hou commentary

Keia pauku, ua papahana e, e hoʻohana 'e like me ka olua, i ole e heluhelu ia ka moolelo.

• Introduction (Pauku 3.1)

Nui o na themes i loko o kēia mokuna, ua hoi ua wahi i loko o nā Presidential helu kuhi henua i ka Hui American o na manao Research (AAPOR), e like me Dillman (2002) , Newport (2011) , Santos (2014) , a me Link (2015) .

No ka mea, nui moʻolelo kāʻei kua e pili ana i ka hooulu ana o ka anamanaʻo noiʻi, ike Smith (1976) a Converse (1987) . No ka mea, hou ma luna o ka manaʻo o ka ekolu o ka'āina o ka anamanaʻo noiʻi, ike Groves (2011) , a me Dillman, Smyth, and Christian (2008) (ka mea e uhaʻi aku i nā lāʻekolu iki okoa).

A piko i loko o ke hoʻololi, mai ka mua a hiki i ka lua o ka'āina i loko o anamanaʻo noiʻiʻo Groves and Kahn (1979) , ka mea i hana i ka piha poo-i-poo e like ma waena o ka. Maka-i-maka, a me kelepona anamanaʻo Brick and Tucker (2007) nana hou ma ka moʻolelo 'ana o ka moʻolelo kaulele huahelu dialing mea hōʻikeʻikeʻuʻuku kāu kiʻina hana.

No ka mea, nui ka anamanaʻo noiʻi ua loli iloko o ka hala ma ka pane i ka loli i ka hui, ike Tourangeau (2004) , Mitofsky (1989) , a me Couper (2011) .

• Noi ana vs. nānā (Pauku 3.2)

Ke aʻo 'ana e pili ana i na Hawaii ka ninau nīnau hiki e problematic no ka mea, i kekahi manawa na respondents ia lakou iho, uaʻike nōʻo ia lakou na Huipuia, aole. No ka mea, laʻana, Nisbett and Wilson (1977) he kupanaha pepa me ka evocative hoailona: "E hai ana aku ia kakou e hiki aku i ike:. Ia hoʻi nā hōʻike ma ka noʻonoʻo 'keʻano o ka hanaʻana." Ma ka pepa i nā kākauʻana: "kamaaina, he manawa (a) me ka ike ole o ka ola ana o ka stimulus i importantly i alakaʻi ai i ka pane, (b) me ka ike ole o ke ola ana o ka pane, a me (c) me ka ike ole i ka stimulus ua loli ke pane. "

No ka mea, manaʻo hoʻopiʻi kū'ē i noiʻi e makemake malama hana i hoike hana a mau kino, ike Baumeister, Vohs, and Funder (2007) (psychology), a me Jerolmack and Khan (2014) , a pane (Maynard 2014; Cerulo 2014; Vaisey 2014; Jerolmack and Khan 2014) (sociology). Ka hookaawale iwaena o noi, ae nānā hoʻi kupu ana ma ka 'aoʻao hoʻokele waiwai, kahi noiʻi olelo hooholo no ke olelo, a hoike ana kāu mau koho. No ka mea, laʻana, he kanaka noiʻi hiki noi respondents paha lakou i makemake ai hau holika, a hele i ka hale haʻuki (olelo ana kāu mau koho) ai 'ole ka noiʻi ke mālama pinepine kanaka e ai hau holika, ae hele aku i ka hale haʻuki (hōʻike ana kāu mau koho). Laila ua hohonu skepticism o kekahi mauʻano o ka oleloia ana kāu mau koho 'ike ma ka' aoʻao hoʻokele waiwai (Hausman 2012) .

A ka papa kuhikuhiE theme like mai keia mau hakaka, ua i mai, a hōʻike 'ana ka mea e mau loa ana pololei. Aka, akomi kākau 'ana e ole e pololei, e ole e ohi ia ma ka la ana o ka ukupanee, a i ole e ole i ka noiʻi. Pela, ma kekahi wahi, i hiki, ke manao nei mai, a hōʻike 'ana e hiki e pono keia mau mea. Eia, he lua o ka papa kuhikuhiE theme like mai keia mau paio kālaimanaʻo he mau mea lono e pili ana Emotions, ike, 'upu', a me ka manao aole pololei. Aka, ina ike e pili ana i keia mau mea na Hawaii, ua pono e noiʻi-kela e kōkua wehewehe 'ana kekahi, a me ka mea e wehewehe, alaila, e noi ana i kūpono.

