hana

Key:

• degere o ka pilikia; oluolu , meakino , ikaika , Nui
• pono makemakika ( )
• pono coding ( )
• ikepili haul ( )
• koʻu punahele ( )

1. [ ] Ma arguing ana i ka 'ehaʻeha o Contagion hoʻokolohua, Kleinsman and Buckley (2015) kākau:

   "A ina he oiaio ia na ka pilikia no ka Facebook hoʻokolohua, ua hoohaahaaia, a hiki ina, ma ka hindsight, ua hookolokoloia na hualoaʻa e pono keia mau mea, he mea nui ka loina ma lü maʻaneʻi ka mea pono e kokuaia oia. Ma ka mea ala, i aihue, ua aihue ole mea i dala ka pae'āina, pela no makou a pau i ka pono, aole ia e ike maopopo ia me ko makou ike a me ka 'ae' ana, nā mea a pau i ke ano o ka noiʻi. "

   1. Ka mea o ka ethical? Aieao i elua kūkākūkā i loko o kēia mokuna, ai 'ole consequentialism deontology-ua kēia manaʻo hoʻopiʻi loa maopopo pili i?
   2. Ano, ke manao wale nei oukou makemake e hoʻopaʻapaʻa wale aku i kēia kūlana. Pehea e oe hoʻopaʻapaʻa i ka hihia i ka reporter no The New York Times?
   3. Pehea, ina i na mea a pau, i ko oukou i kekahi manaʻo hoʻopiʻi e okoa, ina oukou i kūkā ana i keia me ka colleague?

2. [ ] Maddock, Mason, and Starbird (2015) E hoomanao i ka ninau o ina paha noiʻi e hoʻohana i Tweets a pau i holoiʻia. Heluhelu mai o ko lakou mau pepa, e aʻo mai e pili ana i ke kāʻei kua.

   1. Kālailai i keia olelo hooholo mai deontological kuanaʻike.
   2. Kālailai ka mea kiko'ī oia olelo hooholo mai ka consequentialist kuanaʻike.
   3. Mea la oe e loaa hou hoomaopopo ana iloko o keia hihia?

3. [ ] Ma ka Haawina ma na ethics o na kula hoʻokolohua, Humphreys (2015) , i kohoia i keia mau mea hypothetical hoʻokolohua no ke kahińuli i ka ethical hana nui loa ia o uao ai 'i ua hana ole' ae o na mea a pau ka hopena i hōʻike 'aoʻao, a me ka mea e hoʻopōʻino wale aku ana kekahi, ae kokua aku ia hai.

   "E ke kanaka noiʻi, ua hui 'ana ma ke kaʻina o? Aia kaiaulu i makemake ai e pohihihi mai paha waiho alanui kukui ma slums e emi kino hewa. Ma keia noiʻi i na kanaka a pau o na hewa; imi 'ae o ka poe lawehala e paha compromise i ka noiʻi a ia nei, aole e forthcoming anyhow (' aʻe 'ana i ka mahalo i ka helehelena); na lawehala e paha i halihali i na koina o ka noiʻi me kaua ma ka ( 'aʻe' ana o ka hoopai); a laila e hoa pāonioni e pili ana i ka pomaikai o ka noiʻi - ina he mea pono ka, aole na lawehala i like ko e manaʻo aʻe (ka hana i ka pilikia no wale ia lokomaikaʻi). . . . Ka kūikawā nāna e hoʻopuka i maanei, aole pono puni na kamaaina nae. Eia ka mea, ua hoi ka pilikia i loaa i ole-kanaka, ina no ka hoʻohālike hewa retaliate ku e na papa hana ana i na kukui ma kahi. Ka hui e loa ka ike o keia mau ka pilikia aka e makemake ai e hali ia lakou, no ka mea, erroneously i manaoio i loko o ka 'ölelo-hoʻokumu' upu 'ana o noiʻi mai ka waiwai kulanui i ka poe ia lakou iho ohohia ma kekahi hapa, e hoolaha. "

   1. E kakau iho i ka leka uila i ka hui kaiaulu mohai i ko oukou ethical auhau o ka hoʻokolohua, e like me 'ia? E oe e kokua mai ia lakou e hana i ka hoʻokolohua e like me manaoia? He aha kumumea ke hopena ko oukou manao?
   2. He malaila kekahi hoololi i ke hoʻoikaika i kou auhau o na ethics o keia hana ho'āʻo.

4. [ ] Ma ka makahiki 1970 i ka 60 kanaka komo ma kula hoʻokolohua ia i wahi i loko o nā kānaka o ka make up ma ke kulanui i loko o ka midwestern hapa o ka US (ka noiʻi aole inoa i ke kulanui) (Middlemist, Knowles, and Matter 1976) . I ka noiʻi, ua hoihoi i loko o ka poʻe kānaka pane i ka 'aʻe' ia o ko lakou mau kino kahua, a Sommer (1969) hoakakaia e like me ka "iloko o ka poʻe komohewa e ole mai ia wahi me ka invisible palena a puni ke kanaka ke kino." More ua hōʻike hewa, ka noiʻi kohoʻia e noiʻi ana i ka ke kanaka ke urination ua hoʻohuli ai ma ke alo o kekahi poe kokoke. Mahope iho mālama nei i ka purely kilo ao, ka noiʻi 'ana i mālama i ke kula hoʻokolohua. I komo i haʻakoi e hoʻohana hema-loa urinal i loko o ka urinal up ekolu (na noiʻi aole wehewehe pono i kēia hanaia) ka. Aʻe, ua häʻawi mai i komo i kekahi o ekolu pae o interpersonal mamao. No ka mea, i kekahi kanaka, he hui pu oe hoʻohana i ka urinal pono ma hope o lākou, no ka mea, i kekahi mau kanaka i hui pu oe hoʻohana i ka urinal hookahi makahiki aku, mai o lakou, a no kekahi kanaka, aole hoolauna pu lakou nei komo aku la i ka make up. I ka noiʻi ana i ko lakou hoʻokūkū DEBFULLNAME-kali manawa a me ka manaopaa, ma ka hoʻonohoʻana i ka noiʻi kumu i loko o ka 'Ia e hanaiiaʻi e pili ana me ka i komo ka urinal. Eia i ka noiʻi wehewehe i ke ana i ke kaʻina hana;

