1.1 An inika paumāʻele a

I ke kauwela o 2009, kani nā leo kelepuni ma Rwanda. Ma waho aʻe o nā miliona o nā leo mai kaʻohana, nā hoaaloha, a me nā hoa pili pāʻoihana, ua loaʻa i kahi 1,000 Rwandans kahi leo mai iā Iosua Blumenstock a me kona mau hoa. Ke aʻo nei kēia mau mea noiʻi i ka waiwai a me ka pōʻino ma o ka hoʻolālāʻana i kahi pilikino'ōpili o nā kānaka mai kahi kikowaena i 1.5 miliona mau mea kūʻai aku o ka mea hoʻolaha pūnaewele nui loa o Rwanda. Ua noi akuʻo Blumenstock a me nā hoahana i nā poʻe koho i waeʻia inā makemake lākou e komo i kahi hoʻolālā, wehewehe i keʻano o ka noiʻi iā lākou, a laila nīnau i nā nīnau e pili ana i kā lākou lāhui, ka pilikanaka, a me ka waiwai waiwai.

ʻO nā mea a pau aʻu i'ōlelo ai i kēia manawa, ua like kēia kani me he loiloi hoʻonaʻauao kaiapili. Akā,ʻo ka mea e hiki mai ana ma muaʻaʻole ia heʻano maʻamau -ʻaʻole naʻe i kēia manawa. Ma waho aʻe o kaʻikepili noiʻi, ua loaʻa pū i ka Blumenstock a me nā hoahana nā leka uila piha no nā 1.5 miliona mau kānaka. I ka huiʻana i kēia mau kumuʻelua o kaʻikepili, ua hoʻohana lākou i kaʻikepili no ke aʻoʻana i kahiʻano hoʻonaʻauao o ka mīkini e wānana i ka waiwai o kekahi kanaka e pili ana i kā lākou mau moʻolelo call. Ma hope aʻe, ua hoʻohana lākou i kēiaʻano hoʻohālikelike e hoʻohālikelike i ka waiwai o nā 1.5 miliona mau mea kūʻai ma ka pūnaewele. Ua hoʻolālā lākou i nā wahi e noho ai nā 1.5 miliona mau mea hoʻohana e hoʻohana ana i kaʻike'āina i hoʻopaʻaʻia i loko o nā moʻolelo mele. Hoʻohuiʻia kēia mau mea a pau-ka waiwai i hoʻolālāʻia a me kahi i nohoʻia ai - ua hiki iā lākou ke kūkulu i nā palapalaʻina kiʻekiʻe loa o ka hāʻawi'āina i ka waiwai ma Rwanda. Eia kekahi, hiki iā lākou ke hoʻokumu i kahi waiwai kūpono no kēlā me kēia pūkani 2,148 o Rwanda,ʻo kahi pūnaeweleʻoihana liʻiliʻi ma ka'āina.

Akā, ua hikiʻole ke hōʻoia i ka pololei o kēia mau manaʻo no ka meaʻaʻohe kanaka i hana i nā kumukūʻai no kēlā mau wahi liʻiliʻi i Rwanda. I ka wā i ho'ākoakoaʻia aiʻo Blumenstock a me nā hoahana i kā lākou mau manaʻo i nā lālā 30 o Rwanda, uaʻike lākou heʻano like loa kā lākou manaʻo i nā manaʻo i ka Demographic and Health Survey, i manaʻoʻia he kūlana gula no nā noiʻiʻana i nā'āina ulu. ʻOiaiʻo kēia mau alaʻelua i hana i ka manaʻo like i kēia hihia, hiki i ka palena o Blumenstock a me nā hoahana he 10 manawa wikiwiki a he 50 mau manawa iʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o kaʻike Demographic and Health Surveys. ʻO kēia mau hōʻemi wikiwiki a me ka haʻahaʻa i nā mea hou e hiki ai i nā noiʻi, nā aupuni, a me nā hui (Blumenstock, Cadamuro, and On 2015) .

Heʻano like kēiaʻano noiʻana i kahi ho'āʻo o ka inkblot Rorschach:ʻo ka mea iʻikeʻia e nā kānaka ma muli o ko lākou kūlana. He nui nāʻikeʻepekema kaiaulu eʻike i kahi meahana hou e hoʻohanaʻia no ka ho'āʻoʻana i nā manaʻo e pili ana i ka hoʻomohala waiwai. ʻIke nāʻikeʻepekema he nui i kahi pilikia aʻo hou. Nui nā poʻe hana keʻike i kahi ala ikaika no ka weheʻana i ka waiwai ma nāʻikepili nui a lākou i'ākoakoa ai. He nui nā mea hoʻolaha pilikino eʻike i ka mea hōʻeha e hoʻomanaʻo nei e noho nei mākou i kahi manawa o ka mākaʻikaʻi nui. Aʻo ka hopena, uaʻike nā mea hoʻolaha i keʻano e hiki ai i kaʻenehana hou ke kōkua i ka hoʻokumuʻana i ka honua maikaʻi aʻe. ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo,ʻo kēia mau mea a pau loa, a no ka mea heʻano kēiaʻano o nāʻano,ʻike wau he mea puka i ka wā e hiki mai ana o ka noiʻi kaiaulu.