• Ka huina anamanaʻo kikowaena (Pauku 3.3)

No ka mea, puke loa kūlana kanaka ma huina anamanaʻo kuhihewa, ike Groves et al. (2009) ai 'ole Weisberg (2005) . No ka mea, i ka moolelo o ka ulu ana o ka huina anamanaʻo kuhihewa, ike Groves and Lyberg (2010) .

I ka olelo o kekahi loio, he pōkole nui i ka helu o ka ole-pane, a non-pane bias, oia ka National Research Aha hoike ma Nonresponse ma Social Science ana: A Research papahana (2013) . Kekahi mau mea kōkua ma Hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo i hoʻolako 'ia e (Groves 2006) . Hoi, anai loa kūikawā kumuhana o ka Pai o Official 'ikepili helu, Public manao Quarterly, a me ka moʻolelo o ka Academy American o Kalaiaina, a me Social Science ua hoolahaia ma luna o ke kumuhana o ka ole-ai i nā pane. Eia ke oki, aia he nae he nui naʻano likeʻole o ka helu ana i ka pane ana; ua hoakakaia keia mau hoʻokokoke mai ma ka au mamuli o ka hoike ma ka Hui o na manao noiʻi 'Amelika (AAPOR) (Public Opinion Researchers} 2015) .

Ka palapala, ai '1936 hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo kino Ua pio ka polokalamu aʻo ma au mamuli (Bryson 1976; Squire 1988; Cahalan 1989; Lusinchi 2012) . Ka mea, ua hoʻohana no hoi e like me ka olelo nane e ao aku i haphazard aeaiiuo ohi (Gayo-Avello 2011) . I ka 1936, George Gallup hoʻohana i oi aku Ka Uluwehi O Ke 'ano o ka mea hōʻikeʻikeʻuʻuku, a ua hiki ia ia ke paka hou pololei koho me ka nui uuku hāpana. Gallup ka pomaikai maluna o ka palapala, ai 'hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo, he milestone ka ulu ana o ka anamanaʻo noiʻi (Converse 1987, Ch 3; Ohmer 2006, Ch 4; Igo 2008, Ch 3) .

I ka olelo ana, he nui mua o nā kumu waiwai no ke hoʻololi i palapala ninaninau, he Bradburn, Sudman, and Wansink (2004) . No ka mea, he oi aku ka holomua hana hoʻomōhala ua hōʻike hewa i heluia, ninau, ike Schuman and Presser (1996) . More i mālama '-ho'āʻo nīnau ka mea i loaʻa i loko o Presser and Blair (1994) , Presser et al. (2004) , a me ka Mokuna 8 o Groves et al. (2009) .

Ka Classic, buke-loa lapaau o ka oihana-aku ma waena o anamanaʻo koina, a me anamanaʻo hewa o Groves (2004) .

• Owai la ka mea e noi (Pauku 3.4)

Classic puke-loa wale i nā hae probability mea hōʻikeʻikeʻuʻuku a me ka manaʻo ua Lohr (2009) (oi introductory) a me Särndal, Swensson, and Wretman (2003) (oi holomua). A Classic puke-loa wale i nā kia-stratification a me nā ano he Särndal and Lundström (2005) . Ma kekahi mīkini elemakule napoo ana no hoi, noiʻi ike loa i ka iki e pili ana ole-respondents, ka mea i ole pinepineʻoiaʻiʻo i loko o ka hala. E hikiʻokoʻa ano o ka non-pane hoʻoponopono noiʻi i 'ike e pili ana i ka politika, respondents wa (Kalton and Flores-Cervantes 2003; Smith 2011) .

Ka Xbox like o Wang et al. (2015) hoʻohana i keʻano hana kapaia multilevel regression a kia-stratification (MRP, i kekahi manawa, i kapaia "Popilikia P") e leie noiʻi e kiÿeleo aeea 'o ia hoʻi, a hiki i ka wa ua nui, he nui loa keena. 'Oiai, aia no kekahi hoopaapaa e pili ana i ka mea e like ai o ka poe koho, mai keiaʻano hana, he mea e like me ka olelo mua iaʻi wahi e makaikai i. I keʻano hana, ua hoʻohana mua ma Park, Gelman, and Bafumi (2004) , a ua nui mahope ohana a me ka hoopaapaa ana (Gelman 2007; Lax and Phillips 2009; Pacheco 2011; Buttice and Highton 2013; Toshkov 2015) . No ka mea, hou ma luna o ka pilina ma waena o kēia paona, a me aeea-Aʻo paona ike Gelman (2007) .

