Key:
[ , ] Ma ka mokuna, aole au he nui loa maikaʻi i kia-stratification. Nō naʻe, he 'aʻole mau hoʻoikaika i ka Hawaiʻi o koho. Kapili i kahi kahua kahi e Mail-stratification ke emi i ka Hawaiʻi o koho. (No ka mea, o ka, hoʻomaoe, ike Thomsen (1973) ).
[ , , ] Design, ae hana i nā probability ana on Amazon MTurk e ninau e pili ana i ka pū ona ( "anei ia oukou, a hana i kekahi i loko o koʻoukou mau hale, mau i ka pu, rifle paha panapana? No ia oe ai 'ole kekahi i loko o kou hale?"), A me mau kino i ka pū ke kāohi ( "Heaha hana oukou e manao ua oi aku ka nui, e pale aku i ka pono o Americans ka 'ona pū, ai ole ia, e kū pū ona?").
[ , , ] Goel a me nā hoapili (2016) lawelawe i pili-probability-aʻo ana he 49 mau-koho attitudinal nīnau e holo ana mai ka General Social Survey (GSS) a me ka wae ana ma ka Pew Research Center ma Amazon MTurk. Lakou alaila, hoʻomaʻa no ka mea ole-representativeness o na aeaiiuo ka hoʻohana kükohu-Aʻo kia-stratification (Mr. P), ai ka hoohalike ana i ka hoʻoponopono iho koho me ka poe aayoaeuiinoe hoʻohana probability-Aʻo GSS / Pew ana. Hana i ka ia anamanaʻo ma MTurk, ae hoao e replicate ke Kii 2a, a me ke Kii 2b ma ke kapakai ko oukou hoʻoponopono iho koho i ka poe koho, mai ka mea hala koke puni o GSS / Pew (See i paiiaʻi na papa A2 no ka mea, o ka papa inoa o ka 49 nīnau).
[ , , ] Nui haʻawina e hoʻohana i ka hoʻoponopono hoike ana o Kelepona Paʻi ha awina aeaiiuo. Keia mea he hoihoi 'okoʻa no ka manawa, kahi noiʻi e hoohalike pakiko-hoike hana me ka ua paʻaʻia hana (e nānā i IAOEIAaO, Boase and Ling (2013) ). Elua na hana kūpono, e noi ana e kahea ana, a me texting, a elua na manawa haalulu iho he "nehinei" a "ma ka hebedoma i ka hala."
[ , ] Schuman, a me Presser (1996) hoʻopaʻapaʻa ia nīnau kauoha e ia mea no ka mea, elua ano o ka pili aloha ma waena nīnau: hapa-hapa nīnau kahi mau nīnau ma ka ia nui o ka specificity (e like Estate o elua presidential moho); a me ka hapa-pau nīnau kahi he ninau nui ia mahope iho o ka oi aku i ho'ākāka 'nīnau (e like me ka noi "Pehea māʻona poe ia oukou, me ko oukou hana?" ukali ia e "Pehea māʻona hoʻiʻoe i kou ola?").
Lakou no hoi i emi iho elua ano o ka ninau pono ole: consistency ole ana i ka wa pane i ka ninau hope, ua lawe mai pilina (ma mua o lakou e ole e) i ka poe i haawi mai i ka ninau mua aku; Akä naÿe waiwai i hoʻomaka ai i ka wa malaila, ua oi aku oko ao ma waena o pane i elua ninau.
[ , ] Kukulu maluna o ka hana o Schuman, a me Presser, Moore (2002) hōʻike ana i Ana kaawale o ka ninau pono ole: additive a me ka subtractive. Ia Akä naÿe, a me consistency waiwai, ua hua mai la e like me ia i kaʻilihune respondents 'loiloi' ana ma o ka 'ikamu elua ana i kekahi i kekahi, additive, a ua hua mai subtractive' ole i ka wa respondents ua hana hou 'ikepili i ka nui? Aieao i loko i nā nīnau i posed. Heluhelu mai o Moore (2002) , alaila, manao ae holo i ka anamanaʻo hoʻokolohua ma MTurk, e hōʻike aku additive a subtractive loa.
