mokuna. No ka mea, hou ma ka noiʻi luna ma Facebook, ike Jackman and Kanerva (2016) . No ka mea, i kekahi noi no ka noiʻi luna ma poʻe, a me NGOs, ike Polonetsky, Tene, and Jerome (2015) , a me Tene and Polonetsky (2016) .

No ka mea, hou ma ka hihia o ka Ebola outbreak i ka 2014, ike McDonald (2016) , a no ka mea, e pili ana i ke kuleana hūnā 'ike ka pilikia o Mobile kelepona aeaiiua, ike Mayer, Mutchler, and Mitchell (2016) . No ka mea, he kumu o ka ulia-pili noiʻi me Mobile kelepona aeaiiua, ike Bengtsson et al. (2011) , a me Lu, Bengtsson, and Holme (2012) .

Ekolu examples (Pauku 6.2)

He nui nā kānaka i kākauʻia e pili ana i 'ehaʻeha o Contagion. Ka puke pai Research Ethics a pau i ko lakou loa pukana ma January 2016 ana i ka hoʻokolohua; ike Hunter and Evans (2016) no ka mea, he hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo. I na hana o ka National kula o Nauka hoolahaia apana elua e pili ana i ka hoʻokolohua, Kahn, Vayena, and Mastroianni (2014) , a me Fiske and Hauser (2014) . Other na apana e pili ana i ka hoʻokolohua puke: Puschmann and Bozdag (2014) , Meyer (2014) , Grimmelmann (2015) , Meyer (2015) , Selinger and Hartzog (2015) , Kleinsman and Buckley (2015) , Shaw (2015) ; Flick (2015) .

No ka mea, nui maluna o Encore, ike Jones and Feamster (2015) .

Digital mea okoa (Pauku 6.3)

I ka olelo o ka nuipa a hoʻomakākiu, ua hoʻolako ka laulā ka hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo i loko o Mayer-Schönberger (2009) , a me Marx (2016) . No ka mea, he pōhaku puna laʻana o ka hoololi ana i na koina o ka hoʻomakākiu, Bankston and Soltani (2013) koho i ka mea e pili ana i 50 mau manawa ma mua o cheaper me physical hoʻomakākiu ka hoʻokoloʻana i kekahi karaima i hoʻohuoi nui me aeea kaul. Bell and Gemmell (2009) 'oi aku ka nui optimistic kuanaʻike ma ka nohona hoʻomakākiu. A iâ lâkou e ka hiki ia ia ke Track observable 'ana i ka lehulehu ai' ole hapa 'ia ka lehulehu (e like me, lakou e hoao ei, Makehewa, a me ka Time), noiʻi hiki increasingly infer mea noonoo i na mea he nui i komo ai e kekahi. No ka mea, laʻana, o Mikala Kosinski a me nā hoapili hōʻike i hiki ia lakou ke infer ikepili koʻikoʻi 'ana i kanaka, e like me ka moe kohoʻia a me ka hoʻohana' ana i ka addictive waiwai mai seemingly ano o mīkini kumumea ikepili (Facebook Likes) (Kosinski, Stillwell, and Graepel 2013) . ke ano o keia kani ke kilokilo, aka, i ke kokoke loa i kahi Kosinski, a me nā hoapili hoʻohana-a hiehie kikohoʻe ko läkou ', ana, a kākoʻo ke aʻo' ana, ka mea nae mea i Fashion hai mua wau ia oe a puni. Keia iloko o ka mea ma ka Mokuna 3 (e noi ana nīnau) I hai aku ia oukou i ko Josh Blumenstock, a me nā hoapili (2015) hui anamanaʻoʻikepili me Kelepona Paʻi ikepili e manaʻo ilihune ma Rwanda. Keia kiko'ī ua kokoke loa i kahi, ka mea hiki ke hoʻohana 'ia e ka maiau ana ilihune i loko o ka ulu aina, e hiki ke hoʻohana no hoi no ka mea, potentially pilikino' aʻe kuhi.