No ka mea, na hoʻokokoke mai i kaumaha pūnaewele ana, ike Schonlau et al. (2009) , Valliant and Dever (2011) , a me Bethlehem (2010) .

Laʻana'ālike, ua manaoia e Rivers (2007) . Bethlehem (2015) hoʻopaʻapaʻa i ka hana o ka hāpana'ālike e nae e like me na mea hōʻikeʻikeʻuʻuku hoʻokokoke mai (e like me, stratified mea hōʻikeʻikeʻuʻuku) a me na hoʻoponopono hoʻokokoke mai (e like me, lāʻau kū-stratification). No ka mea, e oi aku maluna o online, Panel, ike Callegaro et al. (2014) .

I kekahi manawa noiʻi, ua loaa ia probability Eia kekahi laʻana, a non-probability Eia kekahi laʻana hookuu koho o like ma Hawaiʻi (Ansolabehere and Schaffner 2014) , aka, na like me kā, ua loaa i ka politika-probability Eia kekahi laʻana hana ino (Malhotra and Krosnick 2007; Yeager et al. 2011) . Hana e hiki kumu nui no keia mau mea, oko ao ka mea ua hou ma luna o ka manawa 'ole-probability Eia kekahi laʻana. No ka mea, he nui pessimistic nayce n non-probability mea hōʻikeʻikeʻuʻuku kāu kiʻina hana ike i ka ka AAPOR hana Max i ole-probability mea hōʻikeʻikeʻuʻuku (Baker et al. 2013) , a no hoi au i waiho aku heluhelu ana i ka commentary ka mea e hahai i ka ke hoike.

No ka mea, he meta-Ka Ikepili ma ke kanawai o ke kaumaha e ho'ēmi i bias i 'ole-probability Eia kekahi laʻana, ike Papa 2.4 ma Tourangeau, Conrad, and Couper (2013) , e hiki aku ai i ka mea kākau e manao "he hoʻololi' ana i mea e pono keia mau mea, aka, fallible corrections. . . "

• Pehea e noi (Pauku 3.5)

Conrad and Schober (2008) hoʻolako i hoʻoponoponoʻia ka leo ma hope mai Envisioning ka Survey Lekio o ka Future, a ua helu kuhi henua nui o na themes ma keia pauku. Couper (2011) helu kuhi henua like themes, a Schober et al. (2015) e kaumaha ana i kiʻi mamuli o ka aeaiiuo ohi epekema i kā i ka hou 'okoʻa ke' ai pono i kiekie ae kbps aeaiiuo.

No ka mea, o kekahi hana hoihoi mamuli o ka hoʻohana 'ana Facebook Apps no ka lawelawe nauka ana, ike Bail (2015) .

No ka mea, nui aʻo i ka hana ana i ana i ka puaʻa, a waiwai akaka no i komo, ike i ka hana ma ke kā Design Kiʻina (Dillman, Smyth, and Christian 2014) .

Stone et al. (2007) e kaumaha ana i ka buke loa lapaʻau o? Aneeo wā pōkole, helu a me nā epekema.

• Ana ua hoʻopili i nā ikepili (Pauku 3.6)

Judson (2007) ho'ākāka 'ia ma ke kaʻina hana o ka hoʻohuiʻia ana a me ka hoʻomalu ikepili e like me "' ike i hoʻohui 'ia," discusses kekahi pono o keia kokoke loa i kahi, a kaumaha ana i kekahi mau hoailona.

ala kekahi e noiʻi ke hoʻohana kikohoʻe ko läkou 'a me ka hoʻomalu ka ikepili ka mea, he mea hōʻikeʻikeʻuʻuku kapiliia na kanaka, me kekahi ano. Eia naʻe, e nānā i keia mau mooolelo, e hoʻohana i ka mea hōʻikeʻikeʻuʻuku kapiliia hiki no hoi i hana na ninau e pili ana i ka 'ikepili pilikino (Beskow, Sandler, and Weinberger 2006) .

E pili ana i listen ninau aku la, o keia hoʻokokoke, aole e like me ka hou e like me ka mea hele mai ia mai ka Fashion ho'ākāka 'ia ma ia mea. Keia kokoke loa i kahi mea hohonu pili 'o Randy i ekolu wahi nui i ka' ikepili helu-ho-Aʻo kia-stratification (Little 1993) , imputation (Rubin 2004) , a me ka meaʻuʻuku wahi manaʻo (Rao and Molina 2015) . Ua hai aku i ka hoʻohana 'ana o surrogate aiaiiuo i ka' inikua noiʻi (Pepe 1992) .

