ʻO ka mea e heluhelu ai i ka wā aʻe

• Hōʻike (mokuna 5.1)

Mass laulima Blend manaʻo mai kamaaina wau 'epekema, crowdsourcing, a me ka like akamai. ʻO kaʻikeʻepekema'āina keʻano o ka piliʻana i nā "kānaka" (ie, nonscientists) ma ke kaʻinaʻepekema; No nā mea'ē aʻe, e nānā iā Crain, Cooper, and Dickinson (2014) a me Bonney et al. (2014) . ʻO ka'ōleloʻokoʻa keʻano o ka hoʻopilikia i ka pilikia ma keʻano maʻamau i loko o ka hui a ma waho o ka huiʻana i kahi lehulehu; No ka mea hou, eʻike i Howe (2009) . ʻO kaʻike loiloi,ʻo ia hoʻi, nā hui o nā poʻe e hana like i nāʻaoʻao eʻike i kaʻike; No ka mea hou aku, eʻike i Malone and Bernstein (2015) . Nielsen (2012) he hoʻolaha pepa-lōʻihi i ka mana o ka hana nui no ka noiʻiʻepekema.

Nui nāʻano o ka hana kuikahi i kūponoʻole i nā papaʻekolu aʻu i manaʻo ai, a ke manaʻo nei wauʻekolu mau mea i kūpono i ka nānā ponoʻana no ka mea he mea pono lākou i ka noiʻi kaiaulu. ʻO kekahi o nā hiʻohiʻona he mau mākeke kūʻai, kahi e kūʻai ai nā mea kūʻai a kūʻai i nāʻaelike e ukuʻia ana e pili ana i nā hualoaʻa i loaʻa i ka honua. Hoʻohana pinepineʻia nā māla kūkā e nāʻoihana a me nā aupuni no ka wānanaʻana, a ua hoʻohanaʻia hoʻi e nā mea noiʻi kaiaulu e wānana i ka hana likeʻole o nā noiʻi i kākauʻia ma kaʻike loiloi (Dreber et al. 2015) . No ka nānāʻana i nā māhele wanana, eʻike iā Wolfers and Zitzewitz (2004) a me Arrow et al. (2008) .

ʻO ka lua o nā hiʻohiʻona i kūponoʻole i kaʻu papahana papahana,ʻo ia ka Polokalamu PolyMath, kahi i hana ai nā kānaka noiʻi me ka hoʻohanaʻana i nā blogs a me nā wikis e hōʻoia i nā'ōlelo leka hou. ʻO ka hana PolyMath kekahi mauʻano e like me ka Netflix Prize, akā i loko o kēia papahana e hoʻokomo pono ana nā haumāna i nā māhele o nā poʻe'ē aʻe. No nā mea hou aku ma ka papahana PolyMath, eʻike iā Gowers and Nielsen (2009) , Cranshaw and Kittur (2011) , Nielsen (2012) , aʻo Kloumann et al. (2016) .

ʻO ke kolu o nā hiʻohiʻona i kūponoʻole i kaʻu papa hoʻolālā,ʻo ia hoʻi nā mobilizations e pili ana i ka manawa e like me ka Challenge Default Project Research Agency (DARPA) (ʻo ia hoʻi, ka Hōʻailona Palekana). No nā mea hou aku i kēia mau mobilizations manawa eʻike iā Pickard et al. (2011) , Tang et al. (2011) , a me Rutherford et al. (2013) .

• Ka helu kanaka (mahele 5.2)

