6.6.4 hana ana i nā manaʻo hoʻoholo i loko o ka maka o ka maopopo '

Maopopo pono no oukou e alakai i ka inaction.

I ka ha a me ka hope wahi kahi aʻu i makemake noiʻi e aumeume no ka mea e hoʻoholo i loko o ka maka o ka maopopo '. Ka mea, mahope iho o na mea a pau o ka philosophizing a me ka balancing, noiʻi ethics komo ana hoʻoholo e pili ana i ka mea e hana aku ai ka mea aole i hana. Eia naʻe, i keia mau olelo pinepine pono e hana muli o kāpili ike. No ka mea, laʻana, i ka wa a ke hoʻololi i Encore, noiʻi i makemake e ike i ka probability ia ia e kena mai i mea eʻike mai ia e ka mākaʻi. Ai ole ia, i ka wa a ke hoʻololi i 'ehaʻeha o Contagion noiʻi i makemake e ike i ka probability ana, ua hiki trigger kaumaha i loko o kekahi i komo. Keia mau probabilities nei paha loa haahaa, aka, uaʻikeʻole i mua o ka noiʻi i kahi. A, no ka mea, aole papahana akea pūʻolo 'ike e pili ana adverse hanana, i keia mau probabilities ua aole nui i ikeia a hiki ma hope o ka papahana, ua paa ka hale.

Uncertainties aole kū hoʻokahi o ka lawelawe noiʻi ma loko o ka mīkini mau makahiki. Ka Belmont Report, i ka wa hōʻike no ka systematic auhau o ka pilikia, a me ka pōmaikaʻi, explicitly hooiaio i keia, e hiki ole ke quantify ponoia mai la. Keia mau uncertainties, nae, ua oi loa i loko o ka mīkini makahiki, ma ka hapa no ka mea, ia makou i emi ka ho'āʻoʻana, a ma ka hapa no o na ano a mīkini elemakule nohona noiʻi.

Haawi mai i keia mau uncertainties kekahi poe kanaka he e Uwao no kekahi mea e like me "oi pakele mamua o eha," a he colloquial hoʻokolohua o ke Precautionary loina hooponopono. Oiai ua kokoke loa i kahi mea akaka kumu-paha i akamai-he hiki nae kumuʻino; ka mea, ua kapa i ka hana noiʻi. a he kumu no kanaka manao ma ka hewa ala (Sunstein 2005) . I mea e maopopo i ka pilikia a me ka Precautionary loina hooponopono, e ke noonoo 'ehaʻeha o Contagion. Ka hoʻokolohua, ua? Oaony pū puni 700.000 kanaka, a ua pono kekahi hiki wale mai i ka poe kanaka ma o ka ho okolohua e ae aku ia ia ka poino. Aka, he no hoi kekahi manawa i ka hoʻokolohua ke hua mai i ka ike i makemake e pono ai Facebook mea hoʻohana, a me ke kaiāulu. Pela, oiai hiki i ka hoʻokolohua, he pilikia (e like me ka mea i kāna kamaʻilio nui), pale ka hoʻokolohua, oia hoi he pilikia, no ka mea hoʻokolohua hiki i hua mai la i waiwai ike. O papa, i ka waeʻia ka mea, aole ma waena o hana i ka hoʻokolohua, e like me ka mea ana me ka hana ole ana i ka hoʻokolohua; ka mea, ua nui loa ka hoʻololi 'ana i ka manao i ke i lawe mai ia mea i loko o ka okoa ethical koena. Nae, ma kekahi lae, noiʻi, e loaa i ke koho ma waena o hana i ke ao, a aole e hana ana i ka ao, a ma laila nō ka pilikia ma na hana a me ka inaction. He mea ole, e kālele ana wale no ka ka pilikia o ka hana. Loa wale, aole he pilikia-ole hiki.