Kue kanawai a me na kūmau ke alakai i ka noiʻi i ole mahalo i ka makemake o ka i komo, ao ka mea e alakai i "hoʻokonukonu Kūʻai" by noiʻi (Grimmelmann 2015; Nickerson and Hyde 2016) . I like ko, kekahi noiʻi i makemake e pale IRB kiai ana i hoa i ole uhi ia e IRBs (e like me, nā kānaka ma poʻe a NGOs) ohi a de-kuhikuhi ikepili. A laila, i ka noiʻi ke kālailai i keia de-hōʻike 'ikepili me IRB kiai ana, ma ka liʻiliʻi loa e like me kekahi mau ano o kaʻikena rula. Keia ano o IRB evasion mea akaka, e noho kue i ka kumu-Aʻo kokoke loa i kahi.

No ka mea, hou ma luna o ka manaʻo e kue a me ka heterogeneous i kanaka, ua puni ola aeaiiuo, ike Fiore-Gartland and Neff (2015) . No ka mea, hou maluna o ka pilikia i heterogeneity hana no ka noiʻi ethics hoʻoholo ike Meyer (2013) .

Hana likeʻole ma waena o Analog makahiki a me kikohoʻe makahiki noiʻi mea i ka mīkini makahiki noiʻi AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN me ka i komo, ua oi aku ka mamao. Keia mau hana kūleʻa pinepine ana ma ka intermediary e like me ka poʻe, a he mea nō kāu he nui ke kino, a me ka nohona-mamao ma waena o noiʻi, a me i komo. Keia mamao AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN i kekahi mau mea a pau, ua oluolu i ka Analog makahiki noiʻi paʻakikī i ka mīkini makahiki noiʻi, e like me ka loiloi 'aku i komo ka poe e noi mai ana keu ka hoomaluia mai, AeAaO adverse hanana, a me ka remediating ia ia ka poino, ina he ia lŘlŘ. No ka mea, laʻana, e ke keiki Akä 'ehaʻeha o Contagion me ka mea hypothetical Keʻena hoʻokolohua ma ka ia kumuhana. Ma ke Keʻena hoʻokolohua, noiʻi ke pale aku kekahi i hōʻea ma ke Keʻena e hoike ana i ahuwale na hoailona o ka 'ehaʻeha o ka pilikia. Eia, ina o ke Keʻena hoʻokolohua hana i adverse hanana, noiʻi e ike ia mea, hoʻolako i nā lawelawe i remediate i ka pōʻino, a laila, e hoʻololi 'ana i ka papa hana leakaʻaʻike i ole e hiki mai ia i hoeha mai. Ka mamao ano o AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN i loko o ka 'ehaʻeha o maoli Contagion hoʻokolohua mea kela mea keia mea o kēia mau mea, a me sensible mauʻanuʻu paʻakikī loa. No hoi, I hāʻupu aʻe nei ka mamao ma waena o noiʻi, a komo i noiʻi emi ikepili koʻikoʻi i ka pili o ko lakou komo.

Other kumu o kue kūmau a me na kanawai. Kekahi o keia inconsistency hiki mai ka mea i kēia noiʻi, ke aha a pau ma luna o ke ao nei. No ka mea, laʻana, Encore 'ole nā kānaka, mai nā mea a pau ma luna o ke ao nei, a nolaila, he mea ia e hoopai ia ka' ike a me ka palekana pilikino kanawai o na mea he nui okoa aina. He aha ina na kūmau kālai'āina kolu-aoao pūnaewele noi, (ka mea a Encore i hana) he okoa iloko o Germany, ke United States, Kenya, a me Kina? He aha ina na kūmau he, aole hoi e ku i loko o ka hoʻokahi'āina? A lua o kumu o ka inconsistency mai alu like ma waena o noiʻi ma kulanui a me na poe; no ka mea, laʻana, 'ehaʻeha o Contagion he laulima ma waena o ka' ike nä känaka 'epekema ma Facebook a me ke Kumu, a puka ka haumāna ma Cornell. Ma Facebook, ua holo nui ho okolohua oaeouee? A, i ia manawa, aole ia i koi kekahi kolu-aoao ethical manual. Ma Cornell na kūmau a me na rula, he loa okoa; virtually pono e nānā 'na hoʻokolohua, ma ke Cornell IRB. No laila, ka mea i na rula e hoomalu 'ehaʻeha o Contagion-Facebook no ke keiki a Cornell ke?