ʻO ka hua'ōlelo "helu kanaka" no loko mai o ka hana a nā meaʻepekema noiʻi, a me ka hoʻomaopopoʻana i ka hopena ma hope o kēia noiʻi e hoʻonui i kou hiki ke koho i nā pilikia e kūpono i ia. No kekahi mau hana, heʻoi aku ka mana o nā kamepiula, me nā mana eʻoi aku ana ma mua o ka poʻe akamai. Eia kekahi laʻana, ma ka maʻaleʻale, hiki i nā polokalamu kelepona ke paʻi i nā kuhina nui maikaʻi loa. Akā-a ua emiʻole kēia i ka mahaloʻia e nā meaʻepekemaʻikepili-no nā hana'ē aʻe,ʻo kaʻoihanaʻoi aku kaʻoi aku o kaʻino ma mua o nā kānaka. I nā hua'ōlelo'ē aʻe, i kēia manawa, uaʻoi aku kou maikaʻi ma mua o ka'ōnaehana maʻalahi i kekahi mau hana e pili ana i ka hanaʻana o nā kiʻi, nā wikiō, nā leo, a me nā'ōlelo. Uaʻikeʻia nā meaʻepekemaʻepekema e hana nei i kēia mau hana paʻakikī-paʻamau-maʻalahi i hiki iā lākou ke hoʻokomo i nā kānaka ma kā lākou papahana. Eia keʻano o Luis von Ahn (2005) wehewehe i keʻano o ke kanaka i ka manawa i hoʻomaka mua aiʻo ia i kāna hua'ōlelo: "he papahana no ka hoʻohanaʻana i ka mana hana kanaka no ka hoʻoponoponoʻana i nā pilikia i hikiʻole i ka lolouila ke hoʻoponopono hou." ʻo keʻano maʻamau o ka hua'ōlelo, e nānā i Law and Ahn (2011) .

E like me ka manaʻo i ho'ākākaʻia ma loko o Ahn (2005) Kōpili -ʻo ia i hōʻikeʻia ma ka māhele o nā hāmama i kāheaʻia - hiki ke noʻonoʻoʻia he papa hana hoʻonohonoho kanaka. Eia naʻe, ke koho nei au e hoʻokaʻawale i nā Foldit ma keʻano he leo hāmama no ka mea e pono ana ia i nā akamai kūikawā (ʻoiaiʻaʻole he hoʻonaʻauao kūikawā) aʻo ia ka hopena maikaʻi loa, ma mua o ka hoʻohanaʻana i kahi papahana hoʻohui.

ʻO Wickham (2011) ka hoʻohanaʻana i ka hua'ōlelo "split-application-combine" e wehewehe i kahi papahana no kaʻike helu helu, akā ua lawe maikaʻiʻia ka hana o nā papahana hoʻonui kanaka. ʻO ke kaʻina hana lōkahi e hui like me ka papahana MapReduce i kūkuluʻia ma Google; no nā mea hou aku ma MapReduce, eʻike iā Dean and Ghemawat (2004) a me Dean and Ghemawat (2008) . No kaʻike hou aku ma nā papahana hoʻokaʻawale'ē aʻe, eʻike iā Vo and Silvia (2016) . ʻO ka Mokuna 3 o Law and Ahn (2011) he kūkākūkā o nā papahana me nā kuʻina i maʻalahi ma mua o nā mea ma kēia mokuna.

Ma nā papahana hoʻolālā kanaka i kūkākūkā ai au ma ka mokuna, ua hoʻomaopopo ka poʻe komo i ka mea e hana nei. Ma kekahi mau hana'ē aʻe, eʻimi i ka hopu "hana" e hoʻomaka nei (e like me eBird) a me kaʻikeʻole o ka poʻe komo. E nānā, i kēia lā,ʻo ka ESP Game (Ahn and Dabbish 2004) a me RECAPTCHA (Ahn et al. 2008) . Eia naʻe, ke kūkulu nei kēia mau hanaʻelua i nā nīnau kūlike no ka meaʻaʻoleʻike nā haumāna i ka hoʻohanaʻiaʻana o kā lākouʻikepili (Zittrain 2008; Lung 2012) .

