6.6.2 ka naauao a me ka kuʻuna informational kamepiula

Information pilikia, oia ka mea like pilikia ma ka lawelawe noiʻi; ka mea, ua mahuahua dramatically; a he mea ka hardest kamepiula e hoʻomaopopo.

Ka lua o ethical hana nui loa ia no ka lawelawe elemakule mīkini noiʻi, ua informational kamepiula, ka Loaʻaʻia no ka ino mai ka hōʻike 'ia' o ka 'ike (Council 2014) . Informational ia i hoeha mai, mai ka hōʻike 'ia' ana o ka 'ike e hiki e? Aneiai (e like me, losing he' oihana), ka nohona (e like me, pilikia o makou), psychological (e like me, kaumaha), ai 'ole he karaima (e like me, hopu no ka mea,' ino ai 'ana). Eia naʻe, ka mīkini makahiki maoli he ike kamepiula dramatically, he mea pono i ka 'ike hou aku e pili ana i ko kākou' ana. A, informational kamepiula ua maopopo loa paʻakikī e hoomaopopo ae hooponopono ia i ka pilikia a pau, ae hoʻomaopopoʻia ma ka Analog makahiki nohona noiʻi, e like me physical kamepiula. E ike i ka mīkini makahiki maoli he informational kamepiula, noonoo i ka hoʻololi mai ka pepa i ka lolouila 'inikua moʻolelo. Na ano o na mooolelo ho okumu pilikia, aka, me ka uila moʻolelo ho okumu nui oi aku ka pilikia no ma ka papakaukau pālākiō lakou i hiki ke pū i hiki i kekahi ke aliiwahine aoao a merged me na mooolelo. Social noiʻi ma loko o ka mīkini makahiki, ua holo mua iloko o ka pilikia me ka informational kamepiula, ma ka hapa no ka mea, hoomaopopo ole lakou i pono i ka quantify, ae hooponopono ia mea. No laila, I hele ana au e kaumaha aku i ka kōkua ala e noʻonoʻo e pili ana informational kamepiula, a laila au e hele ana au e haawi ia oukou i kekahi mau aʻo no ka mea, pehea e kahu ai i ka informational pilikia i loko o koʻoukou noiʻi, a me ka ho opa aeaiiua i na noiʻi.

Hanaʻaoʻao i nā lawelawe noiʻi emi iho informational kamepiula he "anonymization" o na aeaiiuo. "Anonymization" no ke kaʻina hana o ka nui k ahuwale kino hōʻike no ke e like me ka inoa, ka helu wahi, a me ka helu kelepona mai o nā ikepili. Eia naʻe, ua kokoke loa i kahi o ka emi kona mana mamua o ko na kanaka hoʻomaopopo, a he mea, ma ka mea, nui iho la ia, a fundamentally i kaupalena 'ia. No ka mea, ua kumu, ina I hōʻike "anonymization," E ho ohana quotation hoailona e paipai aku ia oukou i keia kaʻina hana i ka helehelena o ka anonymity aka, aole oiaio anonymity.

A vivid laʻana o ka ole o "anonymization" hele mai ana mai ka weuweu 1990s ma Hawaii (Sweeney 2002) . Ka Group Insurance Komisina (GIC), he aupuni oihana i komo ke kuleana o ia ke kūʻaiʻana lapaʻau, no na mea a pau moku'āina aaiuo. Ma keia hana, ke GIC ohi piha ola mooolelo e pili ana i na tausani o ka moku'āina limahana. Ma ka hoʻoikaika ana i ka wini kakala noiʻi e pili ana i mau aoao e? Ienoai ola, GIC hoʻoholo ihola e hookuu i keia mau mooolelo i ka noiʻi. Naʻe, aole lakou i kaʻanalike a pau o ko lakouʻikepili; e aho, lakou "anonymized" ia mea ma ka wehe 'ike e like me ka inoa a me ka helu wahi. Nō naʻe, haalele lakou i na 'ike i hiki ia lakou manao e hiki e pono noiʻi, e like me HI ike (helu kuhi, la hanau ana, ethnicity, a me keka) a me ka' inikua ike (kipa aeaiiua,ʻike, hana) (Kii 6.4) (Ohm 2010) . Eia naʻe, i keia "anonymization" he Aole lakou e lawa i ka hoomalu iho i ke ikepili.

