Ayyukan

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1. [ ] A jayayya da wani tunanin Contagion gwaji, Kleinsman and Buckley (2015) ya rubuta cewa:

   "Ko gaskiya ne cewa kasada domin Facebook gwaji kasance low, har ma idan, a} arshe, da sakamakon da aka yi hukunci a zama da amfani, akwai wani muhimmin manufa a kan gungumen azaba a nan cewa, dole ne a tsayar. A wannan hanyar da sata da aka sata ko da abin da yawa suna da hannu, don haka mu duk da dama ba za a gudanar da wani gwaji kan ba tare da mu ilmi da amsa, duk abin da yanayin da gudanar da bincike. "

   1. Wanne daga cikin biyu da'a frameworks tattauna a wannan babi-consequentialism ko deontology-ne wannan shawara mafi fili hade da?
   2. Yanzu, tunanin cewa ka so su yi jayayya a kan wannan matsayi. Ta yaya za ka yi jayayya da yanayin zuwa labaru for The New York Times?
   3. Yaya, idan a duk, zai dalĩlinku zama daban-daban, idan ka kasance tattauna wannan tare da wani abokin aiki?

2. [ ] Maddock, Mason, and Starbird (2015) ya ɗauki wannan tambaya na ko masu bincike ya kamata amfani tweets cewa an share su. Karanta m takarda su koyi game da bango.

   1. Bincika wannan hukunci daga deontological hangen zaman gaba.
   2. Nazari da ainihin wannan shawara daga wani consequentialist hangen zaman gaba.
   3. Wacce kake samun ƙarin tabbatacce a cikin wannan harka?

3. [ ] A wata kasida da a kan xa'a filin gwaje-gwajen, Humphreys (2015) , samarwa da wadannan tamkar gwaji mu haskaka da da'a kalubalen shisshigi da aka yi ba tare da izini na dukan tasiri jam'iyyun da kuma cewa ya cũtar wasu kuma taimaka wa mutane.

   "Ka ce wani mai bincike ne tuntube da wani sa na al'umma kungiyoyi da cewa so a gane ko ajiye titi fitilu a slums zai rage tashin hankali laifi. A cikin wannan bincike da batutuwa ne laifi: neman sanar yarda daga cikin masu laifin zai iya yin sulhu akai da bincike da kuma zai iya ba za a mai zuwa ko ta yaya (take hakkin daraja persons); mãsu laifi m kai da halin kaka na bincike ba tare da amfana (take hakkin gaskiya). kuma za a yi sabani game da amfanin da bincike - idan yana da tasiri, da mãsu laifi musamman ba za shi da muhimmanci (a samar da wahala a kimantawa kan aikin kwarai). . . . The musamman al'amurran da suka shafi nan ne ba kawai a kusa da batutuwa duk da haka. Ga akwai kuma kasada da samu wadanda ba batutuwa, idan misali laifi ɗauki fansa a kan kungiyoyin sa fitilu a wurin. Kungiyar iya zama sosai sane da wadannan kasada amma a shirye ya kai su domin karyata sa ĩmãni da rashin lafiya-kafa tsammanin na masu bincike daga m jami'o'i suke kansu motsa a sashi a buga. "

   1. Rubuta wani email ga al'umma kungiyar miƙa your da'a kima na gwaji kamar yadda aka tsara? Za ka taimaka su yi gwajin a matsayin samarwa? Abin da dalilai zai tasiri your yanke shawara?
   2. Akwai wasu canje-canje da zai inganta kima na xa'a wannan gwaji zane.

4. [ ] A cikin 1970 ta 60 maza halarci filin gwajin da ya faru a cikin maza bathroom a wata jami'a a Midwestern na Amurka (da masu bincike ba su suna da jami'a) (Middlemist, Knowles, and Matter 1976) . The masu bincike sun sha'awar yadda mutane amsa take hakki na su na sirri sarari, wanda Sommer (1969) a tsare a matsayin "area da ganuwa iyakoki kewaye mutum ta jiki a cikin abin da intruders iya zuwa ba." More musamman, da masu bincike ya zaɓi ya yi nazarin yadda za a mutum urination aka yi tasiri da gaban wasu a nan kusa. Bayan gudanar da wata zalla kallo binciken, da masu bincike gudanar da wani filin gwaji. Mahalarta aka tilasta amfani da hagu-mafi urinal a uku urinal bathroom (da masu bincike ba su bayyana daidai yadda wannan ya faru). Next, mahalarta aka sanya daya daga uku matakan interpersonal nesa. Ga wasu mutãne wata confederate amfani da urinal dama kusa da su, ga wasu mutãne wata confederate amfani da urinal daya sarari daga gare su, da kuma wasu mutane ba confederate shiga gidan wanka. The masu bincike auna su sakamako canji-bata lokaci lokaci da juriya-by stationing wani bincike mataimakin a cikin bayan gida turken shanu m ga yar ta urinal. Ga yadda masu bincike bayyana ji hanya:

   "An Kiyayewa aka sa a cikin bayan gida turke nan da nan dab da batutuwa 'urinal. A lokacin matukin jirgi gwaje-gwaje daga cikin wadannan hanyoyin shi ya bayyana cewa auditory cues ba za a iya amfani da su sigina na qaddamar da kuma lõkacin fatara daga [urination]. . . . A maimakon haka, na gani cues aka yi amfani da. The Kiyayewa amfani da periscopic Prism imbedded a wani tari littattafai kwance a kasa na bayan gida turken shanu. An 11-inch (28-cm) sarari tsakanin bene da bango na bayan gida turke bayar a view, ta hanyar periscope, na amfani da ƙananan jiki, kuma ya sanya ta yiwu kai tsaye gani sightings na rafi fitsari. The Kiyayewa, duk da haka, bai iya ganin batun fuskar. The Kiyayewa fara biyu tasha watches a lõkacin da wata magana tako zuwa urinal, tsaya daya a lokacin da urination fara, da kuma tsayar da sauran lokacin da urination aka kare. "

   The masu bincike gano cewa, rage jiki distance take kaiwa zuwa ƙãra jinkirta na farko da kuma rage nacewa (Figure 6.7).

   1. Kuna ganin mahalarta aka cũtar da wannan gwaji?
   2. Shin, ba ka ganin cewa masu bincike kamata gudanar da wannan gwaji?
   3. Abin da canje-canje, idan wani, za ka bayar da shawarar don inganta da'a balance?
   

   Figure 6.7: Results daga Middlemist, Knowles, and Matter (1976) . Men suka shiga gidan wanka da aka sanya wa daya daga cikin uku yanayi: kusa distance (a confederate da aka sanya a cikin nan da nan m urinal), matsakaici distance (a confederate da aka sanya daya urinal cire), ko babu confederate amfani da urinal. An Kiyayewa sa a cikin wani gida turke amfani da custom-gina periscope tsayar da lokaci da bata lokaci ba da kuma dagewa da urination. Standard kurakurai a kusa da kimomi ba available.

5. [ ] A watan Agusta shekara ta 2006, game da kwanaki 10 kafin a wani primary zaben, 20,000 mutane da suke zaune a Michigan karbi aikawasiku cewa, ya nuna m zabe hali da zabe hali da makwabta (Figure 6.8). (Kamar yadda aka tattauna a cikin babi na, a Amurka, gwamnatocin jihohi rike records da suka kada kuri'u a kowane za ~ e kuma wannan bayani yana samuwa ga jama'a.) Wannan musamman magani samar da most sakamako taba gani har zuwa wannan batu guda yanki aikawasiku: shi ya karu da fito rate by 8.1 kashi maki (Gerber, Green, and Larimer 2008) . Don sa wannan a mahallin, yanki daya mailings yawanci nuna ƙaruwa daga game da daya yawan maki (Gerber, Green, and Larimer 2008) . The sakamako da aka haka babban abin da siyasa gudanar suna Hal Malchow miƙa Donald Green $ 100,000 ba a buga sakamakon gwajin (mai yiwuwa saboda haka Malchow iya yin amfani da wannan bayani da kansa) (Issenberg 2012, p 304) . Amma, Alan Gerber, Donald Green, da kuma Christopher Larimer bai buga takarda a shekara ta 2008, a Amirka, Kimiyyar Siyasa Review.

   A lokacin da ka a hankali duba da mailer a Figure 6.8 za ka iya lura cewa masu bincike 'names ba su bayyana ba a gare ta. Ã'a, Adireshin dawo da shi ne ya Practical siyasa Consulting. A cikin amincewa da takarda marubuta bayyana: "Special godiya je Mark Grebner na Practical siyasa Consulting, wanda aka tsara da kuma gudanar da shirin mail karatu a nan."

   1. Don Allah tantance yin amfani da wannan magani cikin sharuddan da hudu da'a ka'idojin da aka bayyana a cikin wannan babi.
   2. Abin da canje-canje, idan wani, za ka bayar da shawarar a wannan gwaji?
   3. Rubuta wani da'a appendix da zai iya bayyana tare da wannan takarda a lõkacin da aka buga.
   

   Figure 6.8: Makwabcin mailer daga Gerber, Green, and Larimer (2008) . Wannan mailer karu fito rates by 8.1 kashi maki, da most sakamako da ya taba samuwa ga wani single-yanki mailer.