I hoʻouluʻia e ka ESP Game, ua ho'āʻo ka poʻe loea e hoʻomohala i kekahi mau "pāʻani me kekahi kumu" (Ahn and Dabbish 2008) (ʻo ia hoʻi, "nā papa helu hoʻohui kanaka" (Pe-Than, Goh, and Lee 2015) ) hoʻohanaʻia e hoʻoponopono i nāʻano pilikia'ē aʻe. He aha kēiaʻano "pāʻani me ke kumu" i kau likeʻia ke ho'āʻo e hana i nā hana i loko o ka hoʻonohonoho kanaka. No laila, oiai ke kuleana o ka ESP Game e hoʻohui likeʻia me ka Zoo Zoo,ʻokoʻa ia i ka mea e hoʻonāukiuki ai nā haumana - a me ka makemake e kōkua i ka'enepekema. No nā mea'ē aʻe ma nā pāʻani me kahi kumu, e nānā Ahn and Dabbish (2008) .

ʻO kaʻu weheweheʻana iā Galaxy Zoo e kau mai ana iā Nielsen (2012) , Adams (2012) , Clery (2011) , a me Hand (2010) , a ua hoʻohālikelikeʻia koʻu hōʻikeʻana i nā pahuhopu noiʻi o Galaxy Zoo. No nā mea hou aʻe ma ka moʻaukala o ka hoʻohuiʻiaʻana o ka galaxy i ka hōkūʻikepili a me pehea e hoʻomau ai ke Kūlana Zoo i kēia kuʻuna,ʻike i nā Masters (2012) a me Marshall, Lintott, and Fletcher (2015) . Ke kūkuluʻia ma ka Galaxy Zoo, ua hoʻopau nā mea noiʻi i ka Zoo Zoo 2 i hōʻiliʻili ai ma mua o 60 miliona mau hōʻuluʻulu kūʻokoʻa mai nā limahana (Masters et al. 2011) . Eia kekahi, ua hoʻopiliʻia i loko o nā pilikia ma waho o kaʻike honua, e like me kaʻimiʻana i kaʻili o ka Moon, e huli ana i nā hīmeni, a me ka weheʻana i nā palapala kahiko. I kēia manawa, ua hōʻiliʻiliʻia kā lākou mau papahana ma ka pūnaewele Zooniverse (Cox et al. 2015) . ʻO kekahi o nā papahana-Snarehot Serengeti - hāʻawiʻia nā hōʻike e hiki ke hanaʻia nā papahana hoʻolālā kiʻi Zoo no nā hana'eneke kaiaulu (Swanson et al. 2016) .

No ka poʻe hana noiʻi e hoʻolālā e hoʻohana i kahiʻoihana microtaskʻoihana hana (e like me Amazon Mechanical Turk) no ka papahana hana kanaka,ʻo Chandler, Paolacci, and Mueller (2013) a me J. Wang, Ipeirotis, and Provost (2015) hāʻawi aku i ka'ōlelo maikaʻi no ka hoʻolālā papahana. nā hopena e pili ana. Porter, Verdery, and Gaddis (2016) hāʻawi nei i nā hiʻohiʻona a me ka'ōlelo i hoʻokahua ponoʻia e pili ana i ka hoʻohanaʻana i nā makamehanaʻoihana microtask no ka mea i kapaʻia lākou "hoʻokō hōʻiliʻili."ʻO ka laina ma waena o ka hoʻonuiʻana i kaʻikepili a me ka hōʻiliʻiliʻikeʻana, he iki. No nā mea hou aʻe no ka hōʻiliʻiliʻana a me ka hoʻohanaʻana i nā lepili no ka hoʻonaʻauaoʻiaʻana no ka'ōlelo, e nānā iā Grimmer and Stewart (2013) .

Huli nā mea noiʻi i ka hanaʻana i kaʻu mea i kapaʻia ai nā'ōnaehana hoʻonohonohoʻike kanaka (e like me nā pūnaewele e hoʻohana ana i nā kaha inoa kanaka e aʻo i keʻano hoʻohālike o ka mīkini) e makemake iā Shamir et al. (2014) (no kekahi hiʻohiʻona e hoʻohana ana i ka leo) a me Cheng and Bernstein (2015) . Eia kekahi,ʻo nā hiʻohiʻona moʻomeheu mīkini i kēia mau papahana hiki ke noiʻia me nā leo hāmama, kahi e hoʻoholo ai nā mea noiʻi e hana i nā hiʻohiʻonaʻike mīkini me ka hanaʻoi mua. Eia kekahi laʻana, ua holo ka pūʻulu Zoo o ka Zoo i kahi leo kāhea a loaʻa i kahi ala hou e hōʻoia i ka mea i hoʻokumuʻia ma Banerji et al. (2010) ; ʻike iā Dieleman, Willett, and Dambre (2015) no nā kiko kiko'ī.