No ka mea, nui no na hooikaika ana, e hooponopono i ka Lei Rule, ike Evans (2013) , Council (2014) , Metcalf (2016) , a me Hudson and Collins (2015) .

Eha me nā loina (Pauku 6.4)

Ka Classic kumu-Aʻo kokoke i biomedical ethics he Beauchamp and Childress (2012) . Lakou i hāpai hou 'ia eha papa kuhikuhiE kumu e alakaʻi biomedical ethics: mahalo no ka mea, Autonomy, Nonmaleficence, Beneficence, a me ka Lunakanawai. I ka rula o ka nonmaleficence kauleo aku la kekahi, e hookaaokoa lakou i na laʻino aku i kekahi kanaka. Keia manaʻo, ua kaumaha loa i pili i Hippocratic manaʻo o "hana ino." Ma noiʻi ethics, o keia rula ua pinepine hui me ka rula o Beneficence, aka, e ike Beauchamp and Childress (2012) (Mokuna 5) no ka oi ma ke hoʻokaʻawale i waena o ka elua . No ka mea, he criticism o keia mau kumu, ua overlyʻAmelika, ike Holm (1995) . No ka mea, hou ma balancing i ka wa a na kumu kue, ike Gillon (2015) .

Na kumu eha ma keia mokuna, ua manaoia no hoi e alakai ai ethical luna no ka noiʻi hanaia ma poe a NGOs (Polonetsky, Tene, and Jerome 2015) ma ke kino i kapaia "Consumer kumuhana Review Boards" (CSRBs) (Calo 2013) .

Ka mahalo no ka poe (Pauku 6.4.1)

A iâ lâkou e no autonomy, ka Belmont Report hoi hooiaio ia, aole he hiki hoi ke oiaio ka hoʻoponopono paa kela kanaka. No ka mea, laʻana, keiki, kanaka pilikia mai ka maʻi, aʻaʻole e hiki iā ia ke hana e like me ka maopopo autonomous kanaka poʻe e noho ana ma ka wahi, i hiki o loa? Aiiie ku okoa ana, i, a ua mau kanaka, nolaila, malalo o keu palekana.

