5.4.1 eBird

eBird tattara bayanai a kan tsuntsaye daga birders. masu sa kai za su iya samar da yanayin sikelin cewa babu bincike tawagar iya daidaita.

Tsuntsaye ne a ko'ina, kuma masana son sanin inda kowane tsuntsu ne a kowane lokacin. Ganin irin wannan m dataset, masana iya magance da yawa na asali tambayoyi da suka saura. Hakika, tattara wannan bayanai ne bayan da ikon yinsa, daga wani musamman bincike. A daidai wannan lokaci da cewa masana nufin aukaka kuma mafi complete data, "birders" -people suka je tsuntsu kallon for fun-an kullum lura da tsuntsaye da tattara bayanai da abin da suka gani. Wadannan biyu al'umma da dogon tarihi na hada hannu, amma yanzu wadannan haɗin gwiwar da aka canza kama zuwa dijital da shekaru. eBird ne a rarraba data tarin aikin da solicits bayani daga birders a duniya, kuma ya riga ya samu a kan 260 miliyan tsuntsu sightings daga 250,000 mahalarta (Kelling et al. 2015) .

Kafin kaddamar da eBird, da yawa daga cikin bayanai halitta birders ya samuwa ga masu bincike:

"A dubban closets a duniya a yau karya m litattafan rubutunku, index cards, annotated checklists, kuma tsarin sautinsu. Wadanda daga cikinmu shiga tare birding cibiyoyin sani da takaici na ji kan kuma a sake game da 'ta marigayi kawu ta tsuntsu records "Mun san yadda muhimmanci da za su iya zama. Abin ba in ciki, mun kuma sani ba za mu iya amfani da su. " (Fitzpatrick et al. 2002)

Maimakon da ciwon wannan muhimmanci data zauna sauran, eBird sa birders upload da shi zuwa ga wani Karkasa, digital database. Data uploaded to eBird ƙunshi shida key filayen: wanda, inda, a lõkacin da, abin da jinsunan, da yawa, da kuma} o} arin. Domin ba birding masu karatu, "} o} arin" yana nufin hanyoyin amfani yayin da yin lura. Data quality cak fara har da bayanan da aka uploaded. Birders kokarin sallama m rahotanni-kamar rahotannin sosai rare jinsuna, sosai high kirga, ko daga kakar rahotanni-an masa alama, da kuma website ta atomatik buƙatun ƙarin bayanai, kamar hotunan. Bayan tattara wannan ƙarin bayani, da yi masa alama a rahotannin da aka aiko zuwa daya daga daruruwan sa kai yankin masana domin kara review. Bayan bincike da yankin gwani-ciki har da zai yiwu ƙarin rubutu da birder-da yi masa alama a rahotannin suna ko dai jefar kamar yadda unreliable ko suna shiga eBird database (Kelling et al. 2012) . Wannan database na kariya lura aka sa'an nan Ya sanya samuwa ga kowa a duniya tare da an Internet connection, kuma ya zuwa yanzu, kusan 100 tsara-duba wallafe yi amfani da shi (Bonney et al. 2014) . eBird fili ya nuna cewa sa kai birders iya tattara bayanai da ke da amfani ga real ornithology bincike.

Daya daga cikin beauties na eBird shi ne cewa shi kama "aikin" da aka riga faruwa-in wannan yanayin, birding. Wannan alama sa aikin ya cimma gagarumin sikelin. Duk da haka, da "aikin" yi da birders ba daidai dace da data bukata da masana. Alal misali, a eBird, data tarin ne m da location of birders ba location tsuntsaye. Wannan yana nufin cewa, misali, mafi yawan lura ayan faruwa a kusa da hanyoyi (Kelling et al. 2012; Kelling et al. 2015) . Baya ga wannan unequal rarraba kokarin a kan sararin samaniya, da ainihin lura sanya by birders ne ba ko da yaushe manufa. Alal misali, wasu birders kawai upload bayani game da jinsin su yi la'akari da ban sha'awa maimakon loda bayanai a kan dukkan jinsunan da suka lura.

eBird masu bincike da biyu main mafita ga wadannan bayanai quality al'amurran da suka shafi, al'amurran da suka shafi cewa taso a sauran rarraba data tarin ayyukan. Na farko, eBird masu bincike suna kullum kokarin hažaka da ingancin bayanan sallama da birders. Alal misali, eBird yayi ilimi to mahalarta, kuma shi ne ya halitta visualizations kowane ɗan takara ta data cewa, da m zane, karfafa birders upload bayanai game da dukan jinsin da suka lura, ba kawai a tsarin cikin tsari (Wood et al. 2011; Wiggins 2011) . Na biyu, eBird bincike amfani ilimin kididdiga model cewa ƙoƙari ya gyara ga m da iri-irin yanayin da raw bayanai. Yana ba tukuna bayyana idan waɗannan ilimin kididdiga model cikakken cire biases daga data, amma masana suna m isa a cikin ingancin gyara eBird data cewa, kamar yadda aka ambata a baya, an yi amfani da kusan 100 tsara-duba kimiyya wallafe.

Mutane da yawa wadanda ba masana ne da farko musamman m lokacin da suka ji game da eBird a karon farko. A ganina, na wannan shakka zo daga tunani game da eBird a da ba daidai hanya. Mutane da yawa na farko tunani "Shin eBird data m?", Da kuma amsar da cikakken ba. Duk da haka, shi ke ba da dama tambaya. The dama tambaya ne, "Domin wani bincike tambayoyi, shi ne eBird data fi data kasance ornithology data?" Gama wannan tambaya da amsar ne shakka a, a sashi saboda da yawa tambayoyi daga riba, bãbu mai idon basira madadin zuwa rarraba data collection.

The eBird aikin nuna cewa yana yiwuwa ya unsa masu sa kai a cikin tarin muhimmanci kimiyya data. Duk da haka, eBird, kuma related ayyukan, sun nuna cewa kalubalen da alaka daukan samfur da kuma bayanan quality ne damuwa ga rarraba data tarin ayyukan. Kamar yadda za mu gani a cikin gaba sashe, duk da haka, tare da wayo zane da fasaha wadannan damuwa za a iya rage girmanta a wasu saituna.