Neʻe ma kela aoao o ka Precautionary loina hooponopono, nui ala hookahi e noonoo i ka hana ana i hoʻoholoʻia maopopo, ua ka minimal kamepiula hae. Ka minimal kamepiula hae a ho'āʻo paha e benchmark i ka pilikia o kekahi study aku i ka ka pilikia a pau i komo iloko o ko lakou lawelawe kela la i keia ola ana, e like me ka pāʻani haʻuki a me ka holo kaa (Wendler et al. 2005) . Keia kokoke loa i kahi mea waiwai no wale ia paha kekahi mea minimal kamepiula, ua hiki mua o wale ia ka maoli kiʻekiʻe o ke kamepiula. No ka mea, laʻana, i ka 'ehaʻeha o Contagion, ma mua o ka hoʻomaka' noiʻi, ka noiʻi hiki i hoohalikeia ka 'ehaʻeha o ka maʻiʻo ma maoli' ia News loaʻai i ka 'ehaʻeha o aʻee komo e ike i ka ho okolohua (Meyer 2015) . Ina o ka News i hanai ma lalo o ka iapaau ana, ua like me ka poe mea maoli hana ma Facebook, alaila, na noiʻi ke manao nei makou, o ka hoʻokolohua, ua minimal kamepiula. A, hiki ia lakou ke hana i keia hoʻoholo a ina aole lakou i ike i ka piha nui o ka kamepiula. Ka ua kokoke e hiki ke hoopili aku Encore. Initially, Encore triggered mau i ka punaewele i ike ai e ikepili koʻikoʻi, e like me punaewele o banned mau pūʻulu ma ka'āina me ka repressive aupuni. E like me ia, he mea ole minimal pilikia no ka mea i komo i loko o kekahi'āina. Akā naʻe, i ka hooponopono mana o Encore-i triggered wale noi i Twitter, Facebook, a me YouTube-ua minimal noi, no ka noi ana i mau kahua i triggered iloko o maʻamau pūnaewele kele (Narayanan and Zevenbergen 2015) .

A lua o ka manaʻo nui o ka mea i ka wa e hoʻoholo e pili ana i haʻawina me ka ike ole kamepiula he mana Ka Ikepili, e leie noiʻi e hoʻomaulia i nui kūpono no ka mea, o ko lakou kuka nei (Cohen 1988) . Ka mea, ina kou kuka nei lakou i kiola aku i komo e aa aku i-hiki minimal kamepiula-alaila, i ka loina o Beneficence paipai ia oukou makemake e auhau ia i ka huna uuku dala o ka pilikia e pono e hoʻokō i kou noiʻi pahu hopu. (Mai manaʻo hoʻi i ka rula ho'ēmi i ka mea aʻu i kūkākūkā i loko o ka Mokuna 4.) Ina e kekahi mau noiʻi he pulakaumaka me ka hana ana i ko lakou mau haʻawina e like me ka nui e like me ka hiki, noiʻi ethics paipai ia kakou e hana i ko makou haʻawina e like me ka mea uuku e like me ka hiki. Pela, ina aole oe i ike i ke kūlike nui o ka pilikia ko oukou ao komo ai, he mana Ka Ikepili ke kōkua mai iāʻoe hōʻoia 'ia e like me liilii e like me ka hiki. Mana Ka Ikepili ka mea, aole hou, o ka papa, akā, he ua nui, he likeʻole o ke alanui i ka mea i hanaia i loko o ka Analog makahiki, a pehea la ia e hoʻohana i kēia lā. Ma ka Analog makahiki, noiʻi nui i hana mana Ka Ikepili e mālama pono ana i ko lakou kuka nei, aole loa ka nui ( 'o ia hoʻi, ma lalo o-mana). Ano, naʻe, noiʻi e hana mana Ka Ikepili e mālama pono ana i ko lakou kuka nei, aole he nui ( 'o ia hoʻi, ma luna-mana). Ina e hana oe i ka mana Ka Ikepili a me ko oukou ao ikeia e koi i alahula mau helu o na kanaka, alaila, e ai i ka hoailona i ke kanawai ia oukou i këia he wahi. Ina pela, e e ninau paha keia uuku keia, he pono keʻauhau iā nui he nui loa o na kanaka i ka pilikia o ka ike nui. Ma na wahi, i hiki ke pane mea paha, aole (Prentice and Miller 1992) .

Ka minimal kamepiula hae, a me ka mana Ka Ikepili kōkua oukou hoopaapaa ana a me ka manao haʻawina, aka, aole lakou e hāʻawi iā 'oe i kekahi' ike hou e pili ana i haha ​​aku la i komo e pili ana i ko oukou ao, a me ka mea ka pilikia ia lakou i ka mahina mai komo i loko o kou mahele. ala e hana me ka maopopo kekahi mea e ohi i nā 'ike, e hiki aku ai i ethical-pane ana, a o ke kahua e hookolokolo ai.