Ana i ka loina o ka mahalo i ka poe iloko o ka mīkini makahiki e hiki ke hana nui. No ka mea, laʻana, ma ka mīkini makahiki noiʻi, he mea hiki e paakiki e hoʻolako keu ka hoomalu ana i na kanaka, me maila ka ikaika ioeaie o ka hoʻoponopono hoʻoholo no ka noiʻi pinepine mea uuku e pili ana i ko lakou komo ike. Eia, lohe ae ma ka mīkini elemakule nohona noiʻi ka mea, he nui ka hakaka ana. Ma kekahi mau hihia, lohe io ae ke ae aku, mai ka mäliko paradox (Nissenbaum 2011) , kahi 'ike a me ka comprehension iloko o kaua. Koʻikoʻi, ina noiʻi hoolako piha 'ike e pili ana i ke' ano o ka 'ike ohi,ʻIkepili, a me kaʻikepili e malu hana, he mea e paʻakikī no ka mea, he nui loa i komo ai e ike. Aka, ina noiʻi hoolako comprehensible 'ike, he mea e nele nui oaoieei-ike. In 'inikua noiʻi i loko o ka Analog makahiki-ka Kīwala'ō Kāu Mau Koho Paʻamau noonoo ma ka Belmont Report-kekahi ke manao wale ke kauka e kamailio pu pākahi me kela mea keia mea i komo, e kōkua hoʻonā i ka mäliko paradox. Ma online no haʻawina pili i na tausani a miliona o na kanaka, ka maka-i-maka kokoke loa i kahi mea hiki ole. A lua o ka pilikia me ka 'ae' ana ma loko o ka mīkini makahiki, aia ia ma loko o kekahi mau haʻawina, e like me Ka Ikepili o ka papakaukau ikepili repositories, he mea e impractical e loaa hoʻomaopopo 'o ia ae mai na mea a pau i komo. I kūkākūkā i kēia mau a me na nīnau e pili ana 'ae i oi aku au mamuli o ka Pauku 6.6.1. Waho aʻeo kēia mau pilikia, nae, makou e hoomanao i ka hoʻomaopopo 'o ia ae heʻaʻole e pono ai, aole hoi e lawa i ka mahalo i ka poe.

No ka mea, e oi aku maluna o 'inikua noiʻi imua o hoʻomaopopo' o ia ae, ike Miller (2014) . No ka mea, o ka buke-loa wale i nā 'ae, ike Manson and O'Neill (2007) . Ike no hoi i ka? Aaeiʻikepili puni lohe ae ma lalo nei.

Beneficence (Pauku 6.4.2)

Harms i ka pōʻaiapili no ka pōʻino i hiki noiʻi ka mea, aole i kekahi kanaka, aka, i ka lawelawe 'okoʻa no ka. Keia manaʻo He iki Hōʻuluʻulu Manaʻo, aka, aole au e kahaki ia i elua examples: hookahi Analog a me hookahi kikohoʻe.

A Classic laʻana o ia i hoeha mai i ka pōʻaiapili mai mai ka Wichita ke jure Study [ Vaughan (1967) , Katz, Capron, and Glass (1972) ; Ch 2] -. Hoi i kekahi manawa kapa i ka Chicago ke jure Papahana (Cornwell 2010) . Ma keia like noiʻi mai ke Kulanui o Chicago, e like me ka hapa o ka nui o? Anoee e pili ana i ka lawelawe, ao ke ano o ka pono oihana, malu kakauia eono jure kūkākūkā 'ana i loko o Wichita, Honolulu. Na Lunakanawai a me na loio ma na hihia i aponoia i na mai, helu, a ua ikaika ia maluna o ke kaʻina. Akā naʻe, i na jure, ua ike ole ia mai, helu i ike. Koke ke ao, ua ike, he lehulehu outrage. Ka Lunakanawai Oihana hoomaka ae la ka hoʻokolokolo 'ana o ke ao, a ua kapaia ka noiʻi e hoike ma ke alo o ka Ahaolelo. Ultimately, Ahaolelo Lahui hala i kanawai hou ia mea 'ino ai i ka malu palapala jure noonoo i ka hihia.

I ka manao o na manaʻo kiʻiʻoniʻoni o ka Wichita ke jure Study, aole i hana ino aku ia ia i komo; aho, he mea ia i hoeha mai ia i ka pōʻaiapili o ke jure noonoo. Ka mea hoi, manaoio aku la ia poe kanaka e, ina i manaoio ole jure nā lālā a lakou me kēia hui kūkāʻana i loko o ka makahiki e ola hoomaluia, he mea paʻakikī no ka mea, ke jure kūkākūkā 'ana e hoomau aku i loko o ka wā e hiki mai. A iâ lâkou e ke jure noonoo, he poe kekahi i ho'ākāka 'lawelawe ma mua, i ke kaiāulu kanaka, hoʻolako me keu hoomalu e like me ka pili ma Loio-Client a me psychological malama (MacCarthy 2015) .