   "Ua hoʻonoho He kilo i loko o ka 'Ia e hanaiiaʻi koke e pili ana me na kanaka' urinal. Ma ke kahu moku, e ho'āʻo ai o keia mau hana ua lilo i maopopo i hiki ole auditory cues e hoʻohana i ka peʻahi i ka hoʻomaka a me ka cessation o [urination]. . . . Akā, pilikia makapō cues ua hoʻohana. Ke kilo hoʻohana i ka periscopic prism imbedded i loko o ka noae o ka puke e moe ana iluna o ka papahele o ka 'Ia kupaluia. An 11-'īniha (28-knm) wa mawaena o ka papahele, a me ka pa ana o ka 'Ia e hanaiiaʻi i hoʻolako i ka manao, ma ke periscope, o ka mea hoʻohana i lalo torso a Ma muli nā moʻopuna pilikia makapō sightings o ke kahawai o ka mimi. Ke kilo, naʻe, ua hikiʻole i ka ike i ke kumuhana o ka maka. Ke kilo hoʻomaka 'elua, WAINIHA ST kiaʻi i ka wa a ke kanaka hehi aku i ka urinal, papani iho la i kekahi i ka wa i hoomaka ai urination, a papani iho la i ko kekahi, i ka wa urination ua' ōlelo. "

   I ka noiʻi i ike ai ua hoʻemi physical mamao hele aku ai i māhuahua kali hou aku; o ka hoouka kaua, a ua hoʻemi manaopaa (Kii 6.7).

   1. Anei ia oukou ke manao i ka i komo i hōʻehaʻia kēia ho okolohua?
   2. Anei ia oukou ke manao ia e ua hana i ka noiʻi i keia hoʻokolohua?
   3. He aha hoʻololi, ina kekahi, e ia oukou paipai aku e iaono? Ienoai i ka ethical koena?
   

   Kii 6,7: Results mai Middlemist, Knowles, and Matter (1976) . Kanaka e komo i ka make up, ua häʻawi mai ai kekahi o ekolu kūlana: kokoke mamao (a hui pu oe, ua waihoia lakou ma ka koke e pili urinal), lōpū loihi (ke hui pu oe i kau hookahi urinal i hele ai), a aole hui pu oe hoʻohana i ka urinal. An kilo hoʻonohoʻia ma loko o ka 'Ia e hanaiiaʻi hoʻohana i ka dute-kukulu periscope e malama a me ka manawa o ka lohi a me ka manaopaa o urination. Nānaina hewa a puni koho 'Aʻole i loaʻa.

5. [ ] Ma 'Aukake 2006, ma kahi o 10 mau lā ma mua o ka he iniiaiie koho, 20,000 poe kanaka e noho ana ma Hawaii loaʻa kekahi manaʻo hoʻoholo i hoike mai i ko lakou koho ana, a me ke koho hana o ko lakou mau hoa (ke Kii 6.8). (E like me kūkākūkā i loko o ka mokuna, ma ka US, ka Moku'āina aupuni e malama mooolelo o ka poe balota ma kela a koho, a me keia 'ike no ka hoʻolahaʻana i ka lehulehu.) Keia mau lapaau i na ka nui kanawai mau loa ike ae la i ka lae no ka mea, i hookahi apana leka: ka mea hoʻonui i ka turnout ana ma ka 8.1 pakeneka helu (Gerber, Green, and Larimer 2008) . E waiho i keia iloko o pōʻaiapili, hookahi apana papa hoʻomalele leka nō kāu paka, piʻi pū o ma kahi o hookahi pakeneka omaka (Gerber, Green, and Larimer 2008) . Ke kanawai, ua i nui ai ka pili aupuni operative o Hal Malchow kaumaha aku Donald Green $ 100.000, aole e hai aku i ka hopena o ka hoʻokolohua, (presumably no ia mea, Malchow ke i hoʻohana 'ana i kēia' ike iho) (Issenberg 2012, p 304) . Aka, Alan Gerber, Donald Green, a me Manuela Larimer i hoolaha i ka pepa i ka 2008, ma ka American Kalaiaina Science Review.

   I ka wa e pono nānā i ke Mailer ma ke Kii 6,8 oukou e hai i ka noiʻi 'inoa i ikeia maluna o ia mea. E aho, ka mea hoʻi aae? Ua i ka EIA Kalaiaina Consulting. Ma hooiaioia mai i ka pepa i na kākau wehewehe ana: "Special hoomaikai hele i Mark Grebner o ka EIA Kalaiaina Consulting, ka mea 'ia, a lawelawe i ka papahana e mail aʻo nei."

   1. ʻOluʻolu E Loiloi i ka hana ana o keia hana, ma na olelo o ka ethical loina eha i ho'ākāka 'ia ma kēia mokuna.
   2. He aha hoʻololi, ina kekahi, e ia oukou Meu i keia ho okolohua?
   3. E kakau iho i ka ethical i paiiaʻi i keʻikeʻia me kēia pepa i ka wa e paʻiʻia.
   

   Kii 6,8: hoa Mailer mai Gerber, Green, and Larimer (2008) . Keia Mailer hoʻonui turnout holo 'awelika ka 8.1 pakeneka helu, i ka nui loa keia a pau i loa i malamaia no ka hookahi-apana Mailer.