In ethical-pane ana, noiʻi haawi i ka pōkole ano o ka i manaoia noiʻi papahana, a laila e ninau elua mau nīnau:

• (Q1) "Ina mea a oukou i malama ia ana he moho i komo no ka mea, o keia hoʻokolohua, e makemakeʻoe e kanaka e, e komo e like me ka i komo?": [Ae], [I Aohe aʻu mau makemake ma ka], [No]
• (Q2) "anei oukou manaoio ai na kanaka noiʻi ë, e 'ae' ia ke hoomau aku i keia hoʻokolohua?": [Ae], [Ae, aka, me ka haʻalele], [wau i maopopo], [No]

Ma hope o kela ninau, ua hoomakaukau respondents i ka makahiki o ko lakou hiki hoomaopopo i ko lakou pane. Eia ke oki, respondents, ka mea hiki eʻia i komo a me na kanaka pūʻali koa i mea mai ka anakahi iki-hana ka hana aha kanaka (e like me, Amazon Mechanical Tureke) -answer kekahi mau kumu HI nīnau (Schechter and Bravo-Lillo 2014) .

Ethical-pane ana he elua helehelena a pau aʻu i loaa maopopo uʻi. Mua, lakou i hiki mai imua o ka ao i lawelawe 'ia, a laila, hiki ke pale pilikia i mua o ka noiʻi Ka hoʻomaka' ana (e like me kue i hoʻokokoke mai kēlā kanaka hoʻoponopono no ka mea, adverse reactions). Lua, ethical-pane ana hiki ai noiʻi e oweliweli mau wale nō o ka noiʻi papahana i mea e Loiloi i ka ike ethical koena o okoa wale nō o ka ia papahana. Hana i kaupalena ', naʻe, he ethical-pane ana no ka mea, aole e ike ana i ka hooholo waena oko noiʻi manao haawiia i ke anamanaʻo hualoaʻa. Ma na hihia a pau o lōʻihi maopopo i keia ano o ka 'ike e kōkua alakai noiʻi' hoʻoholo; ka mea, Schechter and Bravo-Lillo (2014) hoike haalele i? oaony like me ka pane i pili hoalaia mai e komo i loko o ka ethical me nā hāʻina i anamanaʻo.

Oiai ethical-pane ana ke e kōkua maikaʻi no ka mea, wale ia reactions i hou noiʻi, aole lakou e hiki ole ana i ka probability a me ka oolea o adverse hanana. Ala hanakimi i 'inikua noiʻi hana aku me ka maopopo, ma kiʻekiʻe-kamepiula napoo ana no hoi ua o ke kahua hoao ana, he ua kokoke mai ke e kōkua maikaʻi i loko o kekahi nohona noiʻi.

I ka hoao i ka laulā o ka hou lāʻau, noiʻi, aole koke lele i ka nui randomized lapaʻau hookolokolo ana. E aho, lakou holoʻeluaʻano o nā haʻawina mua. Initially, ma ka pae I hookolokolo, noiʻi ua maopopo hoʻomōhala i loaa ka palekana mahele lāʻau, a me kēia mau haʻawina pū kekahi poe he uuku o na kanaka. Once ka maluhia mahele lāʻau, ua loaa, pae II hoao Loiloi i ka efficacy o ka lāʻau, he akamai, e hana i ka maikai-hihia kulana (Singal, Higgins, and Waljee 2014) . Wale no mahope iho pae I a me II haʻawina mea, he hou lāʻau 'ae' ia e auhau i loko o ka randomized kekahi lāʻau nui hookolokolo ana. Oiai ka mau ole o o ke kahua e hookolokolo ai i hoʻohanaʻia i loko o ka ulu ana o ka hou ai 'i, aole he maikai kupono no ka lawelawe noiʻi, i ka waʻalo me ka maopopo, noiʻi ke holo liʻiliʻi haʻawina explicitly ke hoʻololi i Loiloi i palekana a me ka efficacy. No ka mea, laʻana, me Encore, oe ke noonoo i ka noiʻi e hoʻomaka me ka i komo i loko o nā'āina, me ka ikaika rula-o-kanawai.

Pu keia mau hoʻokokoke mai-ka eha minimal kamepiula hae, mana Ka Ikepili, ethical-pane ana, a o ke kahua hoao-ke kōkua mai iāʻoe, ke hoomau aku ma ka sensible alanui, a hiki ma ka maka o ka maopopo '. Maopopo pono no oukou e alakai i ka inaction.