3.3.2 huahelu

Huahelu mea e pili ana i ka hana ana i kuhi mai i ka mea a ko oukou mau respondents e olelo aku i ka mea a ko oukou mau respondents manao a me ka hana.

I ka lua o ka mahele o ka huina anamanaʻo hewa o keia hoopunipuni? Aieao he ana; ia dila pehea la kakou e hiki ai i kuhi mai nā pane i respondents haawi aku i ko makou mau ninau, me. It huli aku i ka pane makou loaa, a nolaila, na kuhi makou hana, ke hilinai nei o loi, a ma kekahi manawa kahaha ko oukou naau aoao-i e like pehea kakou noi. Paha, aohe kahaki ii ka keia nuiʻoi mamua o ka'ōlelo hoʻomakeʻaka i loko o ka mana buke noi nīnau e Norman Bradburn, Seymour Sudman, a Beriana Wansink (2004) :

Elua kahuna, he Dominika, a me ka Jesuit, ua kūkā ana ina paha he mea hewa i ka uahi, ae pule i ka manawa hookahi. Mahope iho o nele e hiki i ka hopena, kela mea keia mea e hele aku e halawai me kona mau i oi. Ke Dominika nei, "Heaha la kou kūlana olelo?"

Ka Jesuit ke pane, "I mai la ia, he Kahi."

"A he kūoʻo" ke Dominika e pane aku, "E kuu luna la ia he hewa."

Ka Jesuit i mai la, "He aha la oukou e noi aku ia ia?" The Dominika e pane aku, "I ninau mai ia ia, ina he Kahi e ka uahi oiai pule." "Oh" wahi a ka Jesuit, "I ninau aku, ina ua OK e pule, oiai e uwahi ana."

Ua nui examples o anomalies e like me ka mea hoano e ia e na kahuna elua. Eia, ka loa pukana ma ka kumu o keia'ōlelo hoʻomakeʻaka i ka inoa i loko o ka anamanaʻo noiʻi kaiāulu: ninau ano ole (Kalton and Schuman 1982) . E ike pehea ninau ano ole i ka hopena maoli ana, noonoo i keia mau mea i like loa nana anamanaʻo mau nīnau:

• "Pehea ka nui o kau aelike me ka hahai hoike: kanaka he nui e'Āhewa mamua o ka lawelawe ana no ka hewa, a me ka hewa i loko o keia aina."
• "Pehea ka nui o kau aelike me ka penei hoike: Social olelo, ua oi aku ia mamua o'Āhewa kanaka no ka hewa a me ka hewa i loko o keia aina."

Oiai na ninau hoike hou aku ai ana i ka ia mea, aole lakou hua okoa hualoaʻa ma ka maoli anamanaʻo hoʻokolohua (Schuman and Presser 1996) . I ka ninau kekahi aoao, he 60% ​​o ka respondents hōʻike i na kanaka he nui, e'Āhewa no ka hewa, aka, i ka wa ninau aku i ka kekahi ala ma kahi o 60% hai e lawelawe aku ana ua oi aku ka'Āhewa (Kii 3.2). Ma kekahi olelo, i ka poe uuku a likeʻole o nā nīnau elua e hiki alakai noiʻi i kaʻokoʻa ka hopena.

Kii 3.2: Results mai ka anamanaʻo hoʻokolohua (Schuman and Presser 1996, Table 8.1) . Noiʻi e loaʻa okoa pane ke kaumaha ma muli pono i ko lakou ninau aku i ka ninau. ʻO Ia ka hana o ka ninau ano kanawai (Kalton and Schuman 1982) .

Ma waho aʻeo ka 'ole o ka ninau, respondents no hoi e hiki haawi okoa olelo ma muli o ka ho'ākāka' olelo i hoʻohana. No ka mea, laʻana, i mea e ana ai i manao e pili ana i nā makakoho hui, ua heluhelu respondents ke kēia ake nui:

"Uaʻalo makou me na pilikia iloko o keia aina, aohe mea o ka mea e hiki ai e nā mākau 'hoopuni paha inexpensively. I hele ana au i ka inoa i kekahi o keia mau pilikia, a no kela a me keia mea au e makemake ana oukou e hai mai iaʻu, ina paha e manao kakou huli Noho nui kālā ma luna o ia mea, he uuku dala, ai ole ia, e pili ana i ka waiwai pono. "

": Kokua no ka poe ilihune." A malaila, ua ninau mai hapalua o na respondents e pili ana i "pono" a me ka hapalua i ninau puniʻOiai keia mau mea e like me eluaʻokoʻa hopuna no ka mea, aole lakou elicited loa okoa hualoaʻa (Kii 3.3); Americans hoike mai ka nui aku ma hope o "kokua i ka poe ilihune" ma mua o "ka pono" (Smith 1987; Rasinski 1989; Huber and Paris 2013) . Oiai anamanaʻo noiʻi noonoo i keia mau hua'ōlelo 'ole e lilo anomalies, ua hiki no hoi ia lakou noonoo noiʻi haʻina. Oia hoi, ua aoia i kekahi mea e pili ana i ka lehulehu manao, mai keia hopena makou.

Kii 3.3: Results mai Huber and Paris (2013) . Respondents ua oi aku ma hope o "kokua i ka poe ilihune" ma mua o ka "pomaikai." Eia he laʻana o ka ninau mau hua'ōlelo ia ai na pane i noiʻi loaa hilinai maluna pono a olelo lakou hana me iloko o ko lakou mau nīnau.

E like me keia mau hoailona e pili ana i ninau ano waiwai, a me ka hua'ōlelo 'ole hoike, i ka pane e noiʻi loaa hiki ke' ole ma ka maalea aoao ma muli o ko lākou noi i ko lakou ninau. aole anei o keia aha i ana e ole e hoohana ia; pinepine ka mea, aohe maikai loa. E aho, o na hoailona kahaki ia makou e? Ieoaeunoai ko kakou ninau akahele a makou eʻae pane uncritically.

Loa concretely, i keia 'o ia hoʻi ka mea, ina oe e ke kālailai anamanaʻoʻikepili ohi ia e kekahi, e kō, ua heluhelu ia oukou i ka palapala ninaninau maoli. A, ina oe e pili ana i ko oukou mau palapala ninaninau, I he ekolu manaʻo kōkua. Mua, I paipai ia oukou heluhelu hou e pili ana ninaninau manao (e like me, Bradburn, Sudman, and Wansink (2004) ). laila ua oi aku ia mamua o Fashion hiki ke wehewehe maanei. Lua, I paipai nei oe kope-olelo no ka olelo, ninau mai kiʻekiʻe-e like ai ana. Oiai keia kani e like me plagiarism, copying hoopaapaa ana, ua hooluoluia mai ma ka anamanaʻo noiʻi (e like me ka loihi o ko oukou kulanakauhale i ke kumu anamanaʻo). Ina oe kope ninau mai kiʻekiʻe-kbps ana, e hiki e hooiaio aku au i hoao ai ia oukou ke hoohalike i na pane i ko oukou anamanaʻo i pane mai kekahi'ē aʻe anamanaʻo. Eia ke oki, I paipai ia oukou ka mālama 'hoao i kou ninau me kekahi kanaka, mai koʻoukou kino heluna (Presser et al. 2004) ; koʻu hoao ana, ua i mālama '-ho'āʻo mau hōʻike kahaha ko oukou naau nīnūnē.