6.1 Gabatarwa

A baya surori sun nuna cewa digital shekaru halitta da sababbin dama ga tattara da kuma nazarin zamantakewa data. The digital shekaru ya kuma halicci sabon da'a kalubale. Manufar wannan babi shi ne ya ba ku da kayayyakin aikin da cewa kana bukatar ka rike wadannan da'a kalubale.

Su ne a halin yanzu rashin tabbas da bambancin ra'ayi game da m hali na wasu digital shekaru zamantakewa bincike. Wannan rashin tabbas ya haddasa biyu related matsaloli, daya daga wanda ya karbi fiye da hankali fiye da sauran. A daya hannun, wasu masu bincike sun zargi saba mutane bayanin tsare ko shiga jami'a mahalarta a unethical gwaje-gwajen. Wadannan lokuta-wanda zan bayyana a cikin wannan sura ta-yi batun m muhawara da tattaunawa. A daya hannun, da da'a rashin tabbas ya kuma yana da chilling sakamako, hana da'a da muhimmanci bincike daga faruwa. a gaskiyar cewa ina ganin yana da yawa kasa yaba. Alal misali, a lokacin da 2014 Ebola fashewa, kiwon lafiya jami'an so bayani game da motsi na da mutãne, a cikin mafi dauke da cutar kasashen domin taimaka sarrafa fashewa. Wayar hannu kamfanoni ya daki-daki kira records da zai iya azurta wasu daga wannan bayani. Amma duk da haka, mai da'a da kuma shari'a damuwa bogged saukar masu bincike 'yunkurin nazarin data (Wesolowski et al. 2014) . Idan muka iya ci gaba da'a norms da kuma matsayin da aka raba da biyu masu bincike da kuma jama'a-, kuma ina ganin za mu iya yin wannan to-mu iya cin gajiyar damar da digital shekaru a hanyoyi da suke da alhakin da amfani ga al'umma.

Akwai muhimmanci bambance-bambance tsakanin yadda zamantakewa masana kimiyya da kuma bayanan masana kimiyyar kusanci bincike xa'a. Domin zamantakewa masana kimiyya, tunanin xa'a aka mamaye hukumomi Review Boards (IRBs) da kuma dokokin da suke kallafa da aiwatar. Hakika, kadai hanyar da mafi yawan empirical zamantakewa masana kimiyya fuskanci da'a muhawara ne ta hanyar komai haqqinsa aiwatar da IRB review. Data masana kimiyya, a daya hannun, da kadan din da kwarewa da bincike xa'a saboda shi ba fiye tattauna a kwamfuta kimiyya da aikin injiniya. Babu daga cikin wadannan hanyoyin-dokokin-tushen tsarin zamantakewa masana kimiyya ko ad-gadi m data masana kimiyya-lafiya dace domin social bincike a cikin digital shekaru. A maimakon haka, na yi imani cewa za mu kamar yadda kamar yadda wata al'umma za ta sa gaba, idan mun dauko wani ka'idojin tushen m. Wancan ne, masu bincike ya kamata kimanta su gudanar da bincike ta hanyar data kasance dokoki-da zan yi a matsayin da aka ba da kuma zaton ya kamata followed- kuma ta hanyar more general da'a ka'idojin. Wannan akida na tushen m tabbatar da cewa masu bincike za su iya yin m yanke shawara game da bincike da abin da dokoki yi ba tukuna aka rubuta, cewa za mu iya sadarwa mu tattaunawa tare da sauran masu bincike da kuma jama'a.

The ka'idojin tushen m cewa ina advocating ba sabon. shi fa, tã a shekarun da suka gabata na baya tunani. Kamar yadda za ku gani, a wasu lokuta da ka'idojin tushen m take kaiwa zuwa share, actionable mafita. Kuma, a lõkacin da ta ba ya haifar da irin wannan mafita, shi ya bayyana da cinikayya-offs hannu, wanda yake shi ne m for karin da ya dace balance da kuma kasancewa iya bayyana your tattaunawa da sauran masu bincike da kuma jama'a. Bugu da ari, kamar yadda za ku ga, shan a ka'idojin tushen m ba ya bukatar wani haddi adadin lokaci. Da zarar ka koyi da ka'idodi, za ka iya amfani da su da sauri da kuma nagarta sosai hankalta game da fadi da kewayon matsaloli. A karshe, da ka'idodin tushen m ne isasshe general cewa na sa ran cewa zai zama da taimako ba duk inda ka bincika faruwa ko a wurin aiki (misali, jami'a, gwamnati, NGO, ko company).