6. [ ] Orawa a baya tambaya, da zarar wadannan 20,000 mailers aka aiko (Figure 6.8), kazalika da 60,000 sauran yiwuwar m m mailers, akwai wata backlash daga mahalarta. A gaskiya ma, Issenberg (2012) (p 198) rahoton cewa, "Grebner [darektan Practical siyasa Consulting] ya taba iya lissafta yadda mutane da yawa ya ɗauki wahalar koka da wayar, domin ofishinsa amsa na'ura cika da sauri haka cewa sabon masu kira sami ikon bar sako. "a gaskiya, Grebner lura cewa backlash zai iya kasance ko da ya fi girma, idan sun Riskar sama da magani. Ya ce Alan Gerber, daya daga cikin masu bincike, "Alan dã mun ciyar da ɗari biyar dubu daloli da kuma rufe dukan jihar ku, kuma ina za a zaune tare da Salman Rushdie." (Issenberg 2012, p 200)

   1. Shin wannan bayanai canza amsoshin baya tambaya?
   2. Abin da dabarun da ake rubutu yanke shawara a fuskar rashin tabbas za ka bayar da shawarar a nan gaba da karatu da cewa su ne m?

7. [ ] A yi, mafi yawan da'a muhawara faruwa game da karatu inda masu bincike ba su da gaskiya sanar izini daga mahalarta (misali, uku yanayin karatu a cikin wannan sura). Duk da haka, mai da'a muhawara kuma iya faruwa ga karatu da cewa suna da gaskiya informed yarda. Design wani tamkar binciken inda za ka yi gaskiya informed izini daga mahalarta, amma abin da har yanzu kana tsammanin zai zama unethical. (Ambato: Idan kana fafitikar, za ka iya kokarin karanta Emanuel, Wendler, and Grady (2000) .)

8. [ ] Masu bincike sau da yawa fafitikar don bayyana su da'a tunani da juna da kuma zuwa ga jama'a. Bayan da aka gano cewa Ku ɗanɗani, huldar, kuma Time aka sake gano, Jason Kauffman, shugaban na bincike tawagar, ya yi 'yan jama'a comments game da xa'a da aikin. Read Zimmer (2010) , sa'an nan kuma sake rubutawa Kauffman ta comments ta yin amfani da akida, da kuma da'a frameworks da aka bayyana a cikin wannan babi.

9. [ ] Banksy yana daya daga cikin shahararrun zamani artist a United Kingdom, kuma shĩ ne san siyasa-daidaitacce titi rubutu a bango (Figure 6.9). Da daidai ainihi, duk da haka, shi ne wani asiri. Banksy yana da sirri website don haka ya iya yin ya ainihi jama'a idan ya so, amma ya zaba ba. A shekara ta 2008 da Daily Mail, wata jarida, da aka buga wata kasida iƙirarin su gane Banksy ta real name. Sa'an nan a shekara ta 2016, Michelle Hauge, Mark Stevenson, D. Kim Rossmo da Steven C. Le Comber (2016) yunkurin tabbatar da wannan da'awar amfani Dirichlet tsari cakuda model na yanayin profiling. More musamman, suka tattara da yanayin wurare na Banksy ta jama'a rubutu a bango a Bristol da kuma London. Next, da neman ta hanyar haihuwa jaridar articles da kuma jama'a zabe records, Hauge da kuma abokan aiki samu da adiresoshin na suna guda ɗaya, da matarsa, da kuma kwallon kafa (ie, ƙwallon ƙafa) tawagar. The marubucin takaita binciken da takarda kamar haka:

   "Tare da wani m 'da ake zargi' [sic] gudanar da bincike, yana da wuya a yi isasshiya kalamai game Banksy ta ainihi bisa analysis gabatar a nan, wanin cewa da kololuwa na geoprofiles a duka Bristol da kuma London sun hada da adireshin da aka sani da za a hade da [name redacted. "

   Bayan Metcalf and Crawford (2016) , na yanke shawarar ba a hada da sunan mutum a lokacin da tattauna wannan binciken.

   1. Tantance wannan binciken yin amfani da akida, da kuma da'a frameworks a cikin wannan babi.
   2. Za ka yi wannan binciken?
   3. The marubuta gaskata wannan binciken a cikin m daga cikin takarda tare da wadannan jumla: "More broadly, wadannan sakamakon goyon bayan previous shawarwari cewa bincike na qananan ta'addanci da alaka ayyukan (misali, rubutu a bango) za a iya amfani da su taimaka gano 'yan ta'adda sansanonin da mafi tsanani faru faruwa, da kuma samar da wani m misali na aikace-aikace na model zuwa hadaddun, real-duniya matsala. "Shin, wannan canza ra'ayi daga cikin takarda? Idan haka ne, ta yaya?
   4. The marubuta kunshe da wadannan da'a rubutu a karshen su takarda: "The marubuta suna sane, kuma m na, tsare sirri na [name redacted] da 'yan'uwansa, kuma suka haka kawai amfani data a cikin jama'a yankin. Mun gangan tsallake daidai adiresoshin. "Shin, wannan canza ra'ayi daga cikin takarda? Idan haka ne, ta yaya? Kada ka yi tunanin jama'a / masu zaman kansu dichotomy sa hankali a cikin wannan harka?
   