Kii 6,4: "Anonymization" no ke kaʻina hana o ka nui kʻae nō hoʻi nä 'ikepili. No ka mea, laʻana, i ka wa a ka hoʻokuʻu 'ka hui' inikua lapaʻau mooolelo o ka noho limahana o ka Hawaii Group Insurance Komisina (GIC) lawe aku ai i ka inoa a me ka helu wahi o ka waihona. I hoʻohana i nā kaha puana'ī puni ka olelo "anonymization" no ka mea, ke kaʻina hoʻolako i keʻano o ka anonymity, aka, aole maoli anonymity.

E kahaki i ka hewa o ka GIC "anonymization", Latanya Sweeney-alaila, i ka puka haumāna ma mit-uku $ 20, e loaʻa iā i ka ke koho mooolelo, mai ke kulanakauhale o Cambridge, i ka aina o Hawaii kia'āina William Weld. Keia mau koho moʻolelo me ka 'ike e like me ka inoa, ka helu wahi, helu kuhi, la hanau ana, a me ka wahine. I ka mea a ka 'inikua aeaiiuo waihona, a me ke koho waihonaʻia mahinaʻai-helu kuhi, la hanau ana, a me keka-i manaoia ua Sweeney ke loulou ia lakou. Sweeney ike iho la Weld ka lā hānau o July 31, 1945, a me ke koho moʻolelo me eono wale no kanaka i loko o Cambridge i ia lā hānau. Eia, o kela poe kanaka eono, ekolu wale no he kane a pau. A, o kela poe kanaka ekolu, hookahi wale no e pili Weld ka helu kuhi. Pela, ke koho 'ikepili i hōʻike i kekahi i loko o ka' inikua ikepili me Weld ka hoʻohui pū 'ia o ka hanau la, hoohanau, a me ka helu kuhi o William Weld. Ma Mānoa, i keia mau apana o ka 'ike ekolu nae kekahi hanana fingerprint iā ia i loko o nā ikepili. E ho ohana i keia mea, Sweeney ua hiki ke huli Weld ka 'inikua mooolelo, a e hai aku ia ia i kona mama, ua hoʻouna' ia kekahi kope o kona mau mooolelo (Ohm 2010) .

Kii 6.5: Re-idenification o "anonymized" aeaiiuo. Latanya Sweeney ana i ka "anonymized" ola mooolelo me ke koho ana mooolelo i mea e loaa i ka 'inikua mooolelo o Kiaaina William Weld (Sweeney 2002) .

Sweeney ka hana kahaki ii ka i ka walaʻauʻana me nā hale o de-anonymization ho'āhewa wale -to apono i ka manawa mai ke kamepiula maluhia kaiāulu. Ma keia mau ho'āhewa wale, elua ikepili e puhi ia, aole hoi ka mea e wale hōʻike ikepili koʻikoʻi, ua ua hoʻopili, a ma keia linkage, ua waiho wale ikepili koʻikoʻi. Ma kekahi aoao i keia hana, ua like me ke ala a pau (baking soda), a me ka vinega, elua waiwai a pau e lakou ia lakou iho pakele, hiki ke hui e paka i ka nasty hoʻokūkū.

Ma muli o Sweeney ka hana, a me na nā hana i, noiʻi ano nui nui ka 'ike hou, nā mea a pau i kapaia "kino nä Information" (PII) e lawe aku oe (Narayanan and Shmatikov 2010) -during i ke kaʻina hana o ka "anonymization." Eia, he nui noiʻi Ano ike i kekahi ikepili-e like me 'inikua mooolelo, pili mooolelo, pane e anamanaʻo ninau e pili ana' ino ai 'ana, he paha he ikepili koʻikoʻi e hookuu a hiki ma hope o "anonymization." naʻe, he nui nā examples a pau aʻu e hōʻike ma lalo hōʻike' ana i ka lawelawe noiʻi pono e hoololi hou no ia i ko lakou manaʻo. E like no i koe mua, he mea akamai i ka kuhi i na 'ikepili he potentially' ia, a me na mea a pau ikepili ua potentially ikepili koʻikoʻi. Ma kekahi olelo, aole i ka manao ke pono nei informational kamepiula Ua pili i ka uuku subset o ka papahana, makou e kuhi ana ka mea pili ai-i kekahi degere, i na mea a pau papahana.