• Hoʻomaʻaʻia nā kiʻina (mahele 5.3)

ʻAʻole i laka houʻia nā kī liʻiliʻi. ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo,ʻo kekahi o nā hāmama iʻike nuiʻia i ka makahiki 1714 i ka wā i hoʻokumuʻia ai e ka Hale Palaniʻo Longitude Prize no kekahi mea hiki ke hoʻolālā i kahi ala e hoʻoholo ai i ka lōʻihi o ka moku ma ke kai. ʻO ka pilikia i loaʻa i ka nui o nā meaʻepekema nui loa o nā lā,ʻo iaʻo Isaac Newton, a ua hāʻawiʻiaʻo John Harrison e ka mea hana hōʻailona mai ka'āina mai keʻano o ka pilikia aʻo ka poʻe iʻike i ka hopena e pili ana i ka hōkū ; no kaʻike hou aku, eʻike iā Sobel (1996) . E like me kēia hiʻohiʻona e hōʻike ana, hoʻokahi kumu e manaʻo nuiʻia ai nā mea i hāmamaʻia e hāʻawi i kaʻike i nā poʻe me nā manaʻo likeʻole a me nā mākau (Boudreau and Lakhani 2013) . E nānā i Hong and Page (2004) a me Page (2008) no kaʻike hou aku i ka waiwai o kaʻokoʻa i ka hoʻonā hopena.

Pono nā kūleʻa i kāheaʻia i nā hihia i loko o ka mokuna e koi ai i kekahi mau ho'ākāka hou aku no ke kumu o kēiaʻano. ʻO ka mea mua,ʻo kahi o kaʻu e hoʻomaopopo ai i waena o nā hoʻonohonoho kanaka a me nā papa hana hāmama eʻikeʻia inā he mahele ka hopena o nā hōʻailona (ka helu kanaka) a iʻole ka hopena maikaʻi loa. ʻO ke kumukūʻai Netflix he mea hoʻopunipuni kēia no ka mea,ʻo ka hopena maikaʻi loa i lilo i maʻalahi maʻalahi o nā hanana hoʻokahi, kahi i kapaʻia he'oluhi hui (Bell, Koren, and Volinsky 2010; Feuerverger, He, and Khatri 2012) . Mai ka nānā aku o Netflix, akā naʻe,ʻo ka mea a pau e pono ai ke hana,ʻo ia ke koho i kahi kūpono maikaʻi loa. No nā mea hou aku ma ka makana Netflix, eʻike iā Bennett and Lanning (2007) , Thompson (2008) , Bell, Koren, and Volinsky (2010) , a me Feuerverger, He, and Khatri (2012) .

ʻO ka lua, ma keʻano o nā wehewehe o keʻano kanaka (eg, Ahn (2005) ), ponoʻia ke Kōpili he papa helu hoʻolālā kanaka. Eia naʻe, koho wau e hōʻuluʻulu i keʻano he leo hāmama no ka mea he pono ia i nā mākau kūikawā (e like me ka hoʻonaʻauao kūikawā) aʻo ia ka hopena maikaʻi loa, ma mua o ka hoʻohanaʻana i kahi papahana hoʻohui. No kaʻike hou aku ma luna o Foldit, Cooper et al. (2010) , Khatib et al. (2011) , a me Andersen et al. (2012) ; ʻikeʻia koʻu weheweheʻana o nā pepa i nā hōʻike ma Bohannon (2009) , Hand (2010) , a me Nielsen (2012) .