   Figure 6.9: Street art da Banksy Cheltenham, Ingila. Photo by Brian Robert Marshall. Source: Wikimedia Commons .

10. [ ] A wani m labarin Metcalf (2016) ya sa da shawara cewa, "a fili available datasets dauke da masu zaman kansu data ne daga cikin mafi ban sha'awa ga masu bincike kuma mafi m ga batutuwa."

    1. Mene ne biyu kankare misalai cewa goyi bayan wannan da'awar?
    2. A wannan labarin Metcalf kuma ikirarin cewa shi ne anachronistic to ɗauka cewa "duk wani bayani cũta an riga an yi da jama'a dataset". Ka daya misali da inda wannan zai iya zama haka al'amarin.

11. [ ] A cikin wannan babi na samarwa da mulkin yatsa cewa duk data ne yiwuwar tabbatarwa da dukan data ne yiwuwar m. Table 6.5 samar da wani jerin misalai na data abin da ya ba a fili da kaina gano bayanai amma wanda za a iya har yanzu za a nasaba da takamaiman mutane.

    1. Pick biyu daga cikin wadannan misalai da bayyana yadda de-anonymization kai hari a lokuta biyu yana da irin wannan tsari.
    2. Ga kowane daga cikin misalai biyu a sashi (a), bayyana yadda data iya bayyana m bayani game da mutãne, a cikin dataset.
    3. Yanzu sama na uku dataset daga tebur. Rubuta saƙon imel zuwa wani la'akari sakewa da shi. Bayyana musu yadda wannan labari zai iya zama yiwuwar tabbatarwa da yiwuwar m.

    Table 6.5: of misalai na zamantakewa data cewa ba ya da wani fili da kaina gano bayani, amma wanda za a iya har yanzu za a nasaba da takamaiman mutane.

    data	lissafi
    Health inshora records	Sweeney (2002)
    Credit katin ma'amala data	Montjoye et al. (2015)
    Netflix movie rating data	Narayanan and Shmatikov (2008)
    Phone kira meta-data	Mayer, Mutchler, and Mitchell (2016)
    Search log data	Barbaro and Zeller Jr (2006)
    Alƙaluma, administrative, da kuma zamantakewa bayanai game da dalibai	Zimmer (2010)

12. [ ] Tunzura kanka a kowa da kowa ya takalma hada your mahalarta da kuma jama'a, ba kawai ka takwarorina. Wannan bambanci An misalta a cikin akwati na Yahudawa kullum cuta Hospital (Katz, Capron, and Glass 1972, Ch. 1; Lerner 2004; Arras 2008) .

    Dr. Chester M. Southam wani fitaccen likita da bincike a Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research kuma Mataimakin Farfesa of Medicine a Cornell University Medical College. A Yuli 16, 1963, Southam da biyu abokan aiki allura live ciwon daji Kwayoyin a cikin jikin 22 debilitated marasa lafiya a Yahudawa kullum cuta asibitin New York. Wadannan injections kasance wani ɓangare na Southam ta gudanar da bincike don fahimtar rigakafi tsarin cancerous marasa lafiya. A baya bincike, Southam ya gano cewa, masu aikin sa kai da lafiya sun iya kãfirta allura ciwon daji Kwayoyin a wajen 4 zuwa 6 makonni, alhãli kuwa ya kama marasa lafiya wanda ya riga ya ciwon daji da yawa ya fi tsayi. Southam mamaki ko jinkirta amsa a ciwon daji marasa lafiya ya domin suna da ciwon daji ko kuma saboda sun kasance tsofaffi da kuma debilitated riga. Don magance wadannan yiwuwa, Southam yanke shawarar allurar live ciwon daji Kwayoyin a cikin wani rukuni na mutanen da suke tsofaffi da kuma debilitated amma wanda bai yi ciwon daji. A lokacin da maganar binciken baza, jawo a sashi daga murabus daga uku likitoci suka tambaye su shiga, wasu yi kwatancen da Nazi Taro Camp Gwaje-gwajen, amma wasu na tushen a sashi a kan tabbaci da Southam-tarar bincike unproblematic. A ƙarshe, da New York State Board of mãsu maye wa junã binciki al'amarin domin yanke shawara idan Southam ya kamata su iya ci gaba da gudanar da aiki magani. Southam jãyayya a cikin tsaro da yana aiki ne a "mafi al'adar m asibiti yi." Southam tsaron da aka dogara ne a kan da dama da'awar, wanda duk aka goyan bayan da dama rarrabe masana suka shaida a kan madadin: (1) ya gudanar da bincike ya high kimiyya da zamantakewar al'umma abin yabo. (2) babu wata appreciable kasada to mahalarta. a da'awar tushen a part of Southam ta shekaru 10 kafin kwarewa fiye da 600 batutuwa. (3) matakin tonawa ya kamata a gyara bisa ga matakin hadarin shirya kai da bincike. (4) da bincike a tare kowane irin misali na likita yi a wancan lokaci. Daga qarshe, da Regent ta jirgin samu Southam laifin zamba, da ha'inci, da kuma Unprofessional hali, da kuma dakatar da shi likita lasisi ga shekara guda. Duk da haka, kawai 'yan shekaru baya, Chester M. Southam an zabe shugaban na Amirka, Association of Cancer Masu bincike.