6. [ ] Kukulu ana i ka ninau mua, koke keia mau 20,000 mailers, ua hoounaia mai (ke Kii 6.8), e like me 60,000 kānaka'ē aʻe potentially emi ikepili koʻikoʻi mailers, ua laweia mai kekahi backlash mai i komo. In mea, Issenberg (2012) (pa 198) ai ia mau moʻolelo i "Grebner, ka luna hoʻokele o ka EIA Kalaiaina Consulting] ua ole hiki e hoʻomaulia i ehia na kanaka i ka pilikia e hoʻopiʻi ma ke kelepona, no ka mea, o kona oihana kakaolelo, i aku mīkini piha ia oe i hou callers ua hikiʻole ke waiho i ka olelo. "i mea, Grebner kaulana i ka backlash ke ua hiki nui, ina aole lakou i ho'ēmi 'ia ka iapaau ana. I mai la oia ia Alan Gerber, kekahi o ka poʻe noiʻi, "Alan ina kakou i kana a elima haneri tausani dala, a uhi i ka pau ana ia oe, a ke makemake nei au e noho ana me paula Rushdie." (Issenberg 2012, p 200)

   1. No anei keia 'ike hoʻololi i ko oukou mau pane i ka ninau mua?
   2. He aha papa kōnane no ka mea, Hana me ka hana ana i nā manaʻo hoʻoholo i loko o ka maka o ka maopopo 'e ia oukou paipai aku no kēia mua aku haʻawina a pau, ua like?

7. [ ] Ma hoʻomaʻamaʻa, loa ethical hoopaapaa ia lŘlŘ e pili ana haʻawina kahi noiʻi aʻole 'oe i ka oiaio, ae lohe mai i komo (e like me, ka hihia haʻawina ekolu i loko o kēia mokuna). Eia naʻe, ethical hoopaapaa hiki no hoi i hoʻomaka ai no ka haʻawina i mea oiaio hoʻomaopopo 'o ia' ae 'ana. Mea i manao ai, he mea hypothetical study kahi oiaio ae hoʻomaopopo 'o ia mai i komo makemake nei au ia oukou, aka, ka mea ia oukou nō manaʻo e unethical. (, Hoʻomaoe, Inā e noho 'īnea nei, e hiki ho'āʻo ka heluhelu Emanuel, Wendler, and Grady (2000) .)

8. [ ] Noiʻi pinepine aumeume no e wehewehe i ko lakou ethical noʻonoʻo i kekahi i kekahi, a me ka lehulehu. Ma hope o ka mea ua ike ia lakou e hoao ei, Makehewa, a Time ua hou 'ia, Iasona Kauffman, i ka alihi kaua o ka noiʻi hui, i kekahi mau lehulehu no na ethics o ka papahana. Heluhelu mai o Zimmer (2010) , a laila rewrite Kauffman ka manaʻo me na kumu, a me ethical? Aieao i ka mea i ho'ākāka 'ia ma kēia mokuna.

9. [ ] Banksy, oia kekahi o na mea kaulana Contemporary artist i loko o ka United Kingdom, a ua ike no politically-aʻo i kaʻoihana alanui graffiti (Kii 6.9). Kona kūlike loa paha, ka ', nae, he mea pohihihi. Banksy i kekahi 'aoʻao pilikino pūnaewele puni i ka mea hiki i kona wahine paha, aupuni, ina ua makemake, aka, ua koho ole ia. Ma ka makahiki 2008 i ka kela la i keia Mail, he nupepa, paʻi heʻatikala ana e kuhikuhi i Banksy ka maoli inoa. A laila, i ka 2016, Michelle Hauge, Mark Stevenson, D. Kim Rossmo, a me Steven C. Le Comber (2016) ho'āʻo e hōʻoia i kēia koi ana me Dirichlet hoʻolohe manaʻo kaʻina hui kumu hoʻohālike o Geographic profiling. More ua hōʻike hewa, lakou i ohi i ka Geographic mau wahi o Banksy ke Aupuni graffiti ma Bristol, a me Ladana. A malaila, ma ka huli ma kahiko nupepa 'atikala a me ka lehulehu ke koho ana mooolelo, Hauge a me nā hoapili loaa hala helu kuhi henua o ke kapa kanaka, kana wahine, a me kona nô hoʻi (' o ia hoʻi, Hui Pōwāwae) hui. Ka inoa hōʻuluʻulu i ka mea i hoʻoholo 'ana o ko lakou mau pepa e like penei:

   "Me aole kekahi hoʻoponopono 'hāʻupu' [ili] e noiʻi ana, he mea paakiki e paa loa māmala'ōlelo e hōʻike ana e pili ana i Banksy ka wahine paha, ma muli o ke Ka Ikepili hōʻike maʻaneʻi, ae mamua o ka i ana mai i na kuahiwi o ka geoprofiles ma o Bristol, a me London ka lolouila helu kuhi henua ike ai e pili me ka [inoa redacted]. "

   E hahai ana Metcalf and Crawford (2016) , ua hoʻoholo ihola aku ai, aole ia e komo i ka inoa o ke kanaka i keia ao, i ka wa kūkā ana.

   1. Loiloi i kēia like me nā kumu, a me ethical? Aieao i loko o kēia mokuna.
   2. E ia oukou, ua hana mai i keia ao?
   3. Na kākau hoapono i keia ao ma ka Hōʻuluʻulu Manaʻo o ka pepa me ka penei olelo: "More broadly, i keia mau hualoaʻa kokua mua manaʻo kōkua i ka Ikepili Nā hana i koe terrorism-e pili (e like me, graffiti) hiki ke hoʻohana 'ia e kōkua huli poʻe hoʻoweliweli kumu mua o oi aku ka hoʻoponopono ulia pōpilikia' mea i hana 'ana, a' oi aku ka manawa hana a ke noi o ke kumu hoʻohālike i ka luna ', maoli-ao pilikia. "o keia anei ka hoʻololi i ko oukou manao no ka pepa? Ina pela, pehea?
   4. Na kākau pū, penei ethical leo i ka pau ana o ko lakou mau pepa: "O na mea kākau, ua Ike e no laua, a me ka hōʻihi o, ke pilikino o [name redacted] a me kona poe hoahanau, a ua pela wale hoʻohana i ka 'ikepili i loko o ke Aupuni. Makou i ka noonoo e hōʻike 'kūlike loa helu kuhi henua. "O keia anei ka hoʻololi i ko oukou manao no ka pepa? Ina pela, pehea? Anei oe manao o ka lehulehu / ponoi dichotomy i hoohalike ma keia hihia?
   

