2.3.1 Nui
Nui, datasets ka mea, he mea hiki i ka hopena; ka mea, ua hoopau iloko o lakou iho, aole.
ʻO ka hiʻohiʻona i kūkākūkā nuiʻia o nā kumuʻikeʻike nui,ʻo ia ka BIG. He nui nā pepa, e like me keʻano, e hoʻomaka me ke kūkākūkāʻana-a i kekahi manawa hoʻohenehene-e pili ana i ka nui o nāʻikepili i hōʻiliʻiliʻia. Eia kekahi laʻana, he pepa i paʻiʻia ma ka Science e aʻo ana i nāʻano'ōlelo hoʻohana ma nā puke Google Books (Michel et al. 2011) :
"ʻO kā mākou kino i loko o ka 500 billion mau hua'ōlelo, ma ka'ōlelo Beretania (361 piliona), French (45 mau pilikino), Pepania (45 mau pilikino), Kelemānia (37 mau piliona), Kina (13 biliane), Lūkia (35 mau pilikino), a me ka Hebera (ʻElua pākēlua). Ua paʻiʻia ka hana mua ma nā makahiki 1500. ʻO nā makahiki he iwakālua wale nō i hōʻikeʻia e nā puke wale nō i kēlā me kēia makahiki, me nā hua'ōlelo he haneri tausani. I ka makahiki 1800, ua ulu ka'ōpū i 98 miliona mau hua'ōlelo ma ka makahiki; ma 1900, 1.8 piliona; a ma ka 2000, 11 biona. ʻAʻole hiki ke heluheluʻia ke kino e ke kanaka. Inā ua ho'āʻoʻoe e heluhelu i nā'ōlelo Pelekānia wale nō mai ka makahiki 2000 wale nō, ma ke ala kūpono o 200 mau hua'ōlelo / min, me ka wikiwikiʻole o kaʻai a me ka hiamoe, hiki i ka 80 makahiki. ʻO ka lōʻihi o nā leka he 1000 mau manawa ma mua o ke kāpena kanaka: Inā ua kākauʻoe i ka laina pololei, hiki i ka Moon a hoʻi i nā manawa he 10. "
ʻO ka paona o kēiaʻikepili he mea kānalua loa ia, a ua pōmaikaʻi mākou i ka hāʻawiʻana o ka pūʻulu Google Books i kēiaʻikepili i ka lehulehu (ʻoiai,ʻo kekahi o nā hana ma ka hopena o kēia mokuna e hoʻohana ana i kēiaʻikepili). Akā, ināʻikeʻoe i kekahi mea e like me kēia, ponoʻoe e nīnau:ʻo ia anei kēlā mau mea a pau e hana nei i kekahi mea? Ua hiki anei iā lākou ke hana i ka hana likeʻole inā hiki i kaʻike ke hiki i ka Moon a hoʻi hou i hoʻokahi wale nō? He aha inā inā hiki i kaʻike ke hiki wale aku i ka piko o Mount Everest ma luna o ka hale o Eiffel Tower?
Ma kēiaʻano,ʻo kā lākou mau noiʻi, heʻoiaʻiʻo, loaʻa kekahi mau hualoaʻa e koi ana i kahi hua'ōlelo nui nui o nā hua'ōlelo ma kahi lōʻihi. Eia kekahi laʻana, hoʻokahi mea a lākou eʻimi ai,ʻo ia ka hoʻolālā o ka grammar, ke hoʻololi paha i ka nui o ka hoʻopiʻi waha. Ma muli o ka loliʻole o nā hua'ōlelo maʻamau, nui kaʻikepili eʻike i nā loli i ka manawa. Akā, uaʻike pinepineʻia e nā mea noiʻi ka nui o kaʻikeʻikepili nui e like me ka hopena - "e nānā i ka nui o kaʻikepili hiki iaʻu ke kālai" -eʻoi aʻe ma mua o kahi kumu i kekahi mau kumuhanaʻepekemaʻoi aʻe.