    1. Tantance Southam ta binciken yin amfani da hudu ka'idojin a cikin wannan babi.
    2. Ya bayyana cewa Southam dauki hangen zaman gaba da takwarorinsa kuma daidai tsammani yadda za su amsa aikinsa. a gaskiya, mutane da yawa daga cikinsu ya shaida a kan madadin. Amma, ya kasance iya ko yarda ya fahimci yadda ya gudanar da bincike zai yi matsalolin ga jama'a. Wace rawa kuke tunani jama'a ra'ayi-wanda zai iya zama jinsin daga ra'ayin mahalarta-kamata da a gudanar da bincike xa'a? Abin da ya kamata faru idan rare ra'ayi da kuma tsara ra'ayi ya bambanta?

13. [ ] A wata takarda mai taken "Crowdseeding a Eastern Congo: Amfani Cell Phones to Tattara Rikici Events Data a Real Time", Van der Windt da Humphreys (2016) bayyana a rarraba data tarin tsarin (ga Babi na 5) cewa su halitta a Eastern Congo. Ka kwatanta yadda masu bincike aikatã game da rashin tabbas game da m illolin to mahalarta.

14. [ ] A watan Oktoba 2014, uku siyasa masana kimiyya aika mailers to 102,780 rijista masu jefa ƙuri'a a Montana matsayin wani ɓangare na wani gwaji don auna ko masu jefa} uri'a ne aka ƙarin bayani ne mafi kusantar su zabe. The mailers-wanda aka labeled 2014 Montana Janar zabe Voter Information Guide-sanya Montana Kotun Koli Justice 'yan takara, wanda yake shi ne wadanda ba partisan zaben, a kan sikelin daga m to ra'ayin mazan jiya, wanda ya hada Barack Obama da Mitt Romney a matsayin kwatancen. The mailer kuma hada a haifuwa na Great cikon Jihar Montana (Figure 6.10).

    The mailers generated gunaguni daga Montana masu jefa} uri'a, kuma su sa Linda McCulloch, Montana ta Sakataren Harkokin, zuwa fayil din a m kuka da Montana gwamnatin jihar. The jami'o'i cewa aiki da masu bincike-Dartmouth da Stanford-aika da wasika ga kowa da kowa da ya karbi mailer neman gafara ga wani m rikice da kuma yin share cewa mailer "da aka ba da alaƙa da kowace jam'iyyar siyasa, dan takarar ko kungiyar, kuma ba nufin tasiri da wani tseren. "The wasika wato tãtacce cewa ranking" dõgara jama'a bayani game da wanda ya bayar da zuwa kowane daga cikin yakin. "(Figure 6.11)

    A watan Mayun 2015, da Kwamishinan siyasa ayyuka na Jihar Montana, Jonathan Motl, m cewa masu bincike keta Montana dokar: "Kwamishinan kayyade cewa akwai isa facts nuna cewa Stanford, Dartmouth da / ko masu bincike keta Montana yaƙi yi dokokin bukata rajista, rahoto da watsuwar m ciyarwa. "(isa gano Number 3 a Motl (2015) ). Kwamishinan kuma shawarar cewa County Shari'a bincika ko yin amfani da amfani mara izini na Great cikon Montana warware Montana jihar doka (Motl 2015) .

    Stanford da Dartmouth sãɓa wa jũna da Motl ta hukuncin. A Stanford kakakin suna Lisa Lapin ce "Stanford ... bai yi imani da wani zaben dokoki an keta" da kuma cewa aikawasiku "bai dauke da wani bayar da shawarwari da goyon bayan ko tsaurin wani dan takarar." Ta kara da cewa mailer baro-baro ya bayyana cewa da shi "ne nonpartisan da ba yarda da wani dan takarar ko jam'iyyar. " (Richman 2015)