   Kii 6,9: Streetʻoe e Banksy ma Cheltenham, England. Photo by Brian Robert Marshall. Source: Wikimedia maoli .

10. [ ] Ma ka hoʻonanea 'atikala Metcalf (2016) i ka hoʻopiʻi kū'ē i "akea i loaʻa datasets i loaʻa ka uku ikepili ua i waena o ka poʻe loa hoʻi i hoihoi i ka noiʻi, a me ka hapanui risky i kamaaina."

    1. He aha he elua pōhaku puna examples e kākoʻo i kēia kuleana?
    2. Ma keia ua 'atikala Metcalf hoi kuleana a ka mea anachronistic e kuhi i "ike ia ia ka poino o kekahi i mua i hanaia e ka lehulehu dataset". E haawi i kekahi laʻana o kahi kēia hiki ia i ka hihia.

11. [ ] Ma keia mokuna, ua manaoia i ka rula o ka manamana nui i na 'ikepili he potentially' ia, a me na mea a pau ikepili ua potentially ikepili koʻikoʻi. Oaaeeoea 6.5 i kekahi papa inoa o nā examples o ka aeaiiuo ka mea i oleʻae nō hoʻi kino nä ike aka, ka mea hiki nō e ua hoʻopili i kekahi poe kanaka.

    1. E koho i elua o keia mau hoailona, ​​a wehewehe i ka de-anonymization hoouka i loko o nā hihia i ka like 'ole.
    2. No ka mea, kela mea keia mea o ka elua examples ma ka hapa (a), e wehewehe i nā 'ikepili ke hoike ikepili koʻikoʻi' ana o nā kānaka i loko o ka dataset.
    3. Ano, e koho i kekahi kolu o dataset mai i ka papaʻaina. E kakau iho i ka leka uila i ka mea e manao ana ka hoʻokuʻu 'ia. E wehewehe aku iā lākou i kēia 'ikepili i hiki ke potentially' ia, a me potentially ikepili koʻikoʻi.

    Papa 6.5: List o na ano he kumu hoʻohālike o ka lawelawe ikepili i ole i kekahi ahuwale kino nä ike, aka, i hiki nō e ua hoʻopili i kekahi poe kanaka.

    ʻIkepili	mau kuhikuhina
    Lapaʻau moʻolelo	Sweeney (2002)
    Uku kāleka hanaʻikepili	Montjoye et al. (2015)
    Netflix maikam pane lākiōʻikepili	Narayanan and Shmatikov (2008)
    Phone kahea meta-ikepili	Mayer, Mutchler, and Mitchell (2016)
    Huli log ikepili	Barbaro and Zeller Jr (2006)
    HI, hoʻomalu, a me ka pilina i ka 'ikepili nā haumāna	Zimmer (2010)

12. [ ] Ka oe ia oe iho i kela kanaka keia kanaka o na kamaa nā oukou i komo, a me ka lehulehu, aole pono ko oukou na¯. Keia hoʻokaʻawale ua ia manaʻo i loko o ka hihia o ka poe Iudaio maʻi ano maʻi Moiwahine (Katz, Capron, and Glass 1972, Ch. 1; Lerner 2004; Arras 2008) .

    Dr. Honolulu M. Southam he hanohano kauka a me ka noiʻi ma Sloan-Kettering Institute no Cancer Research, a me ka hui pu Kumu o Medicine ma ka Cornell Kulanui Lapaʻau College. Ma ka July 16, 1963, Southam a me elua nā hoapili injected ola maʻi 'aʻai keena iloko o na kino o 22 debilitated nā mea maʻi ma ka Iudaio maʻi ahulau Moiwahine ma New York. Keia mau injections he hapa o Southam ka noiʻi e hoʻomaopopo i ka immune oihana o cancerous nā mea maʻi. Ma ka noiʻi mua, ua loaa Southam, ua hiki ke hoole aku injected maʻi 'aʻai keena ma kaʻoʻoleʻa 4 i 6 pule i ola hana manawaleʻa, no ka mea ia i nā mea maʻi i mua, he maʻi' aʻai nui aku. Southam haohao paha ka hoʻokaʻulua ai i nā pane i loko o ka maʻi 'aʻai nā mea maʻi, ua no ka mea, he maʻi' aʻai, a no ka mea, ua kūpuna, a debilitated ia. E kamaʻilio kēia nā papaha, Southam hoʻoholo ihola e inject ola maʻi 'aʻai keena iloko o ka hui o ka poe kanaka, ka poe i kūpuna, a debilitated aka, aole i loaa ka mea maʻi' aʻai. I ka olelo a ka hoʻopaʻa hoolaha aku, triggered i kekahi, ma ka resignation o ekolu kauka i ua noi e komo, kekahi i like me kā i ka Nazi lehulehu Camp hoʻokolohua, aka, na mea e ae, ma muli o ka pohihihi maluna o assurances e Southam-loaa i ka noiʻi unproblematic. E ho'ōla,ʻo ka New York State Papa o na Kahu Kula nānā i ka hihia ma ka mea e hooholo ina Southam e e hiki ia ia ke hoomau i ka hana lapaau. Southam hoʻopaʻapaʻa ma kona pale ana i hana ia ma Southam ka hoomalu ana i ua ma ka nui o na koi ana, a ua pau i kākoʻo 'ia e kekahi mau kūlana mākaukau nana i hoike mai i kona' aoʻao "ka pono mooolelo o ke kuleana o lapaʻau hana.": (1) kona noiʻi, ua o ka kiʻekiʻeʻepekema a me ka nohona kānaka apau i mākaukau. (2) aole appreciable ka pilikia i ka i komo; ke koi ana ma muli o ka hapa o Southam ka 10 makahiki o ka ma mua o hana i oi aku mamua o 600 poe kauwa; (3) ka nui o ka 'aelike e hoʻoponopono iho e like me ka nui o ka pilikia o posed e ke kanaka noiʻi; (4) ka noiʻi, ua like me ka hae o ka 'inikua hana i ia manawa. Ultimately, ke kahu o ka papa i loaa Southam hewa o ka epa, hoopunipuni, a me ka unprofessional hana, a kaulia ana i kona 'inikua laikini no ka makahiki hookahi. Aka, he mau makahiki ma hope mai, Honolulu M. Southam, ua koho Peresidena o ka Hui American o Cancer noiʻi.