Na, ao ke ano o keia hou kohoʻia i ia manaʻo ma ka ke Netflix uku. E like me ia i ho'ākāka 'ia ma ka Mokuna 5, Netflix kuu 100 miliona Movie lākiō i hoʻolako' ia e aneane 500.000 hoa, a i ka hamama kāhea kahi kanaka mai na mea a pau ma luna o ke ao nei i waihoia algorithms i hiki ke hoʻoikaika 'ana Netflix ke akamai e waiho aku kiʻiʻoniʻoni. Ma mua o ka ho opa i ka ikepili, Netflix lawe aku i kekahiʻae nō hoʻi kino, nä ike, e like me na inoa. Netflix hoi aku la, he keuʻanuʻu, a hoʻolauna slight perturbations i loko o kekahi o nā moʻolelo (e like me, huli hou ae la kekahi lākiō i mai 4 hoku i 3 hoku). Netflix koke ike,, i hoʻowahāwahā ko lakou mau hana, i nā ikepili he ma, aole nae o ia hoʻi, Anonymous.

Wale elua pule mahope iho o ka ikepili ua hoʻokuʻu Narayanan and Shmatikov (2008) hoike mai, he mea hiki, e aʻo mai e pili ana i kekahi kanaka ke hōʻike ana kāu mau koho. Ka liana i ko lakou hou 'ike kaua, ua like ia Sweeney no ke keiki: merge pu kumu elua hōʻike, kekahi me potentially ikepili koʻikoʻi, a aoleʻae nō hoʻi nä' ike a me ka mea e loaʻa ai ka wahine paha, o na kanaka. Kela mea keia mea o kēia mau 'ike kumu i pākahi palekana, aka, i ka wa a lakou i ua hui ka merged dataset ke hana informational kamepiula. Ma ka hihia o ka Netflix aeaiiuo, maʻaneʻi i ka mea hiki ia ke hiki mai ana. Manao wale ia I koho e kaʻana i koʻu mau manao e pili ana ia hana, a Comedy kiʻiʻoniʻoni me koʻu mau ke kākoʻo '-poe hana, aka, ka mea au i makemake ole e kaʻana i koʻu manao e pili ana haipule a me ka mau kiʻiʻoniʻoni. My ke kākoʻo '-hana ke hoʻohana i ka' ike a pau Fashion pili ana me ia mau mea, e loaʻa iāʻoukou kaʻu mooolelo iloko o ka Netflix ikepili; ka 'ike a pau aʻu i kaʻana like' ana i hiki i kekahi hanana fingerprint pono e like me William Weld ka hanau la aku, helu leka, a me ka wahine. A laila, ina e loaa lakou i koʻu hanana fingerprint i loko o nā ikepili, ia lakou ke aʻo i koʻu Estate e pili ana i na mea a pau kiʻiʻoniʻoni, e like me nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni kahi aʻu i koho, aole makou i pomaikai like. Ma waho aʻeo kēiaʻano o ka hoʻomāka kaua hoʻomōhala ma luna o kekahi kanaka hookahi, Narayanan and Shmatikov (2008) hoi hoike mai ia ia i hiki ke hana i kekahi palahalaha kaua -one pili i na kanaka he nui, ma ka merging ka Netflix aeaiiua me pilikino a me ka maikam pane lākiō ikepili i kekahi ua koho kanaka, e Mail ma ka Internet Movie hōkeoʻikepili (IMDb). I kekahi 'ike i mea kū hoʻokahi fingerprint i kekahi kanaka,ʻo ko lākou o ka Movie lākiō i-hiki ke hoʻohana' ia e hōʻike iā lākou.

'Aʻole nō naʻe i ka Netflix aeaiiuo hiki ke hou-hōʻike' ia ma kekahi o ka hoʻomāka a palahalaha kaua, ia manawa i ikea aku ai e haahaa kamepiula. Mahope iho o na mea a pau, Movie lākiō i ole he nui ikepili koʻikoʻi. Oiai ka mea e lilo aiʻoiaʻiʻo i loko o mau, no ka mea, kekahi o ka poe 500.000 kanaka i loko o ka dataset, Movie Estate i hala loa ikepili koʻikoʻi. In mea, ma ka pane ana i ka de-anonymization kekahi keena mehameha anal wahine hui i ka papa-hana hoopii e ku e ia Netflix. Eia ko ka pilikia, ua kāheaʻia i loko o ko lākou lawsuit (Singel 2009) :