I ka hopena, hiki i kekahi ke hoʻopaʻapaʻa i ka Peer-to-Patent he kumu o ka hōʻiliʻiliʻikepili. Noʻonoʻo wau e hōʻoulu ia mea he leo hāmama no ka mea he papahana like ka hoʻohālike a me ka hoʻohana waleʻia o nā mea maikaʻi loa, akā, me ka hōʻiliʻili hōʻiliʻiliʻana,ʻo ka manaʻo o nā haʻawina maikaʻi a me nā maikaʻiʻaʻole i maopopo. No nā mea hou aku ma luna o Peer-to-Patent, e nānā iā Noveck (2006) , Ledford (2007) , Noveck (2009) , a me Bestor and Hamp (2010) .

Ma keʻano o ka hoʻohanaʻana i nā pihi hāmama i nā noiʻi kaiaulu, nā hualoaʻa like me nā mea a Glaeser et al. (2016) , ua hōʻikeʻia ma ka Mokuna 10 o Mayer-Schönberger and Cukier (2013) hiki ai iā New York City ke hoʻohana i keʻano hoʻohālikelike kūʻokoʻa i mea e loaʻa ai nā waiwai nui ma ka uluhuaʻana o nā mea nānā hale. Ma New York City, ua kūkuluʻia kēia mau hiʻohiʻona wanana e nā poʻe hana kūlanakauhale, akā ma nā mea'ē aʻe, hiki i kekahi ke noʻonoʻo e hiki ke hana a hoʻomaikaʻiʻia paha me nā pihi kīmama (e like me Glaeser et al. (2016) ). Eia naʻe, hoʻokahi o ka hopohopo koʻikoʻi e hoʻohanaʻia ana nā hiʻohiʻona kūʻokoʻa e hoʻokaʻawale i nā kumuwaiwai he hiki i kēia mau hiʻohiʻona ke kūpono i ka hoʻoikaikaʻana i nā pōʻaiapuni o kēia wā. He nui nā mea noiʻi iʻike mua i ka "hoʻopihue i loko, hoʻopuka lepo," a me nā hiʻohiʻona mua e hiki ai ke "hōʻeha i loko." Eʻike i Barocas and Selbst (2016) a me O'Neil (2016) no ka hoʻonui i ka hopena o nā hanana mua me nāʻike hoʻonaʻauao kū'ē.

ʻO kahi pilikia e hiki ke pale i nā aupuni mai ka hoʻohanaʻana i nā hakakā paʻakikī,ʻo ia ka mea e pono ai ka weheʻana i kaʻikepili, hiki ke alakaʻi i nā hana pilikino. No nā mea hou e pili ana i ka hoʻolālā pilikino a me ka weheʻana i kaʻikepili i nā pihi i kāheaʻia, e nānā i ka Narayanan, Huey, and Felten (2016) a me ka kūkā ma ka mokuna 6.

No nā mea'ē aʻe no nāʻokoʻa a me nā mea likeʻole i waena o ka'ōlelo a me ka ho'ākākaʻana, e nānā iā Breiman (2001) , Shmueli (2010) , Watts (2014) , aʻo Kleinberg et al. (2015) . No kaʻike hou e pili ana i ka wānana ma ka noiʻi kaiaulu, e nānā iā Athey (2017) , Cederman and Weidmann (2017) , Hofman, Sharma, and Watts (2017) , ( ??? ) , a me Yarkoni and Westfall (2017) .

No ka hoʻolālāʻana i nā papahana hāmama i loko o ka biology, me nā'ōlelo hoʻolālā hana, e nānā iā Saez-Rodriguez et al. (2016) .

• Hoʻopiliʻia ka hōʻiliʻiliʻike (mahele 5.4)

ʻO kaʻu weheweheʻana o eBird ke kau nei ma nāʻike ma Bhattacharjee (2005) , Robbins (2013) , a me Sullivan et al. (2014) . No ka mea hou aku i ka hoʻohanaʻana o nā kānaka noiʻi i nā hiʻohiʻona helu no ka hoʻopiliʻana i nāʻike eBird e nānā iā Fink et al. (2010) a me Hurlbert and Liang (2012) . No kaʻike hou aku i ka noʻonoʻo o nā poʻe eBird, e nānā iā Kelling, Johnston, et al. (2015) . No nā mea hou aku ma ka moʻaukala o kaʻepekemaʻepekema i kaʻike a me kaʻikeʻole, e nānā iā Greenwood (2007) .