I loko o koʻuʻike,ʻikeʻia ka hanana o nā hanana i ka hopena ma kahi o nāʻikeʻepekema'akikīʻekolu kahi i hoʻopiliʻia e nā pūnaewele nui. ʻO ka lua,ʻo ia ke aʻoʻana i nāʻano heterogeneity, e like me keʻano o kahi haʻawina a Raj Chetty a me nā hoa hana (2014) i kahakahaʻia e pili ana i ka holoʻana i nā mea hana i ka United States. I ka wā ma mua, ua aʻo nui nā mea noiʻi i ka nohona kaiaulu ma ka hoʻohālikeʻana i nā hopena ola o nā mākua a me nā keiki. ʻO ka loaʻa mau o kēia puke,ʻo ia ka mea i aʻoʻia e nā mākua i nā keiki maikaʻi, akā,ʻoi aku ka ikaika o kēia pilina i ka manawa a me nā'āina (Hout and DiPrete 2006) . Eia naʻe i kēia manawa, ua hiki iā Chetty a me nā hoa hana ke hoʻohana i nā moʻoleloʻauhau mai ka 40 miliona poʻe eʻike i ka nui o ka holomua ma waena o nā palena'āina maʻAmelika Hui PūʻIa (helu 2.1). Loaʻa iā lākou, he laʻana,ʻo ka likelike e hiki i kahi keiki ke piʻi i luna o ka helu kālā loaʻaʻana mai kaʻohana ma lalo o ka quintile e like me 13% ma San Jose, Kaleponi, akā he 4% wale nō ma Charlotte, North Carolina. Ināʻoe e nānā i ke kiki 2.1 no kahi manawa, hiki paha iāʻoe ke hoʻomaka e haohao i ka mea iʻoi aku ai ke kiʻekiʻe o ka neʻeʻana ma waena o kekahi mau wahi. Ua loaʻa likeʻo Chetty a me nā hoahana i ka nīnau like, a uaʻike lākou i ka nui o ka nohoʻana o nā wahi kiʻekiʻe i ka nohoʻana, ka liʻiliʻi o ka loaʻaʻole o nā kālā, nā kula kiʻekiʻe iʻoi aku ka nui, a me ka hoʻomau o kaʻohana. ʻOiai,ʻaʻole kēia mau hoʻoponopono waleʻana e hōʻike i kēia mau kumu i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka hikiʻana, akā, hōʻike lākou i nā hana hiki keʻikeʻia i nā hana'ē aʻe,ʻo ia ka mea a Chetty a me nā hoa hana i hana ai i ka hana hou. E hoʻomaopopo i ka nui o ka nui o kaʻike ma kēia papahana. Inā ua hoʻohanaʻo Chetty a me nā hoahana i nāʻauhauʻauhau o 40,000 mau kānaka ma mua o ka 40 miliona,ʻaʻole lākou i hiki ke hoʻohālikelike i ka hōʻuluʻulu o ka'āina aʻaʻole loa lākou i hiki ke hana i nā noiʻi hope e ho'āʻo ai e kuhikuhi i nā hana e hana ai i kēia hoʻololi.
Hōʻike 2.1: E manaʻoʻia kahi hiki i kahi keiki ke hiki i ka 20% o ka loaʻaʻana o ka loaʻaʻana o nā mākua i lalo 20% (Chetty et al. 2014) . ʻO nā kuhi o ka āpana ākea, e hōʻike ana i keʻano heterogeneity, ke alakaʻi ponoʻia i nā nīnauʻoluʻolu a me nā mea nui i kūʻole mai kahi koho palena'āina. Ua hiki ke hoʻohanaʻia kēia kumukūʻai āpau āpau ma kahi hapa no ka mea e hoʻohana ana nā mea noiʻi i kahi waihonaʻike nui nui:ʻo nāʻauhauʻauhau o 40 miliona kānaka. Hanaʻia mai nāʻikepili i loaʻa ma http://www.equality-of-opportunity.org/.