I ka pilikia o na ia i hoeha mai i ka pōʻaiapili a me ka 'uā' lawelawe nenoai no hoi hele mai la iloko o kekahi kula hoʻokolohua ma Kalaiaina Science (Desposato 2016b) . No ka mea, he kumu no ka oi pōʻaiapili-ikepili koʻikoʻi o na lilo-pono i ka ho omaulia i ka mahinaʻai hoʻokolohua ma Kalaiaina Science, ike Zimmerman (2016) .

Ke kaulike, (Pauku 6.4.3)

Ka Uku no ka mea, i komo Ua pio ka polokalamu kūkākūkā ma ka heluʻana o nā kāwaha pili i ka mīkini makahiki noiʻi. Lanier (2014) i manaoia uku i komo no ka mea, kikohoʻe ko läkou 'lakou paha. Bederson and Quinn (2011) discusses uku ma ka hana online, wahi. Eia ke oki, Desposato (2016a) hāpai 'ia ka uku komo ma kula hoʻokolohua. He mea nui aku i hiki ole i komo hiki ole ke uku pololei, he donation hiki ke hana i kekahi hui hana ma luna o ko lākou 'aoʻao. No ka mea, laʻana, ma Encore ka noiʻi hiki i i ka donation i kekahi hui hana e kokua komo i ka Internet.

Mahalo no ka mea, Law, a me Public ka ukupanee (Pauku 6.4.4)

Terms-o-hana aelike e i emi ke kaupaonaʻana ma mua o aelike negotiated ma waena o like aoao a me na kanawai i hanaia e kūpono no ke aupuni. Wahi, i hiki kahi noiʻi i hana kue i hua'ōlelo-o-hana ae like ana iloko o ka hala nui pū ka hoʻohana 'ana automated'ōlelo āna e hooia i ka hana o ka poe (nui e like me kula hoʻokolohua e ana ka hoʻokae). No ka mea, hou kūkākūkā ike Vaccaro et al. (2015) , Bruckman (2016a) , Bruckman (2016b) . No ka mea, he kumu o ka empirical noiʻi i discusses olelo o ka hana, e nānā Soeller et al. (2016) . No ka mea, hou maluna o ka mea hiki loio i noiʻi maka pilikia, ina lakou e kue ana i olelo o ka hana ike Sandvig and Karahalios (2016) .

Elua ethical? Aieao (Pauku 6.5)

ʻae Nō hoʻi, alahula mau dala ua palapalaia no consequentialism a me ka deontology. No ka mea, he kumu no ko keia mau ethical? Aieao, a me na mea e ae, e hiki ai ke hoʻohana i kona noonoo e pili ana mīkini makahiki noiʻi, ike Zevenbergen et al. (2015) . No ka mea, he kumu no ko keia mau ethical? Aieao i hiki i nā kula hoʻokolohua ma ka ulu 'aoʻao hoʻokele waiwai, e ike Baele (2013) .

Lohe ae (Pauku 6.6.1)

No ka mea, hou i hooia haʻawina o ka hoʻokae 'ole, ike Pager (2007) , a me Riach and Rich (2004) . Aole wale oukou i keia mau haʻawina, aole i hoʻomaopopo 'o ia ae, la lakou no hoi pū hoi i ka hoopunipuni ole debriefing.

O Desposato (2016a) a me Humphreys (2015) kaumaha aʻo e pili ana i ke kula hoʻokolohua me ke 'ae.