    1. Tantance wannan binciken yin amfani da hudu akida, da kuma biyu frameworks aka bayyana a cikin wannan babi.
    2. Zaton cewa mailers aka aiko zuwa bazuwar samfurin masu jefa} uri'a, (amma more on cewa a wani lokacin), a karkashin abin da yanayi mai yiwuwa wannan aikawasiku sun bata sakamakon da Kotun Koli shari'a zaben?
    3. A gaskiya, da mailers aka aika ba zuwa bazuwar samfurin masu jefa} uri'a. A cewar wani rahoton da Jeremy Johnson (a siyasa masana kimiyya suka taimaka a gudanar da bincike), mailers "aka aika zuwa 64.265 masu jefa} uri'a gano a matsayin m m to sassautan jingina a Democratic jingina gefensa, kuma 39.515 masu jefa} uri'a gano a matsayin ra'ayin mazan jiya a sassautan a Republican jingina gefensa. The masu bincike barata da fidda tsakanin Democratic da Republican lambobin filaye da suke tsammani fito ya zama muhimmanci ƙananan tsakanin Democratic masu jefa} uri'a. "Shin, wannan canza kima na bincike zane? Idan haka ne, ta yaya?
    4. A mayar da martani ga bincike, da masu bincike ya bayyana cewa, su tsince wannan zaben a sashi domin "ba shari'a tseren aka hankali ya tsaya takarar a primary. Bisa wani bincike na 2014 primary sakamakon zaben a cikin mahallin previous Montana shari'a zaben, da masu bincike m cewa bincike binciken a matsayin tsara ba zai canja sakamako na ko dai yi hamayya. " (Motl 2015) Shin wannan canza kima na bincike ? Idan haka ne, ta yaya?
    5. A gaskiya, da zaben juya a kira su ba musamman kusa (Table 6.6). Shin wannan canza kima na bincike? Idan haka ne, ta yaya?
    6. Sai dai itace cewa a binciken da aka sallama a Dartmouth IRB da daya daga cikin masu bincike, amma sãɓã wa jũna ma daga ainihin Montana binciken. The mailer amfani a Montana da aka taba sallama zuwa ga IRB. A binciken da aka taba sallama zuwa ga Stanford IRB. Shin wannan canza kima na bincike? Idan haka ne, ta yaya?
    7. Har ila yau, itace cewa da masu bincike ya aiko da irin wannan zaben kayan 143.000 masu jefa ƙuri'a a California da kuma 66.000 a New Hampshire. Kamar yadda ya zuwa yanzu kamar yadda na sani, babu wata m gunaguni jawo by wadannan kamar 200,000 ƙarin mailers. Shin wannan canza kima na bincike? Idan haka ne, ta yaya?
    8. Abin da, idan wani abu, za ka yi daban, idan ka kasance babba bincikensa? Ta yaya za ka yi tsara nazarin idan kun kasance sha'awar binciko ko ƙarin bayani qara masu jefa} uri'a fito a nonpartisan jinsi?

    Table 6.6: Results daga 2014 Montana Kotun Koli shari'a zaben. Source: shafin yanar gizon na Montana Sakataren harkokin .

    'Yan takarar	kuri'u samu	kashi
    Kotun Koli shari'a # 1
    W. David Herbert	65.404	21,59%
    Jim Rice	236.963	78,22%
    Kotun Koli shari'a # 2
    Lawrence VanDyke	134.904	40,80%
    Mike Alkama	195.303	59,06%

    

    Adadi 6.10: Mailer aika da uku siyasa masana kimiyya to 102.780 rajista a Montana matsayin wani ɓangare na wani gwaji don auna ko masu jefa} uri'a ne aka ƙarin bayani ne mafi kusantar su zabe. The sample size a cikin wannan gwajin da aka wajen 15% na masu jefa} uri'a m a jihar.

    

    Adadi 6.11: uzuri wasika da aka aika zuwa ga 102.780 rajista a Montana da suka karbi mailer a Figure 6.10. The wasika da aka aika da shugabannin Dartmouth da Stanford, da jami'o'i da cewa aiki da masu bincike suka aiko da mailer.

15. [ ] A May 8, 2016, biyu masu bincike-Emil Kirkegaard da Julius Bjerrekaer-scraped bayanai daga online Dating site OkCupid da bayyane fito da wani dataset game da 70,000 users, ciki har da masu canji daga sunan mai amfani, shekara, jinsi, location, addini da alaka ra'ayin, ilmin bokanci da alaka ra'ayin, Dating bukatun, yawan photos, da dai sauransu, kazalika da amsoshi da aka ba wa top 2600 tambayoyi a shafin. A wani daftarin takarda rakiyar saki data, marubuta bayyana cewa, "Wasu kuma suna iya hana wa xa'a na tara da kuma sakewa wannan bayanai. Duk da haka, dukan data samu a cikin dataset ne ko sun riga fili available, sai sakewa wannan dataset kawai buga shi a cikin wani more m form. "

    A mayar da martani ga labari release, daya daga cikin marubuta da aka tambaye shi a kan Twitter: "Wannan data sa ne sosai sake tabbatarwa. Ko ya hada da sunayen masu amfani? Was wani aiki a duk yi anonymize shi? ". Da mayar da martani shi ne "No. Data riga jama'a. " (Zimmer 2016; Resnick 2016)

    1. Tantance wannan labari release ta yin amfani da akida, da kuma da'a frameworks tattauna a wannan babin.
    2. Za ka yi amfani da wannan bayanai for your own bincike?
    3. Abin da idan ka scraped shi da kanka?