Ma ka hopena, e pili ana i ke aʻoʻana i nā hanana o nā hanana a me ka heluheluʻana i ka heterogeneity, nā waihona nui e hiki ai i nā mea noiʻi keʻike i nā liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi. ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo,ʻo ka nui o ka mea i nānāʻia ma nāʻike nui i loko o kaʻoihana e pili ana i kēia mau liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi: hiki keʻike ponoʻia kaʻokoʻa ma waena o 1% a me 1.1% pākomi-ma nā uku ma kahi pāʻoihana kālā he kālā. Ma kekahi mau'enepekema, akā,ʻaʻole paha he mea nui loa ia mau liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi,ʻoiai inā he helu helu nui (Prentice and Miller 1992) . Akā, ma kekahi mau kulekele pili, hiki iā lākou ke lilo i mea nui i ka nānāʻiaʻana i ka hōʻuluʻulu. Eia kekahi laʻana, ināʻelua mau hana olakino ola a hoʻokahi aʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o ka mea'ē aʻe, a laila e kiʻi ana i ka hanaʻoi aku iʻoi aku ka hopena e hiki ai ke hoʻopakele i nā tausani o nā ola hou aku.
ʻOiai he waiwai maikaʻi ka maikaʻi i ka wā i hoʻohana ponoʻia, uaʻike au e hiki ai i kekahi manawa ke alakaʻi i kahi kuhi manaʻo. No kekahi kumu, ua kīʻia e ka poʻeʻimi noiʻi eʻikeʻole i ka hopena o kā lākouʻikepili. ʻOiai e hoʻonuiʻia ka pono e hopohopo no ka hewaʻole, pono ia ka hoʻonui i ka pono e hopohopo i nā hemahema pūnaewele, nāʻano hemahema e wehewehe ma lalo nei e ala mai ana mai nā kumuʻole i kaʻikeʻana o kaʻike. Eia kekahi laʻana, ma loko o kahi papahana e wehewehe wau ma hope o kēia mokuna, ua hoʻohana nā mea noiʻi i nā leka i hanaʻia ma ka lā 11 o Kepakemapa 2001 e hana i kahi manawa hoʻonāukiuki kiʻekiʻe loa o ka hopena i ka hoʻouka kaua (Back, Küfner, and Egloff 2010) . Ma muli o ka nui o nā leka a nā mea noiʻi,ʻaʻole pono lākou e hopohopo e pili ana inā paha e weheweheʻia keʻano o nā hiʻohiʻona a lākou i nānā ai - e hoʻonui i ka huhū i ka holo o ka lā. Loaʻa ka nui o nāʻikepili a ua'ōkiko loa ke kumu hoʻohālikelike e hōʻike ana nā hōʻike helu helu helu a pau he kumu maoli kēia. Akā, uaʻikeʻole kēia mau ho'āʻo helu i ka pehea i hanaʻia ai kaʻikepili. ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo, uaʻikeʻia he nui nā kumu i pili i kahi pahu hoʻokahi i kūkulu i nā hua'ōlelo a me nā hua'ōleloʻole i nā lā a pau. ʻO ka weheʻana i kēia pahu i hoʻopau loaʻia kekahi o nāʻike nui ma ka pepa (Pury 2011; Back, Küfner, and Egloff 2011) . ʻO keʻano maʻamau,ʻo nā mea noiʻiʻaʻole i noʻonoʻo i ka paʻakikī pūnaewele e nānā i ka hopena o ka hoʻohanaʻana i kā lākou pūnaewele nui e loaʻa i kahi kūpono kūpono o ka nuiʻole, e like me ka manaʻo noʻonoʻo o nā hua'ōlelo piliʻole i huaʻia e ka'ōpala automated.
I ka hopena,ʻaʻohe hopena o nā pūnaewele nui i loko o lākou iho, akā, hiki iā lākou ke hoʻoikaika i kekahiʻano o ka noiʻi me ka noiʻiʻana i nā hanana o nā hanana, ka manaʻo o ka hēkelē, a me kaʻike o nā liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi. Mālamaʻia nā papa helu nui e alakaʻi i kekahi poʻe noiʻi eʻikeʻole i ka hanaʻiaʻana o kā lākouʻikepili, hiki ke alakaʻi iā lākou e loaʻa i kahi kūpono kūpono o ka nuiʻole.