"[M] ovie a me ka pane lākiōʻikepili he 'ike no ka oi loa pilikino a me ka' ikepili kūlana [ili]. I ka lala ke maikamʻikepili huʻe ka Netflix lālā o ka ukupanee a me / ai ole ia, aumeume me nā nui ka nīnūnē, e like me sexuality, ka maʻi noʻonoʻo, loaa mai alcoholism, a me ka victimization mai incest, physical ka hainā, wahi lulu popilikia, moekolohe, a me kūlanakauhale. "

Ke de-anonymization o ka Netflix makana 'ikepili kahaki ii ka i ka ai a pau' ikepili he potentially 'ia, a me ka mea a pau ikepili he potentially ikepili koʻikoʻi. Ma keia wahi, ia oe ke manao o keia pili wale no i ka aeaiiuo i ka mea e pane hou mai la, e lilo ana i poe kanaka. Surprisingly, ka mea aole loa ia pela. Ma muli o kekahi ku okoa ana o Information Law noi, no ka New York City Aupuni kuu mooolelo o kela kaʻa'ōhua holo ma New York i ka 2013, me ke komo pu o ka pickup, a mai hapai ku e aku i manawa, wahi 'ē aʻe, a me ka momona dala (hoʻomanaʻo aʻela nō mai ka Mokuna 2 o Farber (2015) hoʻohana i kēia 'ikepili e hoao nui theories ma ka hana' aoʻao hoʻokele waiwai). Oiai keia i ka 'ikepili kaʻa'ōhua huakaʻi i mea benign no ka mea, aole ia i manao e ike e pili ana i na kanaka, Anthony Tockar hoʻomaopopo i kēia kaʻa'ōhua dataset maoli na puu o potentially ikepili koʻikoʻi' ike e pili ana i na kanaka. E kahaki, ike aku la oia i na mea a pau huakaʻi e hoʻomaka ana ma ka Hustler Club-a nui loloa ka laau ma New York, ma waena o ke aumoe, a me ka 6am, a laila loaʻa hoʻi iaʻu ma ko lakou mau kulu-i wahi 'ē aʻe. Keia huli hoike-ma Mānoa,-ka papa inoa o ka helu kuhi henua o kekahi poe kanaka, ka poe i hele pinepine mai ke Hustler Club (Tockar 2014) . He mea paakiki i ka manao wale ana i ke kulanakauhale o ke aupuni i keia ma ka manao, i ka wa e hookuu i ka ikepili. I mea, i keia iaʻano hana hiki ke hoʻohana 'ia e imi i ka hale helu kuhi henua o ka poe kanaka i ike i kekahi wahi maloko o ke kulanakauhale, he' inikua? Aaieou, he hale aupuni, ai ole ia, he haipule kula.

O keia mau hihia, o ka Netflix makana, a me ka New York City kaʻa'ōhuaʻikepili-hoike i kŘpa a mākaukau kanaka i pii ole mai i ka pono manaʻo i ka informational pilikia ma o ka 'ikepili i lakou i hookuu, a me keia mau hihia a pau ma aole o ia hoʻi, kū hoʻokahi (Barbaro and Zeller Jr 2006; Zimmer 2010; Narayanan, Huey, and Felten 2016) . Eia, ma na mea he nui o keia mau hihia, o ka problematic ikepili i koe o ka 'elele i loaʻa online, e hoike ana i ka pilikia o ka loa Hoʻihoʻiʻana i ka ikepili kala. Collectively keia mau hoailona, ​​a me noiʻi ma ka 'epekema kamepiula e pili ana i pilikino-hiki aku ai i nui ka hopena. Noiʻi e kuhi i na 'ikepili he potentially' ia, a me na mea a pau ikepili ua potentially ikepili koʻikoʻi.