Ma waho aʻeo ka ethical aʻe e pili ana i lolouila i ka mīkini kumumea aeaiiua, listen ninau aku la hiki no hoi ke hoʻohana 'ia e infer ikepili koʻikoʻi kāna moʻolelo i kanaka ke ole koho e hoike aku i loko o ka anamanaʻo (Kosinski, Stillwell, and Graepel 2013) .

I ka waiwai e lilo aku, a me ka manawa koho ma Blumenstock, Cadamuro, and On (2015) hoʻohuli i oi aku i iaaanu lilo-ka lilo ana o hookahi hou ana, a aole hoi e komo paa koina e like me ka waiwai e lilo aku, e hoʻomaʻemaʻe, a me ke kō i ka hea ikepili. Ma ke 'ano laulā, listen ninau aku la e paha i kiʻekiʻe paa koina a me ka haahaa iaaanu koina like me kikohoʻe ho okolohua (e nānā i ka Mokuna 4). More lāliʻi ma nā ikepili ma Blumenstock, Cadamuro, and On (2015) pepa, ua ma Blumenstock and Eagle (2010) , a me Blumenstock and Eagle (2012) . Hoʻokokoke mai o kekahi mau imputuation (Rubin 2004) ke kōkua ka hopu maopopo i koho mai listen ninau mai la. Ina noiʻi hana listen noi wale malama ana 'Ohi helu, ma mua o kanaka-pae kāna moʻolelo, a laila, na ke hoʻokokoke mai i King and Lu (2008) , a me Hopkins and King (2010) i e pono keia mau mea. No ka mea, e pili ana i ka mīkini aʻo hoʻokokoke mai ma Blumenstock, Cadamuro, and On (2015) , ike James et al. (2013) (oi introductory) a Hastie, Tibshirani, and Friedman (2009) (oi holomua). Kekahi kaulana mīkini aʻo pukeʻo Murphy (2012) .

E pili ana i waiwai ninau mai la ia, i nā hualoaʻa ma Ansolabehere, a me Hersh (2012) ami i elua kiʻanuʻu: 1) ka hiki o Catalist e hui pu iho la na mea he nui disparate ikepili kumu e paka i kekahi pala- pala haku datafile, a me 2) ka hiki o Catalist e Loulou i ka anamanaʻo aeaiiua i kona haku datafile. Nolaila, Ansolabehere a me Hersh huli kela mea keia mea o kēia mauʻanuʻu ke akahele.

E ho okumu i ka haku datafile, Catalist hiehie a harmonizes ike mai he nui okoa kumu e like me: mau ke koho mooolelo kope o kela a me keia Mokuaina, 'ikepili mai ka Post Office ka National Change o ka Address Kakau, a me kaʻikepili mai kekahi unspecified kalepa pūnaewele. Ka gory lāliʻi e pili ana i keia, i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe, a me na mea a pau mergingʻia ana ma kēlāʻaoʻao o ka laulā o kēia puke, akā, i kēia kaʻina, aole mea i akahele, e holo pü hewa i loko o ka palapala ikepili kumu, a ae mai i hewa. ʻOiai Catalist, ua makemake e kūkākūkā i konaʻikepili aaioee, ae hoomakaukau i kekahi o kona maka ike, he mea wale ole no ka noiʻi e nānā i ka mea a pau Catalist aeaiiuo pipeline. E aho, ka noiʻi i loko o ke kahua kahi a ka Catalist aeaiiuo waihona i kekahi mea i ike, a paha unknowable, nui o ka hewa. O keia mea, he mea manao no ka manaʻo kiʻiʻoniʻoni e nūnē nui ai na nä mea nui ma waena o ke anamanaʻo papa hoike ma ka CCES, a me ka hana i loko o ka Catalist haku aeaiiuo AEI, ua kena ae la ma ka wahaheʻe i loko o ka haku aeaiiuo waihona, aole ma ka misreporting ma respondents.