Wannan babi da aka tsara don taimakawa wajen rijiya-ma'ana mutum bincike. Ta yaya ya kamata ka yi tunani game da xa'a da naku aikin? Me za ka yi don yin your own aikin more da'a? A Sashe 6.2, Zan bayyana uku digital shekaru bincike ayyukan da suka generated da'a muhawara. Sa'an nan kuma, a Sashe 6.3, Zan m daga waɗanda takamaiman misalai don bayyana abin da na yi tunani shi ne muhimmin tushen dalilin da'a rashin tabbas: hanzari kara iko ga masu bincike su kiyaye da kuma gwaji a kan mutane ba tare da izini ko ma wayar da kan jama'a. Wadannan capabilities ana canja da sauri fiye da mu norms, dokoki, da kuma dokoki. Next, a Sashe 6.4, Zan bayyana hudu data kasance ka'idodin da za a iya shiryar da ku tunani: Mutunta mutane, karimci, Justice, kuma Mutunta Attaura da Public Interest. Sa'an nan kuma, a Sashe 6.5, zan takaita biyu m da'a frameworks-consequentalism da deontology-da za su iya taimaka maka hankalta daya daga cikin deepest kalubale da ka iya fuskantar: a lõkacin da yake da ya dace da ku da ku riƙi ethically m wajen domin cimma wani ethically dace karshen. Wadannan akida, da kuma da'a frameworks zai taimaka maka ka motsa bayan mayar da hankali a kan abin da aka jiyar da data kasance dokoki da kuma ƙara your ikon sadarwa your tattaunawa tare da sauran masu bincike da kuma jama'a (Figure 6.1). Tare da cewa baya, a Sashe 6.6, zan tattauna hudu yankunan da suke musamman kalubale ga digital shekaru zamantakewa bincike: sanar da yarda (Sashe 6.6.1), fahimta da kuma manajan bayanai hadarin (Sashe 6.6.2), bayanin tsare (Sashe 6.6.3 ), da kuma yin da'a yanke shawara a fuskar rashin tabbas (Sashe 6.6.4). A karshe, a Sashe 6.7, Zan ƙare da uku m tips for aiki a wani wuri da asalin {xa'a. A cikin Historical Rataye, Zan bayyana juyin halitta na yanzu tsarin bincike xa'a dubawa a Amurka ciki har da Tuskegee Syphilis Nazarin, da Belmont Report, da Common Rule, da kuma Menlo Report.

Figure 6.1: A dokoki hukumar bincike da ake samu daga ka'idojin wanda a nuna an samu daga da'a frameworks. A main shaida wannan babi shi ne cewa masu bincike ya kamata kimanta su gudanar da bincike ta hanyar data kasance dokoki-da zan yi a matsayin da aka ba da kuma zaton ya kamata followed- kuma ta hanyar more general da'a ka'idojin. The Common Rule ne ya kafa dokoki a halin yanzu hukumar mafi federally-ɗ en gudanar da bincike a Amurka (don ƙarin bayani, duba Historical Shafi). The hudu ka'idojin zo daga biyu blue-kintinkiri bangarori da suka nemi su samar da da'a shiriya ga masu bincike: The Belmont Report da Menlo Report (don ƙarin bayani, duba Historical Shafi). A karshe, consequentialism da deontology ne da'a frameworks cewa an ci gaba da falsafa ga daruruwan shekaru. A sauri da kuma danyen hanyar rarrabe biyu frameworks ne cewa consequentialists mayar da hankali a kan iyakar da deontologists mayar da hankali a kan wajen.