    1. Loiloi i Southam ke kuka nei lakou me na kumu eha i loko o kēia mokuna.
    2. Eia kahi mea akaka i Southam i ke kuanaʻike o kona nā hoapili, a pono mua mai i ka hiki ia lakou ke pane aku i kana hana; ma ka oiaio, he nui wale o lakou i hoike mai ai ma luna o kona 'aoʻao. Aka, ua hikiʻole paha hahai i maopopo pehea kona noiʻi i e pihoihoi iho la ia i ka lehulehu. Heaha ka pelekikena a kou manaʻo lehulehu manao, i hiki e okoa mai ka manao o na komo-e loaa i ka noiʻi ethics? He aha e hanaia, ina Popular manao, a me nā hoa manao oko?

13. [ ] Ma ka pepa me ke kuleana "Crowdseeding ma ka hikina Congo: E ho ohana i Cell Phones e ohi i kue Events ikepili ma Real Time", van keia Windt, a me Humphreys (2016) wehewehe i haawi aeaiiuo ohi System (e nānā i ka Mokuna 5) ia lakou hana ma ka Hawaiian Congo. E wehewehe i ka noiʻi i hana ia me ka maopopo i hiki ia i hoeha mai ia i komo.

14. [ ] In October 2014, ekolu epekema pili hoouna mailers i 102,780 kakau koho pāloka ma Montana e like me ka hapa o ka hoʻokolohua, e ana ina koho pāloka i haawiia 'ike hou aku, ua oi aku ka ao ao e koho pāloka. Na mailers-i 'ae' ia 2014 Montana General Koho Balota Manakoho Information Aʻo-kau Montana Aha Kiekie Lunakanawai moho, a he pili-kīpoʻohiwi e koho, ma ka pālākiō mai ka lokomaikai aku lakou conservative, ka mea i komo pū Barack Obama, a me Mitt Romney e like me like me kā. Ka Mailer hoi komo i nā'ōlelo o ke Sila Nui o ka Moku'āina o Montana (Kii 6.10).

    Na mailers ua loaʻa hoopii mai Montana koho pāloka, a lakou i kena Linda McCulloch, Montana ke Kakauolelo o ke Aupuni, e waiho i ka olelo hoopii a me ka Montana moku'āina aupuni. Na kulanui i hana i ka noiʻi-Dartmouth a me Stanford, hoouna aku la i ka palapala i kela kanaka keia kanaka a pau i loaa i ka Mailer apologizing no kekahiʻia hilahila a me ka hana ana i akaka ai ka Mailer "aole pili i me kekahi pili aupuni aoao, moho a hui, a ua i manao ai ole kekahi lahui. "o ka palapala hoi möakäka hou i ke kūlana kiʻekiʻe" hilinaʻi maluna o ka 'ike e pili ana i ka poe i hâʻawi wale' ia kela a me keia o na paipai aʻo kai eʻe. "(Kii 6.11)

    In May 2015, ke Komisina o Kalaiaina na hana o ka Moku'āina o Montana,ʻo Ionatana Motl, hoʻoholo ihola ka mea hana kue i ka noiʻi Montana kanawai: "The Komikina hoʻoholo ka mea, ua lawa nā kūʻiʻo pū e hoike mai i Stanford, Dartmouth a me / ai ole ia, me kona mau noiʻi aʻe Montana moho hana kanawai noi kakau ana, ka hōʻike 'ana a me ka hōʻike' ia 'ana o kuokoa hoolilo. "(Ua lawa mea i hoʻoholo' Number 3 ma Motl (2015) ). Ke Komikina hoi e waiho i ka County Loio noiʻi ana paha ka hoʻohanaʻana o ke akeakea kuleana pono o ke Sila Nui o Montana aʻe Montana kānāwai o ka Moku'āina (Motl 2015) .

    Stanford a Dartmouth kū'ē'ē 'oe me Motl ka rula ana. A Stanford spokeswoman o Lapin Lisa mai la "Stanford ..., aole ia e manaoio mai i kekahi koho kanawai, ua 'aʻe", a me ka mea a ka E hoʻouna' "i ole no kekahi 'uao kākoʻo a kū'ē i kekahi moho." A kuhikuhi aku i ka Mailer explicitly nōʻo ia, "he nonpartisan, a aole endorse kekahi moho a aoao. " (Richman 2015)