Eia naʻe, aole hoi he mea pāʻoihana i ka mea a na 'ikepili he potentially' ia, a me na mea a pau ikepili ua potentially ikepili koʻikoʻi. Eia naʻe, ala hookahi e ho'ēmi i ike pilikia oiai oukou e hana me kaʻikepili oia e hana, ae hahai i ka ikepili ka hoomalu ana kumumanao. Keia manao, e emi i ka hiki wale mai ia oukouʻikepili e liu ae e emi iho i ka pōʻino, ina he liu somehow ia lŘlŘ. E hoʻololi na Kekahi Mau 'o ka aeaiiuo hoopakele kuka, e like me ka mea iʻano o ka AES e hoʻohana, ma luna o ka manawa, akā,ʻo ka UK ikepili Services helpfully hoʻonohonohoʻana i na oihana mua o ka' ike 'ohana ka palekana kumumanao i loko o 5 waeʻano a lakou i kapa aku ai i ka 5 ia e ola: palekana hana, palekana kanaka , pakele email, palekanaʻikepili, a me ka palekana nā mea hōʻike aku (Papa 6.2) (Desai, Ritchie, and Welpton 2016) . Kekahi o na wahi palekana elima pākahi hoʻolako hemolele hoomalu. Aka, pu lakou i hana i ka lākou ikaika o na kumu i hiki emi informational kamepiula.

A iâ lâkou e mālama i kouʻikepili oiai oukou e ka hoʻohana 'ana ia mea, hookahi anu u i loko o ka noiʻi kaʻina kahi informational kamepiula, ua maopopo salient he aeaiiuo ke kaʻana like me na noiʻi. Ikepili kaʻana like 'ia i waena o kānakaʻepekema mea, he kāna mau' ōlelo waiwai o ka 'epekema hooikaika oe, a ia mea nui iauaeoia i ka holomua o ka ike. Eia ko ka UK House o maoli i hoakakaia ka nui o kaʻikepili kaʻana like 'ia;

"Ke kōkua o ke aeaiiuo, he kahua ina noiʻi poe e paʻi, hōʻoia a me ka hana ma luna o nā hualoaʻa i hoike ia ma ka palapala. Ka presumption pono e ai, ke ole aia no he ikaika kumu i ole ia, aeaiiuo e hoomaopopo hōʻike ai i na kanaka i loaʻa. Ma ka laina i keia rula, kahi hiki,ʻikepili pili me na mea a pau akea hoʻolako 'e hana kaiāulu a me ka' elele i loaʻa. " (Molloy 2011)

Aka, ma ka kaʻana like ko oukouʻikepili me kekahi kanaka noiʻi, e hiki no e mahuahua informational pilikia i ko oukou i komo. Pela, he kohu mea e noiʻi ka poe i makemake e kaʻanalike i ko lakouʻikepili-a ua kauoha e kaʻanalike i ko lakouʻikepili-ua huli ana i ke kumu tension. Ma ka kekahi lima o lakou i ka ethical aie, e kaʻanalike i ko lakouʻikepili me naʻepekema, ka oi ina ka palapala noiʻi ua akea hoʻolako '. Aka, i ka wa hookahi, noiʻi he ethical aie kń, e like me ka mea e like me hiki, me ka pilikia no ko lakou i komo ike.

Mea pōmaikaʻi, o keia hihia, aole e like me ka loa e like me ka mea ikeia. He mea nui ka manaʻo o nā 'ike kaʻana like ma ka hoʻomaumau mai i kekahi' ike i kaʻana like 'ia e hookuu aku, ae hoʻopoina, kahi' ikepili i "anonymized" a ua like no kekahi e nānā (Kii 6.6). Elua o kēia mau loa ia i nā hana i ka pilikia a me ka pomaikai. Ka mea, he mea ole nōna ka mea ethical mea e, aole kaʻana i kouʻikepili; ia i kokoke loa i kahi eliminates nuiʻia pomaikai i ka lehulehu. Hoi e hoao, Makehewa, a me ka Time, i kumu hoolike ana no mamua, ma ka mokuna, manaʻo hoʻopiʻi kū'ē i ka aeaiiuo hoʻokuʻu kālele ana wale no i hiki ia i hoeha mai, a me ka poe ignore hiki ia pomaikai, ua overly hookahi kapakahi; I e kakau i na pilikia a me keia mea kapakahi, overly aiiay hoʻokokoke i oi aku au mamuli o lalo i ka wa aʻu i lawe mai aʻo ana e hoʻoholo i loko o ka maka o ka maopopo '(Pauku 6.6.4).