Sommers and Miller (2013) Waikiki nui manaʻo hoʻopiʻi kū'ē ma ka aoao o ka, aole debriefing i komo ma muli o ka hoʻopunipuni, a me ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa ka noiʻi e forgo "debriefing ma lalo o ka loa haiki kau o na ana, oia hoi, ma ka mahinaʻai noiʻi i loko o ka debriefing poses nui hiki o ke'ākeʻakeʻa aka, noiʻi e loaa aole hopohopo ai no debriefing ina e hiki. Kanaka noiʻi ë, aole e aeia e forgo debriefing i mea e malama i ka naʻaupō i komo auau, pale ia lakou iho mai ka i komo huhu, a hoomalu nae lakou i komo mai ka ino. "Kekahi hoʻopaʻapaʻa wale ia ina debriefing ke kumu ma mua pono ia e ke käpae '. Debriefing he hihia kahi i kekahi noiʻi prioritize ka mahalo i ka poe maluna o Beneficence, a me kekahi mau noiʻi hana i ka ku pono. Hanakimi hiki pāʻoihana e lilo ai e loaa aoao e hana debriefing i aʻo ka hoao ana i ka poe i komo. Ka mea, ma mua o ka manaʻo o ka debriefing e like me ka mea e hiki ia ia ke kenaʻino, paha debriefing hiki no hoi e kekahi mea e pomaikai i komo. No ka mea, he kumu no keia ano o ka hoʻonaʻauao debriefing, ike Jagatic et al. (2007) i debriefing haumāna ma hope o ka nohona hoʻopunipuni hoʻokolohua. Psychologists Ua ulu 'ana i kūpono no ka mea, debriefing (DS Holmes 1976a; DS Holmes 1976b; Mills 1976; Baumrind 1985; Oczak and Niedźwieńska 2007) a i usefully pili no kekahi o keia mau i ka mīkini makahiki noiʻi. Humphreys (2015) e kaumaha ana i hoihoi i manaʻo e pili ana i hoopanee ae, i mea pili loa aku i ka debriefing kou akamai a pau aʻu i hōʻike.

I ka manaʻo o ke noi ana i ka hāpana o ko komo no ko lakou ae, he pili pū ana i ka mea a Humphreys (2015) kahea inferred ae.

A hou manaʻo ka mea i manaoia Pili pū ana i ka hoʻomaopopo 'o ia ae ka mea e hana i kekahi panel o na kanaka, ka poe aelike, e noho ana ma online, ho okolohua (Crawford 2014) . Kekahi, ua hoʻopaʻapaʻa a pau o keia panel e lilo ia i nā moʻolelo kaulele hāpana o na kanaka. Aka, MOKUNA 3 (e noi ana nīnau) hōʻike i keia mau pilikia, ua potentially addressable hoʻohana kia-stratification a me hāpana'ālike. No hoi, ae e noho ma luna o ka panel ke uhi i kaʻole ma o ia mea. Ma kekahi olelo, i komo ole pono e 'ae i kela a me keia hoʻokolohua pākahi, he manaʻo kapaia palahalaha ae (Sheehan 2011) .

Ka naauao a me ka kuʻuna informational kamepiula (Pauku 6.6.2)

Mamao mai kūikawā, ka Netflix makana kahaki ii ka he nui oaoieei-waiwai o na datasets i pihaʻi piha 'ana i kanaka, a pela e kaumaha ana i nā haʻawina nui e pili ana i ka manawa kūpono o ka "anonymization" o kēia pilina datasets. AEIU, me na apana o ka 'ike e pili ana i kela a me keia mea a pau, aolie e sparse, ma ke ano ho'ākāka' Iwi ma Narayanan and Shmatikov (2008) . Ia mea, no ka mea, kela a me keia mooolelo, ua aohe mooolelo a pau i ka ia, a me ka mea aole he ole mooolelo a pau, ua aneane like, kela kanaka, ua mamao aku, mai ko lakou kokoke hoalauna ma ka dataset. I kekahi mea ke manao wale ia o ka Netflix ikepili i sparse no ka mea, me he 20,000 kiʻiʻoniʻoni ma ka 5 hoku pālākiō, ma laila ua puni \ (6 ^ {20,000} \) hiki Hawaiʻi i kēlā me kēia kanaka ke loaa (6 No ka mea, ma ka hou aku i kekahi i 5 hōkū , kekahi i ole Loipālākiō ke Kino i na mea a pau). Keia helu he pēlā nui, he mea paakiki e hiki ike.