Ansolabehere a Hersh i eluaʻokoʻa hoʻokokoke mai i kamaʻilio akula i ka 'ike e like ai, ae hoʻomaopopoʻia. Mua, he pakela aku ke kapakai a ka hoʻoponopono hoike ke koho i koho ma ka Catalist haku waihona, ka noiʻi no hoi hoohalikeia ka hoʻoponopono hoike aoao, heihei, koho kakau kūlana (e like me, kakau paha i helu) a me ke koho iaoia (e like, ma ka mea, absentee balota, etc.) i ka poe waiwai i loaʻa i loko o ka 'ikepili i Catalist. No ka mea, o keia mau eha HI DEBFULLNAME, ka noiʻi loaa nui kiekie pae o ka aelike ma waena o anamanaʻo hoike, a meʻikepili ma o ka Catalist haku waihona ma mua no ke koho ana. Pela, ke Catalist haku aeaiiuo AEI mea akaka, e loaa kbps 'ike no ka moʻolelo e ae mamua o ke koho ana, A laila'ōlelo akula ia mea, aole no ka poe ilihune nohona ma Hawaiʻi. Lua, ma ka hapa meʻikepili mai Catalist, Ansolabehere a me Hersh? Ac? Ekolu okoa ana o ke kūpono o ke kalana koho mooolelo, a ike aku la lakou i ka aayoaeuiinoe uku ma luna o-ka hōʻike 'ana o ke koho balota, uaʻano nui unrelated ia i kekahi o kēia mau' ike e like ai ana, i ka mea i hoʻoholo 'ia paipai i ka holo 'awelika kiʻekiʻe o luna o-ka hōʻike' ana i ke kipaku e counties, aole me unusually haahaa ikepili e like ai.

Haawi mai la ka haku o keia haku ke koho AEI, i ka lua o ka kumu oʻia hewa, ua kuhikuhi ana i ke anamanaʻo mooolelo ia ia. No ka mea, laʻana, ina o keia linkage ua hana incorrectly ia ke alakai aku i ka luna-olelo o ka likeʻole o ka hoike a hōʻoiaʻia ke koho 'ana (Neter, Maynes, and Ramanathan 1965) . Ina kela kanaka i ka hale, kū hoʻokahi hōʻike no ka mea, he ai ma na ikepili kumu, a laila, linkage ina e AICIeOEOI. Ma ka US, a loa na aina e, nō naʻe,ʻaʻohe mea hōʻike no ke ao. Eia, ina paha he mea i hōʻike no ke kanaka e paha e hesitant e hoomakaukau ia mea i ka manaʻo noiʻi! Pela, Catalist i e hana i ka linkage me imperfect hōʻike no ke, ma keia hihia na apana o ka 'ike e pili ana i kela a me keia respondent eha: inoa, hoohanau, makahiki ka hanau ana, a me ka hale aae. No ka mea, laʻana, Catalist i e hooholo, ina o ka Homie J Simpson ma ka CCES o ka ia kanaka, e like me ka Homer Jay Simpson, ma ko lakou haku aeaiiuo waihona. Ma ka hana,'ālike no ka pilikia a me ka Pa kaʻina, a, e hana i mea ino loa no ka noiʻi, Catalist, noonoo iho la kona'ālikeʻano hana e proprietary.

I mea e hōʻoiaʻia i ka'ālike algorithms, hilinai aku la lakou i elua hana nui loa ia. Mua, Catalist komo i loko o ka'ālike Competition i holo e kekahi kuokoa, kolu-aoao: o ka MITRE Inc. MITRE nae na mea a pau i komo elua walaʻau ikepili AEIU e like, a me kekahi mau hui paʻi, e hoi aku i MITRE ka maikaʻi loa'ālike. No ka mea, MITRE ia i ike i ka pololei'ālike, ua hiki keʻai i ka eiiaiaeu lakou. O ka 40 poe i paʻi, Catalist hele ma ka lua o kahi. Keia ano o kuokoa, kolu-aoao loiloi 'o ka' ike loea hou proprietary Ua pohihihi keia, a incredibly waiwai; ka mea, e haawi mai i ka wiwo ole o Catalist ka'ālike hana heʻano nui ma ka noho-o-ka-oe. Aka, no ka noho-o-ka-oe maikai kupono? Ma waho aʻeo kēia'ālike Competition, Ansolabehere, a me Hersh i hanaʻi i ko lakou mau'ālike hakaka no Catalist. Mai ka mua papahana, Ansolabehere a me Hersh i ohi koho mooolelo, mai Hawaii. La lakou nae kekahi o keia mau mooolelo, me kekahi o redacted i Catalist, a laila hoʻohālikelike Catalist ka papa hoike o keia mau mahinaʻai i ko lākou maoli Hawaiʻi ko lakou mau kihapai. Mea pōmaikaʻi, Catalist ka hoike ua kokoke ia i ka aua Hawaiʻi, e hoike ana i ka mea Catalist ke aʻohe hapa koho mooolelo ma luna o ko lākou haku aeaiiuo waihona. O keia mau hana nui loa ia, kekahi ma ke kolu-aoao, a hookahi ma Ansolabehere, a me Hersh, e haawi mai ia makou nui ka wiwo ole ma ka Catalist'ālike algorithms, a hiki nae hiki ole ia makou nānā i ko lākou mau manaʻo iho ia kakou iho.