16. [ ] A 2010 an m Analyst da US Army ba 250,000 tallace diplomasiyya igiyoyi ga kungiyar Wikileaks, kuma suka kasance sunã baya posted online. Gill and Spirling (2015) jayayya cewa "Wikileaks watsuwar yiwuwar wakiltar wani trove bayanai da zai iya fita ba to jarraba da dabara theories a dangantakar kasa da kasa ", sa'an nan kuma na ilimin kididdiga faye hali samfurin leaked takardun. Alal misali, marubuta kimanta cewa suna wakiltar game da 5% na dukkan diplomasiyya igiyoyi a lokacin wannan lokaci lokaci, amma cewa wannan rabo dabam daga ofishin jakadancin to ofishin jakadancin (duba Figure 1 of m takarda).

    1. Karanta takarda, sa'an nan kuma rubuta wani da'a appendix da shi.
    2. The marubuta ba bincika da abun ciki na wani daga cikin leaked takardun. Shin, akwai wani shiri yin amfani da wadannan igiyoyi cewa za ka gudanar? Shin, akwai wani shiri yin amfani da wadannan igiyoyi cewa ba za ka gudanar da?

17. [ ] Domin nazarin yadda kamfanonin amsa gunaguni, wani mai bincike ya aiko karya ne kuka letters to 240 high-karshen gidajen cin abinci a New York City. Ga wani sharhin, an ɗauko daga ƙagagge wasika.

    "Ina rubuta wannan wasika zuwa gare ku, domin ina outraged game da 'yan kwarewa ina da a ka gidan cin abinci. Ba da dadewa, matata da kuma na bikin cika shekaru mu na farko. ... The maraice zama soured lõkacin da cututtuka fara bayyana game da hudu hours bayan cin abinci. Fadada tashin zuciya, amai, zawo, kuma ciki cramps dukan ishãra zuwa abu daya: ci abinci mai guba. Shi ya sa ni tsananin sauti kawai tunanin cewa mu musamman romantic maraice zama rage wa matata kallon ni juya a cikin wani fetal matsayi a kan tiled bene mu bathroom a tsakanin harsasai amai up. ... Ko da yake an ba ta nufi zuwa fayil din da wani rahoton da Better Business Ofishin ko Department of Health, ina so ku, [sunan restaurateur], fahimtar abin da na je, ta hanyar a jira da za ka amsa daidai. "

    1. Kimanta wannan binciken yin amfani da akida, da kuma da'a frameworks aka bayyana a cikin wannan babi. Ganin your kima, za ka yi nazarin?
    2. Ga yadda gidajen cin abinci da suka karbi wasika ya mayar da martani: "Shi ne na dafuwa hargitsi kamar yadda masu, manajoji da chefs bincike ta kwakwalwa domin [name redacted] reservations ko katin bashi records, duba menus da kuma samar da ba a ga yiwu spoiled abinci, da kuma tambayar kitchen ma'aikata game da m lapses, duk spurred da abin da biyu jami'a da kuma farfesa a yanzu yarda ya business makaranta binciken daga gidan wuta. " (Kifner 2001) Shin wannan bayanai canja yadda za ka tantance binciken?
    3. Kamar yadda ya zuwa yanzu kamar yadda na sani, wannan binciken da aka ba duba da wani IRB ko wani ɓangare na uku. Shin cewa canji yadda za ka tantance binciken? Me yasa i ko a'a?

18. [ ] Gina a kan wannan m tambaya, ina son ka ka kwatanta wannan binciken zuwa mabanbanta binciken cewa ma hannu gidajen cin abinci. A cikin wannan binciken da sauran, Neumark da kuma abokan aiki (1996) ya aika biyu namiji da mata biyu kwalejin dalibai tare da qirqiro dawo to tambaya ga jobs kamar Albayan da waitresses a 65 gidajen cin abinci a Philadelphia, domin gudanar da bincike a jima'i da nuna bambanci a cikin gidan cin abinci haya. The 130 aikace-aikace kai ga 54 tambayoyi da kuma 39 aiki tayi. Binciken ya gano ilimin kididdiga gagarumin shaidar jima'i nuna bambanci da mata a high-price gidajen cin abinci.

    1. Rubuta wani da'a appendix for binciken.
    2. Kuna ganin wannan binciken ne ethically daban-daban daga daya da aka bayyana a baya tambaya. Idan haka ne, ta yaya?

19. [ ] Wasu lokaci a kusa da 2010, 6.548 furofesoshi a Amurka karbi imel kama wannan.

    "Dear Farfesa Salganik,

    Nake rubuto muku domin ni a yiwuwa Ph.D. dalibi da babba amfani a cikin bincike. My shirin shi ne ya nema wa Ph.D. shirye-shirye da wannan zuwan fall, kuma ni okin su koyi kamar yadda zan iya game da bincike damar a halin yanzu.

