6.5 Biyu da'a frameworks

Mai muhawara game da bincike xa'a rage zuwa sabani tsakanin consequentialism da deontology.

Wadannan hudu da'a mizanan sũne sun fi mayar samu daga biyu more m da'a frameworks: consequentialism da deontology. Fahimtar wadannan frameworks da taimako domin shi zai taimake ka ka gano, sa'an nan kuma hankali game da daya daga cikin mafi muhimman hakkokin tashin hankali a gudanar da bincike xa'a: a lõkacin da za ku iya amfani da yiwuwar unethical wajen cimma wani da'a karshen.

Consequentialism, wanda yana tushen a cikin aikin Jeremy Bentham da Yahaya Stuart Mill, mayar da hankali a kan shan ayyuka da kai ga mafi alhẽri jihohi a duniya (Sinnott-Armstrong 2014) . Ka'idar karimci, wanda ke mayar da hankali a kan daidaita hadarin da amfanin, shi ne warai kafe a consequentialist tunani. A daya hannun, deontology, wanda yana tushen a cikin aikin Immanuel Kant, mayar da hankali kan da'a aikinsu, m da sakamakon (Alexander and Moore 2015) . Ka'idar Mutunta mutane, wanda ke mayar da hankali a kan mulkin kai na mahalarta, shi ne warai kafe a deontological tunani. A sauri da kuma danyen hanyar rarrabe biyu frameworks ne cewa consequentialists mayar da hankali a kan iyakar da deontologists mayar da hankali a kan wajen.

Don ganin yadda wadannan biyu frameworks iya bambanta, la'akari informed yarda. Dukansu frameworks za a iya amfani da su goyi bayan informed yarda amma domin daban-daban dalilai. A consequentialist shaida ga informed yarda shi ne cewa shi taimaka wajen hana cutar da mahalarta da hani bincike da cewa ba ya da kyau daidaita hadarin da tsammani amfani. A wasu kalmomin, consequentialist tunani zai goyi bayan informed yarda domin yana taimaka hana miyagun sakamakon ga mahalarta. Duk da haka, a deontological shaida ga informed yarda mayar da hankali a kan wani bincike ta bi mutunta mulkin kai ta mahalarta. Ganin wadannan hanyoyin, tsarkakakke consequentialist zai yi fatan waive da ake bukata domin informed amsa a cikin wani wuri inda akwai wani hadarin, alhãli kuwa wani m deontologist cikakken mulki ba.

Dukansu consequentialism da deontology bayar da muhimmanci mai da'a m, amma kowanne za a iya dauka don m matuƙa. Domin consequentialism, daya daga cikin wadannan matsanancin za a iya kira dashi. Tunanin wani likita wanda yana da biyar marasa lafiya mutuwa na sashin jiki gazawar da kuma daya lafiya haƙuri wanda gabobin iya ajiye dukan biyar. A karkashin wani yanayi, a consequenalist likita za a halatta, har ma da ake bukata-kashe da lafiya m kafin su sami ya gabobin. Wannan duka mayar da hankali kan iyakar, ba tare da game da wajen, shi ne ma'ana.

Haka kuma, deontology kuma za a iya dauka don m matuƙa, kamar a cikin yanayin da zai iya a kira Timebomb. Tunanin wani jami'in 'yan sanda wanda ya kama' yan ta'adda wanda ya san wurin da a ticking timebomb cewa zai kashe miliyoyin mutane. A deontological sanda ba zai kwanta domin Trick 'yan ta'adda a cikin m wuri na bam. Wannan duka mayar da hankali kan hanyoyin, ba tare da gaisuwa ga iyakar, kuma shi ne ma'ana.

A yi, mafi yawan zamantakewa bincike jabu rungumi wani saje na biyu, waɗannan da'a frameworks. Noticing wannan blending na da'a makarantu taimaka bayyana dalilin da ya sa mutane da yawa da'a muhawara, wanda sukan kasance a tsakãnin wancan da suke more consequentialist, da waɗanda suke mafi deontological-don't yi yawa ci gaba. Wadannan muhawara da wuya warware saboda consequentialists bayar muhawara game da iyakar, muhawara cewa ba su shawo to deontologists suke damu game wajen. Haka kuma, deontologists ayan bayar muhawara game da wajen, wanda aka ba rinjayarwa don consequentialists suke mayar da hankali a kan iyakar. Muhawara tsakanin consequentialists da deontologists kamar biyu jiragen ruwa wucewa a cikin dare.

Daya warware wadannan muhawara zai zama ga zamantakewa bincike samar da m, morally m, kuma sauki-to-tambaya saje da consequentialism da deontology. Abin baƙin ciki, shi ke da wuya ya faru. falsafa an aiki a kan wadannan matsaloli na dogon lokaci. Saboda haka, ina ganin kawai hanya na aiki shi ne ya amince da cewa muna aiki daga saba tushe da muddle gaba.