    1. Loiloi i kēia like me na kumu eha, a me elua? Aieao i ho'ākāka 'ia ma kēia mokuna.
    2. Kuhi i ua hoounaia mai la na mailers i ka kaulele hāpana o ka poe koho (aka, oi aku maluna o ka mea iloko o ka manawa), malalo o na hana hea ke ano o keia OEOIeEe ua hoololiia ka hope o ka Aha Kiekie, Lunakanawai koho?
    3. I ka mea, ua i hoouna mai i na mailers i ka kaulele hāpana o ka poe koho. E like me ka hoike e Ieremia Johnson (a piliʻepekema e kōkua i loko o ka hoʻokolokolo 'ana), "ua hoouna mailers i 64.265 koho pāloka' ia e like me ka ao ao ka lokomaikai hoi e centrist hilinai ana i ka lehulehu e kalele ana Ekolu, a me 39.515 koho pāloka 'ia e like me conservative e centrist ma Republican hilinai ana Ekolu. I ka noiʻi hoapono mai i ka disparity ma waena aupuni, a me Republican nui ma pā i ko lakou mua mai turnout e noho me ka nui loa malalo mawaena aupuni koho pāloka. "O keia anei ka hoʻololi i kou auhau o ka noiʻi manao? Ina pela, pehea?
    4. Ma muli o ka hoʻokolokolo 'ana, ka noiʻi mai la ia lakou lalau i keia koho ma ka hapa no ka mea, "aole Hookolokolo lāhui kanaka i pili loa kaua hahana loa i loko o ka puke Paipala. Ma muli o ka Ikepili o ka 2014 iniiaiie koho balota i nā hualoaʻa ma ka pōʻaiapili o ka mua Montana Hookolokolo ke koho ana, ka noiʻi hoʻoholo i ka noiʻi hoʻopaʻa e like me ka papahana e ole hoʻololi i ka hope o kekahi hoʻokūkū. " (Motl 2015) no anei keia hoʻololi i kou auhau o ka noiʻi ? Ina pela, pehea?
    5. Eia, ke koho huli aku ai e lilo i maopopo pili (Oaaeeoea 6.6). No anei keia hoʻololi i kou auhau o ka noiʻi? Ina pela, pehea?
    6. It huli aku i ka ao, ua hoʻouna 'ia iā Dartmouth IRB ma kekahi o na noiʻi, aka, ia oko ao kekahi mai ka maoli Montana mahele. Ka Mailer hoʻohanaʻia i loko o Montana, ua loa i waihoia mai i ka IRB. I ka like 'ole iho i waihoia mai i ka Stanford IRB. No anei keia hoʻololi i kou auhau o ka noiʻi? Ina pela, pehea?
    7. It hoi huli aku i ka noiʻi hoouna like koho lako i 143.000 koho pāloka ma California, a me 66.000 ma New Hampshire. A hiki i ua ike au, aole olelo hoopii triggered ma keia mau kaha 200.000 hou mailers. No anei keia hoʻololi i kou auhau o ka noiʻi? Ina pela, pehea?
    8. He aha, ina i kekahi mea, e ia oukou, ua hana okoa, ina oe he i ke poʻo kumu a mea e noiʻi? Pehea e ia oukou, ua papahana i ke ao, ina oe he hoihoi i ka exploring paha hou 'ike maoli he koho turnout ma nonpartisan o kēia lāhui kanaka?

    Papa 6,6: Results mai ka 2014 Montana Aha Kiekie Lunakanawai ke koho ana. Source: Webpage o Montana Kuhina o ke Aupuni .

    moho	balota loaa	pakeneka
    Aha Kiekie Lunakanawai # 1
    W. David Herbert	65.404	21,59%
    Jim Rice	236.963	78,22%
    Aha Kiekie Lunakanawai # 2
    Lawrence VanDyke	134.904	40,80%
    Mike me ka hua palaoa	195.303	59,06%

    

    Kii 6,10: Mailer i hoʻounaʻia ekolu kālai'āinaʻepekema i 102.780 kakau koho pāloka ma Montana e like me ka hapa o ka hoʻokolohua, e ana ina koho pāloka i haawiia 'ike hou aku, ua oi aku ka ao ao e koho pāloka. Ka Laʻana ka nui o keia ho okolohua, ua koikoi 15% o ka kūpono koho i loko o ka moku'āina.

    

    Kii 6,11: e hoʻololi aʻe palapala ae, ua hoounaia aku ka 102.780 kakau koho ma Montana ka poe i loaa i ka Mailer ma ke Kii 6,10. Ua hoounaia mai e na luna o Dartmouth, a me Stanford, nā kulanui i hana i ka noiʻi nana au i hoouna i ka Mailer ka palapala.

15. [ ] Ma ka May 8, 2016, elua noiʻi-Emil Kirkegaard a me Iulio Bjerrekaer-kepa ike mai ka online no ka launa pū paena OkCupid, a hookuu i ka dataset o ka puni 70,000 mea hoʻohana, ke komo pu aiaiiuo o mea hoʻohana, makahiki, hoohanau, wahi, ka hoʻomana, nā manaʻo akea, astrology-pili manaʻo, ka launa pū pono, helu o na kiʻi, etc., e like me olelo haawiia i ke poo 2600 nä nïnau ma ka punaewele puni honua. Ma ka hei ana pepa hele pū ana me ka hookuu aeaiiua, na kākau nō i "kekahi e kū'ē'ē 'ana i ka ethics o ka houluulu ana a me ka hoʻokuʻu' ia ikepili. Akā naʻe, i nā ikepili a pau i loaʻa ma loko o ka dataset he a akea i loaʻa i ua, i ka hoʻokuʻu 'keia dataset wale i kekahi mau mea i loko o ka oi pono keia mau ano. "

    Ma muli o ka 'ike aku, i kekahi o nā mea kākau, ua ninau ma Twitter: "keia' ike hoʻonoho mea hou 'ia. A nā inoa mea hoʻohana? He hana kekahi i na mea a pau i hana mai ai anonymize ia mea? ". Kona pane ia "No. ʻIkepili Ka mea, ua lehulehu ". (Zimmer 2016; Resnick 2016)

    1. Loiloi i kēia 'ikepili kala me na kumu, a me ethical? Aieao i kūkākūkā i loko o kēia mokuna.
    2. Makemake anei 'oe ke hoʻohana i kēia' ike no oukou iho noiʻi?
    3. He aha ina oe kepa ia oe iho?