    Zan kasance a harabar a yau, kuma ko da yake na san an takaice sanarwa, ina mamaki idan ka iya samun minti 10 a lokacin da za ka kasance a shirye ka sadu da ni zuwa takaice magana game da aiki da kuma duk wani yiwu damar a gare ni in sa shiga a cikin your bincike. Duk wani lokacin da zai zama m gare ku zai zama lafiya tare da ni, kamar yadda ya gana da kai ne na farko fifiko a wannan harabar ziyarar.

    Na gode a gaba domin shawara.

    Gaske, Carlos Lopez "

    Wadannan imel kasance wani ɓangare na wani filin gwaji don auna ko furofesoshi kasance mafi kusantar su amsa da email dangane 1) lokaci-frame (yau vs mako) da kuma 2) da sunan aikawa da aka bambanta zuwa sigina kabila da kuma jinsi (misali, Meredith Roberts, Raj Kumar, da dai sauransu). The masu bincike gano cewa, a lokacin da buƙatun su hadu a 1 mako, Caucasian maza da aka ba damar yin amfani da baiwa 'yan game da 25% more sau da yawa fiye kasance mata da' yan tsiraru. Amma, a lõkacin da ƙagagge dalibai nema tarurruka wannan rana wadannan alamu da aka gaske shafe (Milkman, Akinola, and Chugh 2012) .

    1. Tantance wannan gwaji bisa ga ka'idojin da frameworks a cikin wannan babi.
    2. Bayan binciken ya kan, da masu bincike ya aiko da wadannan debriefing email ga dukan mahalarta.

    "Kwanan nan, za ka samu wani email daga wani dalibi tambayar minti 10 na lokaci domin tattauna your Ph.D. shirin (jikin email bayyana a kasa). Muna emailing ku da su yau don debrief ku a cikin ainihin manufar cewa email, kamar yadda shi ne wani ɓangare na wani bincike binciken. Mun fatan mu binciken ba zai sa ka wani rushewa kuma mun hakuri idan kun kasance a duk inconvenienced. Fatanmu shi ne cewa wannan wasika zai samar da wani bayani na isa manufar da zane na binciken mu don ya rage wani damuwa za ka iya samun game da hannu. Muna so mu gode muku lokaci kuma karanta kara idan kun kasance interested in fahimtar dalilin da ya sa ka karbi wannan sako. Muna fatan za ku ga darajar da ilmi mu jira samar da wannan babban ilimi binciken. "

    Bayan ya bayyana manufar da zane na binciken, su kara lura da cewa:

    "Da zaran sakamakon binciken na mu, suna samuwa, za mu post da su a kan mu yanar. Don Allah tabbata cewa babu tabbatarwa data zai taɓa ruwaito daga wannan binciken, kuma mu tsakanin batun zane tabbatar da cewa za mu kawai su iya gano email responsiveness alamu a tara - ba a cikin mutum matakin. No mutum ko jami'a zai zama tabbatarwa a cikin wani na bincike ko bayanai da muka buga. Hakika, duk wani mutum daya email amsa ba ma'ana kamar yadda akwai mahara dalilan da ya sa wani mutum baiwa m iya yarda ko koma baya da wani taro request. All data an riga an soke-gano da kuma tabbatarwa email martani sun riga sun share daga databases da related uwar garken. Bugu da kari, a lokacin da lokacin da data kasance tabbatarwa, da aka kare da karfi da kuma amintattu kalmomin shiga. Kuma kamar yadda shi ne ko da yaushe haka al'amarin a lokacin da malamai hali bincike shafe mutum batutuwa, mu bincika ladabi aka amince da mu jami'o'i 'hukumomi Review Boards (da Columbia University Morningside IRB da kuma Jami'ar Pennsylvania IRB).

    Idan kana da wasu tambayoyi game da 'yancin a matsayin bincike batu, za ka iya tuntuɓarmu da Columbia University Morningside hukumomi Review Board a 212-851-7040 ko ta email a askirb@columbia.edu da / ko Jami'ar Pennsylvania hukumomi Review Board a 215 -898-2614.

    Na gode sake for your lokaci da fahimtar aikin da muke yi. "

    3. Mene ne muhawara for debriefing a cikin wannan harka? Mene ne muhawara da? Shin, ba ka ganin cewa masu bincike kamata debriefed mahalarta a cikin wannan harka?
    4. A cikin goyon bayan online kayan, da masu bincike da wani sashe mai taken "Human Abin da ke kare." Don Allah a karanta wannan sashe. Shin, akwai wani abu da za ka ƙara ko cire.
    5. Me ya kudin wannan gwaji ga masu bincike? Me ya kudin wannan gwaji to mahalarta? Andrew Gelman (2010) ya bayar da hujjar cewa mahalarta a cikin wannan binciken zai iya an cika su lokaci bayan gwaje-gwajen da aka kan. Kun yarda? Ka yi kokarin su sa ka shaida ta yin amfani da akida, da kuma da'a frameworks a cikin babi.