2.3.2.2 m

Data gudanar da harkokin kasuwanci da kuma gwamnatoci ne da wuya ga masu bincike don samun damar.

A watan Mayun 2014, {asar Amirka National Security Tsari bude wani data cibiyar a yankunan karkara Utah cewa yana da wani m sunan, da leken asiri Community M National Cybersecurity Initiative Data Center. Duk da haka, wannan data cibiyar, abin da ya zo a da aka sani da Utah Data Center, aka bayar da rahoton sun astounding damar. Wani rahoto zargin cewa Utah Data Center zai iya adana da kuma aiwatar da duk siffofin sadarwa ciki har da "cikakken abinda ke ciki na masu zaman kansu imel, cell phone kira, kuma Google searches, kazalika da dukan bayanan sirri en-parking receipts, tafiya itineraries , kantin sayar da littattafai sayayya, da kuma sauran digital `aljihu zuriyar dabbobi" (Bamford 2012) . Baya ga kiwon damuwa game da m yanayin da yawa daga cikin bayanai kama a babban data, wanda za a bayyana more kasa, da Utah Data Center sigar matsananci misali da wani arziki data source cewa shi ne m ga masu bincike. More kullum, mutane da yawa samo babban data da zai zama da amfani a masu bincike suna sarrafawa da kuma takaitawa da gwamnatocin (misali, haraji bayanai da kuma ilimi data) da kuma kamfanonin (misali, queries don bincika injuna da kuma wayar da kira meta-data). Saboda haka, wadannan bayanai za su kasance nan da nan samuwa ga masu bincike, a jami'o'i, kuma mafi ba zai zama ko da samuwa ga masu bincike a cikin gwamnatocin ko kamfanoni.

A na kwarewa, da yawa masu bincike tushen a jami'o'i rashin fahimtar tushen wannan inaccessibility. Wadannan bayanai ba su m saboda mutane a kamfanoni da gwamnatoci ne wawa, m, ko uncaring. Maimakon haka, akwai m shari'a, fasaha, da harkokin kasuwanci, da kuma da'a shingen da hana data access. Alal misali, wasu sharuddan-of-service yarjejeniyar for yanar kawai ba da damar data za a yi amfani da ma'aikata, ko kuma don inganta sabis. Saboda haka wasu siffofin data sharing iya bijirar kamfanoni don istinbadi lawsuits daga abokan ciniki. Akwai kuma gwaji business kasada to kamfanonin da hannu a sharing data. Ka yi kokarin kwatanta yadda jama'a za su amsa idan sirri search data bazata leaked daga Google a matsayin wani ɓangare na wani jami'a bincike aikin. Irin wannan data warwarewarsu, idan matsananci, ma iya zama mai rayuwan hadarin ga kamfanin. Sai Google-kuma mafi manyan kamfanonin-ne sosai hadarin-ƙi game raba bayanai da bincike.

A gaskiya, kusan kowa da kowa da wanda yake a cikin wani wuri don samar da damar yin amfani da manyan yawa na data san labarin Abdur Chowdhury. A shekara ta 2006, sa'ad da yake shugaban AOL bincike, ya ganganci sake abin da ya yi tunani da aka anonymized search queries daga 650.000 AOL masu amfani don bincike al'umma. Kamar yadda ya zuwa yanzu kamar yadda na iya gaya, Chowdhury da masu bincike, a AOL da kyau nufi kuma suka zaci cewa sun anonymized da bayanai. Amma, sun kasance ba daidai ba. An sauri gano cewa data kasance ba a matsayin m kamar yadda masu bincike tunani, da kuma 'yan jarida daga New York Times sun iya gano mutane a dataset da sauƙi (Barbaro and Zeller Jr 2006) . Da zarar wadannan matsaloli da aka gano, Chowdhury kawar da bayanai daga AOL ta website, amma ya yi latti. The labari da aka reposted a kan sauran yanar, kuma shi zai yiwuwa har yanzu ya kasance akwai lokacin da kake karanta wannan littafin. Sabili da yunkurin raba bayanai da bincike al'umma, Chowdhury aka kora, da kuma AOL shugaban fasaha jami'in murabus (Hafner 2006) . Kamar yadda wannan misali ya nuna, da abũbuwan amfãni a gare takamaiman mutane cikin kamfanoni don sauƙaƙe data access su ne kyawawan kananan da kuma m-harka labari ne m.

Research iya, duk da haka, samun damar yin amfani da bayanai da ke m ga jama'a. Gwamnatoci da hanyoyin da masu bincike za su iya bi don tambaya ga hanya, da kuma yadda misalai daga baya a wannan babi show, masu bincike za a iya lokaci-lokaci sãdu zuwa kamfanoni bayanai. Alal misali, Einav et al. (2015) ha] a hannu da bincike a eBay yi nazarin digital burbushi daga online auctions. Zan yi magana game da bincike cewa ya zo daga wannan haɗin gwiwar daga baya a cikin sura ta (Sashe 2.4.3.2), amma na ambaci shi a yanzu, domin shi da dukan hudu daga cikin sinadaran da na gani a nasarar tarayya: bincike sha'awa, bincike iyawa, kamfanin amfani, da kuma kamfanin iyawa. A wasu kalmomin, Einav da kuma abokan aiki kasance interested in kuma iya karatu online auctions. Kuma, eBay shi ma. Duk da haka, Na gani da yawa m haɗin gwiwar karai saboda ko dai da bincike ko kamfanin rasa daya daga cikin wadannan sinadaran.

Ko kana iya ci gaba da cinikayya da kasuwanci, duk da haka, akwai wasu downsides a gare ku. Na farko, da tambayoyin da za ka iya tambaya da bayanai da m a iyakance; kamfanoni ne wuya don ba da damar gudanar da bincike da zai iya sanya su duba sharri. Na biyu, za ka yiwuwa ba za su iya raba ka data tare da wasu masu bincike, wanda ke nufin cewa sauran masu bincike ba zai iya tabbatar da mika your results. Bugu da ari, wadannan tarayya iya ƙirƙirar akalla bayyanar wani rikici ban sha'awa, inda mutane su yi tunanin cewa your sakamakon da aka rinjayi your tarayya. Dukan waɗannan downsides za a iya jawabi, amma yana da muhimmanci su kasance a fili cewa yin aiki tare da bayanai da ba m ga kowa da kowa yana da biyu upsides da downsides.

A takaice, kuri'a na babban data ne m to masu bincike. Akwai m shari'a, fasaha, da harkokin kasuwanci, da kuma da'a shingen da hana data access, kuma waɗannan shinge ba zai tafi. National gwamnatoci kullum sun kafa hanyoyin kunna data access, amma tsari na iya zama mafi wucin gadi a jihohi da} ananan hukumomi. Har ila yau, a wasu lokuta, masu bincike za su iya abokin tarayya tare da kamfanoni don samu data access, amma wannan na iya haifar da wani iri-iri da matsaloli ga masu bincike.