[ , ] Manuela Antoun, a me nā hoapili (2015) lawelawe 'ia ka hoʻopaʻa' ana i ke kapakai a ka pono Eia kekahi laʻana loaa mai ehaʻokoʻa online no pūʻali koa kumu: MTurk, Craigslist, Google ka poʻe hoʻolaha, a me Facebook. Mea i manao ai, he mea anamanaʻo ae Imi i komo ma he elua okoa online no pūʻali koa kumu (lakou e hiki ke lilo okoa kumu, mai na kumu eha hoʻohana 'ia i loko o Antoun et al. (2015) ).
[ ] YouGov, he punaewele ke aʻo kahua makeke noiʻi naue ole, alakaʻi online, mau poo no ka panel o ka puni 800.000 respondents ma ka UK, a hoʻohana Mr. P. ke kilokilo i ka hopena o eu Referendum ( 'o ia hoʻi, Brexit) kahi a ka UK koho balota ma e noho i ole haʻalele i ka 'Eulopa Union.
A piha ho'ākāka 'ana no YouGov ke ana helu kükohu heʻaneʻi (https://yougov.co.uk/news/2016/06/21/yougov-referendum-model/). Koʻikoʻi olelo ana, YouGov i pohā koho pāloka i ke ano ma muli o 2015 koho o koho maikai loa, makahiki, palapala hōʻoia, ka wahine, la o ko laua halawai, e like me ka constituency a lakou e noho i loko. First, lakou i hoʻohana 'ikepili i ohi ia mai ka YouGov panelists e manaʻo, mawaena o ka poe ka poe koho, ma ka like ana o na kanaka o kela a me keia koho type i manao ai e koho haʻalele. Lakou kiÿeleo turnout o kela a me keia koho 'ano ma ka hoʻohana' ana i ka 2015 Pelekāne Koho Balota Study (BES) kia-koho maka-i-maka ana, i hōʻoiaʻia turnout mai ka electoral palapala. Eia ke oki, lakou i manaʻo ehia na kanaka malaila, ua o kela a me keia koho 'ano i loko o ka electorate nānā' ana i hope helu, a me makahiki Heluna Survey (me kekahi hou ike mai ka BES, YouGov anamanaʻo 'ikepili mai a puni ka poe koho o, a me ka' ike i ka nui o na kanaka i hooholoia no ka mea, kela aoao, ma kela a me keia constituency).
lāʻekolu i mua o ke koho ana, YouGov hōʻike he elua welau alakai no ka haalele. Ma ke Ewa o ke koho, ke kino hoike nui kokoke ana i kapa aku (49-51 noho). Ka hope i-ka-la hoʻopaʻa wānana 48/52 ma ka aoao o ka noho (https://yougov.co.uk/news/2016/06/23/yougov-day-poll/). I mea, i keia olelo hala ka hope? Acoeueoao (52-48 waiho) ka eha pakeneka o ka papa.
[ , ] E kakau iho i kekahi kauoha e kahaki kela a me keia o ka hoohalike ai ka wahaheʻe i loko o Kii 3.1.
[ , ] Ka noiʻi a Blumenstock, a me nā hoapili (2015) pae'āina ke kūkuluʻana i ka mīkini aʻo ÷ ka mea hiki ke hoʻohana mīkini kumumea kaʻikepili e kilokilo anamanaʻo ai i nā pane. Ano,ʻoukou e hele aku e hoao i ka ia mea, me ka okoa dataset. Kosinski, Stillwell, and Graepel (2013) loaa o Facebook like ke kilokilo kanaka kāna moʻolelo a meʻAno. Surprisingly, i keia mau wānana hiki e e oi aku mamua o ka poe pololei o na hoaaloha a me na nā hoapili (Youyou, Kosinski, and Stillwell 2015) .
[ ] Toole et al. (2015) hoʻohana hea au mamuli mooolelo (CDRs) mai Mobile kaul e kilokilo 'Ohi ka nele i ke au.