16. [ ] I ka makahiki 2010, he akamai analyst me ka US Army i 250.000 hoʻolaha kalaiaina uwea i ka hoʻolālā WikiLeaks, a ua a laila like online. Gill and Spirling (2015) hoʻopaʻapaʻa ana i "ka WikiLeaks ke kaikoeke potentially ho i ka trove o ka aeaiiuo i ke e 'enehana hou aku hoao maalea theories i hoʻonohonoho 'hoahanau ", a laila, statistically i emi iho i ka hāpana o na palapala pūnāwai. No ka mea, laʻana, ka mea kākau manaʻo lakou i ho i ka mea ana 5% o na mea a pau kalaiaina uwea iloko o ia manawa kōā, aka, o keia like anaʻilikai mai ka olelo i kauoha (e nānā i ke Kii 1 o ko lakou mau pepa).

    1. E heluhelu i ka pepa, a laila e palapala i ethical i paiiaʻi no ia mea.
    2. Na kākau i kālailai i ka maʻiʻo o kekahi o na palapala pūnāwai. He papahana me keia mau uwea a oukou e alakai ae? He papahana me keia mau uwea a oukou i makemake e hana?

17. [ ] I mea e hoʻopaʻa haʻawina i poe pane i ka hoopii, he kanaka noiʻi hoouna fake hoopii palapala i 240 kiʻekiʻe-hope Hawaii ma New York City. Eia kekahi excerpt mai ka fictitious palapala.

    "I e kakau nei i keia palapala aku ia oukou no ka mea, owau no outraged e pili ana i ka Mea 'Ano Hou ala au i ko oukou ma Hawaii. I ka wa kahiko, kuu wahine, a me au kaulana ko kakou lā hoʻomanaʻo mua. ... The ahiahi lilo i hua i ka wa a na Ōuli hoomaka ae la e hele mai io na la eha hora mahope iho o kaʻaiʻana. Haawi nausea, ka luaʻi, diarrhea, a me abdominal cramps a pau kuhikuhi i kekahi mea: ai kaʻapu kōheoheo. It hooluolu mai iaʻu ukiuki wale ka manao i ko kakou kū pilialoha ahiahi lilo hoemi i kaʻu wahine e kiai ana iaʻu hoʻohuli akula i loko o ka fetalʻoihana ma luna o ka 'ana maka'āinana o papahele o ko kakou make up ma waena o puni o ka hooili ana i na. ...ʻOiai Ka mea, aole i koʻu manao, e waiho i kekahi hoike i ka On Business Buro ai 'ole ka' Oihana Ola, I makemake ia oukou, [ka inoa o ke restaurateur], e maopopo iaʻu ka mea aʻu i hele ma ka anticipation ia oe, e pane like. "

    1. Loiloi i kēia like me nā kumu, a me ethical? Aieao i ho'ākāka 'ia ma kēia mokuna. Haawi mai ko oukou helu, e ia oukou e hana i ka hoʻopaʻa 'ana i?
    2. Eia i na Hawaii i loaa ka palapala reacted: "He ua culinary chaos e like me ona, man- akia, a me chefs huli ma kamepiula 'ē aʻe no ka [inoa redacted] hoʻopaʻa manawa a uku kāleka mooolelo, nānā' menus a paka deliveries no ka mea, hiki kaili ai, me ka ninau lumi kuke hana e pili ana hiki hala, a pau i na kepa i ka mea a na ke kulanui, a me ke kumu ano concede o ka hana kula study mai Gehena. " (Kifner 2001) o keia anei ka ike hoololi hou no ia i ko oukou Loiloi i ka hoʻopaʻa 'ana i?
    3. A hiki i ua ike au, o keia ao, aole i nānā 'ia e kekahi IRB a kekahi kolu-aoao. Hana e hoololi i oe Loiloi i ka hoʻopaʻa 'ana i? No ke aha la paha ke aha ole?

18. [ ] Kukulu maluna o keia ninau mua, au e makemake ana oukou e hoohalike i keia ao i ka ponoʻokoʻa study ka mea no hoi 'ole Hawaii. Ma keia kekahi ao, Neumark a me nā hoapili (1996) hoouna elua kane elua wahine kulanui nā haumāna me ka fabricated ka hoʻomau 'ana, a me ka pili no ka hana e like me waiters a me na waitresses ma 65 Hawaii ma Philadelphia, i mea e noiʻi ana keka ka hoʻokae' Hawaii ma waena. Ka 130 noi alakai i 54 ninaninau a hoʻopaʻahao, a me 39 Ioba kaumaha ai oukou ia. Ka like loaa statistically nui hoike o keka hoʻokae 'ku e na wahine, ma kiʻekiʻe-kuai Hawaii.

    1. E kakau iho i ethical i paiiaʻi no ka mahele.
    2. Hana oukou manao i keia ao, he ethically okoa mai ka mea i ho'ākāka 'ia i loko o ka ninau mua. Ina pela, pehea?

19. [ ] Kekahi manawa a puni ka makahiki 2010, 6.548 Kumu ma kaʻAmelika Hui Pūʻia loaa emails like i keia mea.

    "ALOHA Kumu Salganik,

    I e kakau nei ia oe, no ka mea, he prospective Ph.D. haumana nui panee i loko o koʻoukou noiʻi me. Kuu kumumanao mea e pili ana i Ph.D. papahana i keia hele haule ana, a owau no eager e aʻo mai i ka mea au e hiki ana noiʻi uku ma ka hope.

    I e lilo ma ka pā kula i keia la, a me naʻe au i ike ka mea, ua pokole hoolaha, I ua haohao, ina oukou ke loaa 10 minuke ka wa e au, ke makemake e halawai pu me au i pokole kamailio e pili ana i ka oukou hana ana, a me kekahi e hiki manawa no iaʻu e e hoʻomau ana ma ko oukou noiʻi. Kekahi manawa i makemake e pono no oukou e uku mai iaʻu, e like me ka halawai ana me oe, oia koʻu makakoho mua iloko o keia kula makaikai.