Kii 6,6: Ikepili hoʻokuʻu papa kōnane o ke hāʻule ma ka hoʻomaumau. Kahiʻoukou e noho ma keia hoʻomaumau hilinaʻi nui ma ka ho'ākāka lāliʻi o ko oukou mau aeaiiuo. Ma keia hihia, ke kolu aoao wiki e kokua ia oukou olelo i ke koena kūpono o ka pilikia a me ka pono i loko o koʻoukou mau hihia.

Eia, i waena o kēia mau loa hihia ka mea aʻu e kahea aku i ka paʻa kihapai e hoʻokokoke kahi 'ikepili i pili ana me ka poe i halawai me kekahi koi, a me ka poe i ae ia e paa ia e kekahi rula (e like me, ia maluna, mai kekahi IRB, a me ka' ike 'ohana ka palekana plans) . Keia paʻa kihapai kokoke loa i kahi hoʻolako nui o na pomaikai o ke kala, a hoʻopoina i emi kamepiula. O ka papa, i paʻa i ka pā kihapai kokoke loa i kahi hana nui nīnau-ka mea e 'ia e nānā, malalo o na hana hea, no ka mea, Pehea la ka loihi, ka mea e uku e malama, ae makai i ka paʻa kihapai a pela aku-aka o lakou nei i insurmountable. I ka mea, ma laila ua ano e hana paʻa nā mahinaʻai, ma kahi e noiʻi hiki hoʻohana pono Ano, e like me ka 'ikepili' Ahu o ka Inter-Kulanui County no ka Kalaiaina, a me Social Research ma ke Kulanui o Hawaii.

Pela, kahi e nā ikepili mai kou ao ma luna o ka hoʻomaumau o ole kaʻana like 'ia, paʻa i mala, ae hoʻokuʻu a hoʻopoina? It hilinaʻi ma ka lāliʻi o ko oukouʻikepili; noiʻi e koe i ka mahalo no ka poe, Beneficence, Lunakanawai, a me ka mahalo aku i ke kānāwai, a me na Paio. I ka wa wale ia kūpono koena no ka mea, na olelo hooholo noiʻi imi i ka'ōlelo aʻo a me ka apono ana o IRBs, a me kaʻikepili hoʻokuʻu hiki pono kekahi hapa o ia hana. Ma kekahi olelo, eia nae kekahi poe manao o ka aeaiiuo kala e like me ka Ka Ho 'Oponopono ethical morass, kakou ua loaa nenoai ma kahi e kōkua noiʻi koe i keia ano o ka hihia e ethical.

Hana hope loaʻano a pau e noʻonoʻo e pili ana i aeaiiuo kaʻana mea ma analogy. Kela makahiki hi, he kuleana no ka tausani o na make, aka, aole makou i ho'āʻo i ka ban holo. I ka mea, ua i kāhea e ban holo e absurd no ka holoʻana mau hiʻohiʻona nō i na hana mana mea. E aho, ke kaiāulu kanaka, wahi kapu ma luna o ka mea e hiki ke kipaku aku (e like me, pono e lilo ia i kekahi elemakule, pono e, ua hala kekahi ho'āʻo) a pehea lakou ke kipaku aku (e like me, malalo o ka māmā palena). Society no hoi he kanakaʻano hana me ka pule i keia mau rula (e like me, makai), a me ka hoopai makou poe kanaka ka poe i loaa 'aʻe iā lākou. I keia mea ke kaiāulu kanaka, Ua pili i ka hooponopono ana i holo hookahi ano o ka 'O ke kaulike manaʻo e hiki ke hoopili hoi i ka aeaiiuo ke kaʻana like. Ka mea, aole e absolutist manaʻo hoʻopiʻi kū'ē no ka mea, ai ole ia, e ku e aeaiiuo kaʻana, ke manao nei au, e hele mai i ka nui pomaikai, mai kii aku ia kakou ke kaʻana i oi aeaiiuo oi maluhia.

E manao nei, ua mahuahua dramatically informational kamepiula, a he mea nui ke kilokilo a quantify. Nolaila, he mea pono e kuhi i na 'ikepili he potentially' ia, a me potentially ikepili koʻikoʻi. E emi informational pilikia oiai hana noiʻi, noiʻi ke hana, ae hahai i ka ikepili ka hoomalu ana kumumanao. Eia, informational kamepiula, aole ia e pale noiʻi mai ka kaʻana like 'ikepili me naʻepekema.