Keia pauku, e lawe i ka makemakika kokoke i ka mea hōʻikeʻikeʻuʻuku a me ka manaʻo i loko o probability a me ka 'ole-probability Eia kekahi laʻana. It E kikoo i Särndal, Swensson, and Wretman (2003) , a me Särndal and Lundström (2005) .