No nā mea hou aku ma ka papahana Malawi Journals, e nānā iā Watkins and Swidler (2009) a me Kaler, Watkins, and Angotti (2015) . No nā mea hou aʻe e pili ana i kahi papahana pili i South Africa, e nānā iā Angotti and Sennott (2015) . No kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona o ka noiʻiʻana e hoʻohana ana i nāʻikepili mai nā papahana Hōʻikeʻike Malawi e nānā iā Kaler (2004) a me Angotti et al. (2014) .

• Ke hoʻolālāʻana i kāu iho (mahele 5.5)

ʻO kaʻu ala i ka hāʻawiʻana i nā'ōlelo hoʻolālā hoʻolale i mea hoʻokomo, e like me nā hiʻohiʻona o nā papahana hana kuikahi maikaʻi a me nāʻoihana i loheʻia e pili ana. Ua loaʻa i ke kahawai e ho'āʻo ai e hoʻohana i nā kumuhana āpau e pili ana i ka hoʻolālāʻana i nā'ōnaehana pūnaewele e pili ana i ka hoʻolālāʻana i nā papahana hana kuikahi, e nānā, e like me Kraut et al. (2012) .

No ka hoʻonāukiukiʻana i nā haumāna, he mea maʻalahi keʻike i ke kumu no ka hoʻokomoʻana o nā kānaka i nā papahana hana kuikahi (Cooper et al. 2010; Nov, Arazy, and Anderson 2011; Tuite et al. 2011; Raddick et al. 2013; Preist, Massung, and Coyle 2014) . Ināʻoe e hoʻolālā e hoʻoulu i nā mea hui me ka ukuʻana ma kahi māheleʻoihana microtask (e like me Amazon Mechanical Turk), Kittur et al. (2013) hāʻawi kekahi mau manaʻo.

No ka mea e hiki ai ke hopohopo, no nā hiʻohiʻona o nā mea iʻikeʻoleʻia e puka mai ana ma waho o nā papahana Zooiverse, eʻike iā Marshall, Lintott, and Fletcher (2015) .

Ma ka piliʻana i ke kūlana politika, kekahi mau hoʻolaha nui maikaʻi i nā hihia i pili iā ia,ʻo Gilbert (2015) , Salehi et al. (2015) , Schmidt (2013) , Williamson (2016) , Resnik, Elliott, and Miller (2015) , a me Zittrain (2008) . No nā pilikia e pili ana i nā hihia pili kānāwai me nā poʻe limahana, eʻike i Felstiner (2011) . O'Connor (2013) e kūkā ana i nā nīnau e pili ana i ka nānāʻana i ke kūʻokoʻa o ka noiʻi i ka manawa e kūlana ai ka poʻe noiʻi a me nā haumāna. No nā hihia e pili ana i ka hoʻokaʻawaleʻana i nāʻikepili ma ka mālamaʻana i nā haumāna i nā papahana hoʻonaʻauao kānaka, e nānā iā Bowser et al. (2014) . ʻO nā Purdam (2014) a me ka Windt and Humphreys (2016) kekahi mau kūkākūkā e pili ana i nā hihia kūkākūkā i ka hōʻiliʻiliʻikeʻike. ʻO ka hopena,ʻo ka hapanui o nā papahana e hōʻoia i nā kōkua akāʻaʻole hāʻawi i ka hōʻailona kākau i nā haumāna. I ka papa inoa, ua helu pinepineʻia nā mea pāʻani e like me ka mea kākau (Cooper et al. 2010; Khatib et al. 2011) . Ma nā papahana hoʻokipa'ē aʻe, hiki i ka mea hāpai lanakila ke kākau pinepine i kahi pepa e hōʻike ana i nā hōʻoiaʻana (eg, Bell, Koren, and Volinsky (2010) a me Dieleman, Willett, and Dambre (2015) ).