Sparsity i ka papa kuhikuhiE implications elua. Mua, ka mea hoʻi e ho'āʻo i ka "anonymize" ka dataset muli o kaulele perturbation e paha pau. Ka mea, ina paha Netflix poe e randomly hoʻomaʻa kekahi o na Estate, (a lakou i hanaʻi), o keia ina aole e lawa no ka mea, o ka pīhoihoi ka mooolelo no koe i ka hea ka hiki mooolelo i ka 'ike i ka attacker i. Lua, ka sparsity hoʻi ia de-anonymization, ua hiki no ina ka attacker he imperfect a kaulike ike. No ka mea, laʻana, ma ka Netflix aeaiiua, e ka manao i ka attacker ike no ko oukou mau Estate no ka mea, elua kiʻiʻoniʻoni a me nā lāʻoukou i mau Estate +/- 3 la; pono, ua lawa ka ike wale no e uniquely hōʻike 68% o ka poe kanaka iloko o ka Netflix aeaiiuo. Ina o na attackers ike 8 kiʻiʻoniʻoni ka mea a oukou i Loipālākiō +/- 14 la, alaila, ina elua o keia mau ikeia Estate, ua pau loa ia hewa, 99% o na mooolelo Hiki ke uniquely hōʻike 'ia ma ka dataset. Ma kekahi olelo, sparsity ka mea, he kumu pilikia no ka pono 'ana e "anonymize" aeaiiua, i mea pōʻino, no ka mea laekahi nohona dataset ua sparse.

Kelepona metadata no hoi ke hoike hou aku ai e "Anonymous" a aole ikepili koʻikoʻi, aka, i ka mea aole loa ia pela. Kelepona metadata he 'ia a me ka' ikepili (Mayer, Mutchler, and Mitchell 2016; Landau 2016) .

In Kii 6,6, I sketched aku i ka oihana-aku ma waena o pilikia i ka i komo a me na pomaikai i ka noiʻi mai aeaiiuo kala. No ka mea, o ka hoʻohālike ma waena o? Aiiui ainooiii hoʻokokoke mai (e like me, ka paʻa mala) a? Aiiie ikepili hoʻokokoke mai (e like me, kekahi ano o ka anonymization) ike Reiter and Kinney (2011) . No ka mea, i ka i manaoia categorization ano o ka pilikia pae o aeaiiuo, ike Sweeney, Crosas, and Bar-Sinai (2015) . Eia ke oki, no ka mea, he oi aku ka nui kūkākūkā o ka aeaiiuo ke kaʻana like, ike Yakowitz (2011) .

No ka mea, nui piha Ka Ikepili o keia oihana-aku ma waena o ka pilikia a me ka pili i ka hoʻoponoponoʻana o aeaiiuo, ike Brickell and Shmatikov (2008) , Ohm (2010) , Wu (2013) , Reiter (2012) , a me Goroff (2015) . E ike i keia oihana, i noi i maoli ike mai massively hamama online, papa (MOOCs), ike Daries et al. (2014) , a me Angiuli, Blitzstein, and Waldo (2015) .

Palena pau pilikino no hoi e kaumaha ana i kekahi koho kokoke loa i kahi e hiki ai hui pu iho la na kahuna pomaikai i ka kaiāulu kanaka, a haahaa pilikia i ka i komo, ike Dwork and Roth (2014) , a me Narayanan, Huey, and Felten (2016) .

No ka mea, hou ma luna o ka manaʻo o nä kino ike (PII), i ka mea Central i na mea he nui o na rula a puni noiʻi ethics, ike Narayanan and Shmatikov (2010) , a me Schwartz and Solove (2011) . No ka mea, hou maluna o na mea a pau ikepili i potentially ikepili koʻikoʻi, ike Ohm (2015) .