Ka mea, ua nui ho'āʻo mua i hōʻoiaʻia ke koho. No ka mea, he manaʻo o ka mea moʻokalaleo, ike Belli et al. (1999) , Berent, Krosnick, and Lupia (2011) , Ansolabehere and Hersh (2012) , a me Hanmer, Banks, and White (2014) .

He mea nui e hoailona oukou i koe ma keia hihia noiʻi, ua hoʻoikaikaʻia ka mea e like ai o kaʻikepili mai Catalist, na loiloi 'ana ma o ka kalepa vendors ua emi hoihoi. Noiʻi, ua loaa ilihune mea e like ai i ka wa a kaʻikepili mai ke ana a hiki i ka consumer-apuapu mai ke kūʻai akuʻana Systems Group (ka mea wale merged pū 'ikepili mai ka ekolu pūnaewele: Acxiom, Experian, a InfoUSA) (Pasek et al. 2014) . Ka mea, i ka 'ikepili waihona' Aʻohe anamanaʻo ai i nā pane a noiʻi i manaoia ai e pololei, i nalo i ka 'ikepili no ka mea, he nui nui o na nīnau, a me ka nalo aeaiiuo kumu hoʻohālike, ua correlated i ka hoike ana waiwai o ka datafile (ʻo ia hoʻi ka nalowale ikepili ua systematic , aole moʻolelo kaulele).

No ka mea, nui ma ka moolelo linkage ma waena o ana a me ka hoʻomalu ikepili, ike Sakshaug and Kreuter (2012) , a me Schnell (2013) . No ka mea, nui ma ka moolelo linkage i ka nui, ike Dunn (1946) , a me Fellegi and Sunter (1969) (Land) a Larsen and Winkler (2014) (kēia). Similar hoʻokokoke mai i no hoi i ikaika ma ka kamepiula epekema malalo o na inoa e like me ka aeaiiuo deduplication, manawa 'ike, ka inoa'ālike,ʻia kekahi mau mea ka loaʻaʻana, ae nānā aku ka loaʻaʻana (Elmagarmid, Ipeirotis, and Verykios 2007) . He nui no hoi pilikino ka hoopakele ana i hoʻokokoke mai, e palapala linkage i ole koi i ka EYI o kino nä 'ike (Schnell 2013) . Noiʻi ma Facebook nui ka hana e probabilisticsly Loulou i ko lakou mau mooolelo, i ke koho 'ana (Jones et al. 2013) ; keia linkage ua hana e loiloi i ka hoʻokolohua ka mea aʻu e hai aku ia oukou i ka Mokuna 4 (Bond et al. 2012) .

ʻO Kekahi kumu no e kuhikuhi ana i ka nui-pālākiō nohona ana i aupuni hoʻomalu moʻolelo hiki mai ka Health, a me ko Survey a me ka lawelawe mālama ola kia'āina 'ana. No ka mea, nui ma kela ao, e like me ka 'ike e pili ana i ka' ae 'ana i ke kaʻina hana, ike Olson (1996) , a me Olson (1999) .

Ke kaʻina hana o ka hoʻohuiʻia nā kumu o ka hoʻomalu moʻolelo i loko o ka haku datafile-ke kaʻina a Catalist? Aaiuo-mea, he pono ole iloko o ka oihana ana helu o kekahi mau aina aupuni. Elua noiʻi mai 'ikepili helu Kuekene, ua kākauʻia lākou i ka piha buke ma ke kumuhana (Wallgren and Wallgren 2007) . No ka mea, he kumu o keia kokoke loa i kahi o ka hookahi kalana ma kaʻAmelika Hui Pūʻia (Olmstead County, Hawaii, hale o ka Luna ke Kalinika), ike Sauver et al. (2011) . No ka mea, nui ma ka wahaheʻe e hikiʻikea au i loko hoʻomalu mooolelo, e nana Groen (2012) .