    Mahalo ia oukou ma ka mua no oukou e noonoo.

    Me ka manao pono, Carlos Lopez "

    Keia mau emails he hapa o ke kula hoʻokolohua e ana ai ina Kumu, ua oi aku ka ao ao e pane aku i ka leka uila kaumaha ma muli o 1) ka manawa-haka ai (keia la makou kēia pule aʻe), a me 2) ka inoa o ka sender i ua pēlā nō e peʻahi ethnicity a me ka hoohanau (e like me, Meredith Roberts, Raj Singh, a pela aku). I ka noiʻi i loaa i ka wa a ka poe noi i e halawai me ka 1 hebedoma, Caucasian kane, ua haawi mai ke kōkua o ke kumu lālā e pili ana i 25% oi pinepine mamua o na wahine a me naʻuʻuku. Aka, i ka wa a ka fictitious nā haumāna i noi halawai ana ia la, i keia mau lauana, uaʻano nui eliminated (Milkman, Akinola, and Chugh 2012) .

    1. Loiloi i keia ho okolohua e like me na kumu a me na aieao i loko o kēia mokuna.
    2. Ma hope o ke ao, ma luna, ka noiʻi hoouna mai i ka hope o debriefing mail i na mea a pau i komo.

    "Recently, oe loaa kekahi leka uila mai kekahi haumāna e noi ana no ka 10 minute o ko oukou manawa e kūkākūkā i kou Ph.D. ? ia? aiiu (o ke kino o ka leka uila,ʻikea lalo nei). Makou e emailing ia oukou i keia la e debrief ia oukou ma ka manao maoli o ka leka uila, e like me ka mea he hapa o ka noiʻi mahele. Makou me ka manao pono manaolana ko makou kuka nei, aole au iāʻoukou i ke kula, a me kakou mihi kēia ina oukou i na mea a pau i hana a he leo. Ko makou manaolana no i keia palapala, e hoʻolako i ka lawa ho'ākāka o ka manao a me ka manao no ia o ko makou kuka nei lakou e alleviate i kekahi mea e hopohopo nei oukou i loaaʻi ia oukou no ko oukou kuleana. Makou ke hoʻomaikaʻi aku nei ia oukou, no ko oukou manawa, a no ka heluhelu hou, ina oe e hoihoi i ka ike no ke aha la oukou i loaaʻi ua olelo nei. Makou manao ia oukou e ike i ka waiwai o ka ike makou mua mai ka hana ana me keia nui kālaiʻike mahele. "

    Ma hope o ka weheweheʻana i ka manao a me ka manao no ia o ke ao, hou aku la lakou kaulana ia:

    "I ka wā e like me ka hopena o ko kakou noiʻi, ua loaʻa, e Mail kakou ia lakou maluna o ko makou punaewele. Eʻoluʻolu, e hoomaha hoomauia ka mea e mau loa aku, aole i moakāka 'ikepili e hōʻike mai i keia ao, a me ko makou mawaena o kanaka i manao ai e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ia kakou e wale no e hiki ke kuhikuhi i mail responsiveness kumu hoohalike i ka' Ohi - aole ma ke kanaka kiʻekiʻe. No kanaka a kulanui e 'ia i loko o kekahi o ka noiʻi a ikepili makou e kala aku. O ka papa, i kekahi i kekahi kanaka mail pane, aole ka manaʻoi e like me ka mea, he mau kumu no ke aha la kekahi kanaka kumu hoa ke lawe maikai nei a hoole i ka halawai noi. All ikepili waiho mua 'de-hōʻike' a me ka moakāka mail pane i mua i holoiʻia mai ko kakou ikepili a me ka hai kikowaena. Eia hou, iloko o ka manawa i ka wa a ka 'ikepili i kekahi' ike, ua palekana me ka ikaika, a me ka makau ole kamaʻilio. A e like me ka mea mau i ka hihia i ka wa a me na¯ hana noiʻi 'ole i kanaka kamaaina, ua aponoia ko kakou noiʻi Hola Pūnaewele ma ko kakou kulanui' huiʻoihana Review Boards (ke Columbia Kulanui Morningside IRB, a me ke Kulanui o Hawaii IRB).

    Ke kupu mai he nīnau e pili ana i ko oukou mau pono e like me ka noiʻi kupa, e kelepona i ka Columbia University Morningside huiʻoihana Review Papa ma 212-851-7040 ai ole ia ma ka leka uila ma askirb@columbia.edu a me / ai 'ole o ke Kulanui o Hawaii huiʻoihana Review Papa ma 215 -898-2614.

    Mahalo hou no ko oukou manawa, a me ka naauao o ka hana a makou e hana. "

    3. He aha nā manaʻo hoʻopiʻi kū'ē no ka mea, debriefing iloko o keia hihia? He aha nā manaʻo hoʻopiʻi kū'ē e ku e ia? Anei oukou manao i na kanaka noiʻi ë ua debriefed ka i komo iloko o keia hihia?
    4. I ka kākoʻo online, pono hana, na noiʻi i ka pauku me ke kuleana "He Subjects ka hoomalu ana." E heluhelu i kēia pauku. He mea ia oe, e hoʻouka hou aku au, aole hoi e lawe aku.
    5. He aha o ka lilo ana o keia ho okolohua i ka noiʻi? He aha o ka lilo ana o keia hoʻokolohua i komo? Andrew Gelman (2010) Ua hoʻopaʻapaʻa a pau i komo i loko o kēia ao hiki i compensated no ka mea, i ko lakou manawa ma hope o ka ho'āʻoʻo ia ka luna. Anei oe i ae? E ho'āʻo e hana i kou manaʻo hoʻopiʻi me na kumu, a me ethical? Aieao ma ka mokuna.