Ma keia pauku, Fashion i kākauʻia i ka linkage o okoa datasets e like me ka mea e hiki ia ia ke alakai aku i informational kamepiula. Nō naʻe, he hiki no hoi i hana hou kūpono no ka noiʻi, e like me ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa ma Currie (2013) .

No ka mea, nui ma luna o nā wahi palekana elima, ike Desai, Ritchie, and Welpton (2016) . No ka mea, he kumu o ke pehea la e hiki ai nā mea hōʻike aku e nä, ike Brownstein, Cassa, and Mandl (2006) , ka mea e hōʻike mai ana mapa o ka maʻi prevalence hiki e nä: Dwork et al. (2017) hoi e hoomanao i ho'āhewa wale 'ku' Ohi aeaiiua, e like me ka 'ikepili helu i ka nui o na kanaka i kekahi maʻi.

Kulekele (Pauku 6.6.3)

Warren and Brandeis (1890) He hiʻona'āina pono Haawina no pilikino, a me ka pauku, ua nui pili i ka manaʻo a pau pilikino, he pono no e waiho wale. More nei puke loa kūlana kanaka o ka pilikino a pau au e paipai aku e komo Solove (2010) , a me Nissenbaum (2010) .

No ka mea, i ka loiloi 'ana o empirical noiʻi ma luna o ka poʻe noʻonoʻo i nā mea pilikino, ike Acquisti, Brandimarte, and Loewenstein (2015) . Ka puke pai Nauka hoolaha kekahi pukana me ke kuleana "i ka pau 'ana o Kulekele", i helu kuhi henua i ka helu o ka pilikino a me ka' ike pilikia, mai keʻano o ka okoa kuanaʻike; no ka mea, he hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo ike Enserink and Chin (2015) . Calo (2011) e kaumaha ana i ka? aieao no ka manao ana o na ia i hoeha mai e hele mai pilikino aʻe '. An kakahiaka mamuli o ka pili puni pilikino ma ka mea mua o ka mīkini makahiki he Packard (1964) .

Hana ana i nā manaʻo hoʻoholo ma lalo o ka maopopo '(Pauku 6.6.4)

Kekahi hana nui loa ia i ka wa e ho'āʻo ana e pili i ka minimal kamepiula hae ka mea ia ia ka mea i maopopo nona kela la i keia ola no ia e hoʻohana no ka mea, benchmarking (Council 2014) . No ka mea, laʻana, noho kanaka ua kiekie pae o ka discomfort iloko o ko lakou kela la i keia ola ana. Aka, i ole imply ia mea, he mea ethically ana e kiola aku la i noho kanaka i luna kamepiula noiʻi. No ka mea, o keia kumu, he pono e lilo kekahi lālā kona manaʻo ma ia minimal kamepiula e benchmarked ku e ka nui heluna hae, aole kekahi heluna hae. Oiai I nui ae i ka manaʻo o kekahi mau kanaka hae, ke manao nei au no ka nui online, paepae ai e like me Facebook, he ho'ākāka 'ia ka heluna hae he kupono. Ka mea, i ka wa noʻonoʻo 'ehaʻeha o Contagion, ke manao nei au, he mea pono i ka benchmark ku maʻamau o kamepiula ma Facebook. A i ho'ākāka 'heluna hae ma keia hihia, ua nui pono o ka loiloi, a me ka mea olelo lealea, e kue i ka rula o ka Lunakanawai, ka mea i imi e pale aku i ka ukana o ka noiʻi nele unfairly i keakea hui (e like me, pio a me na keiki makua ole).

EIA kōkua (Pauku 6.7)

Other haumana, ua kapaʻia nō hoʻi no nā palapala e komo ethical appendices (Schultze and Mason 2012; Kosinski et al. 2015) . King and Sands (2015) hoi e kaumaha ana i mea hiki kōkua.