6.6.3 Privacy

Privacy ne hakkin da ya dace ya kwarara da bayanai.

A uku yankin inda masu bincike na iya fafitikar ne sirrin. As Lowrance (2012) ya sa shi quite abubuwan da: "sirri ya kamata a mutunta saboda mutane ya kamata a mutunta." Privacy, duk da haka, shi ne notoriously m ra'ayi (Nissenbaum 2010, Ch. 4) , kuma kamar yadda irin wannan, yana da wuya a yi amfani da lokacin da ƙoƙarin yi takamaiman yanke shawara game da gudanar da bincike.

A na kowa hanyar tunani game da tsare sirri ne da jama'a / masu zaman kansu dichotomy. By wannan hanyar tunani, idan bayani ne a fili m, to, shi za a iya amfani da masu bincike ba tare da damuwa game da kauce mutane tsare sirri. Amma wannan m iya gudu cikin matsaloli. Alal misali, a watan Nuwamba 2007 Costas Panagopoulos aiko kowa da kowa a cikin uku garuruwa wata wasika game da wani mai zuwa a zaben. A birane biyu-Monticello, Iowa da kuma Holland, Michigan-Panagopoulos yi wa'adi / barazanar buga jerin mutanen da suka zabe a cikin jaridar. A cikin sauran garin-Ely, Iowa-Panagopoulos yi wa'adi / barazanar buga jerin mutanen da suka ba zabe a cikin jaridar. Wadannan jiyya da aka tsara don sa girman kai da kunya (Panagopoulos 2010) domin wadannan motsin zuciyarmu da aka samu tasiri fito a baya karatu (Gerber, Green, and Larimer 2008) . Bayani game da wanda en da kuma wanda ba shi ne jama'a a Amurka. kowa zai iya samun damar da shi. Saboda haka, wanda zai iya bayar da hujjar cewa, domin wannan zabe bayanai riga jama'a, babu matsala tare da bincike da wallafa shi a cikin jaridar. A daya hannun, wani abu game da wannan shawara ji ba daidai ba ga mutane da yawa.

Kamar yadda wannan misali ya nuna, jama'a / masu zaman kansu dichotomy ne kuma m (boyd and Crawford 2012; Markham and Buchanan 2012) . A mafi alhẽri hanyar tunani game da tsare sirri, daya musamman tsara don rike al'amurran da suka shafi tashe ta digital shekaru, shi ne ra'ayin kunsa mutunci (Nissenbaum 2010) . Maimakon la'akari bayanai jama'a ko masu zaman kansu, kunsa mutunci mayar da hankali a kan gudana daga bayanai. Alal misali, mutane da yawa mutane za su zama unbothered idan suka likita shared su kiwon lafiya, records tare da wani likita amma zai zama m idan suka likita sayar wannan bayani zuwa sayar da kamfanin. Saboda haka, bisa ga Nissenbaum (2010) , "a hakkin ya tsare sirri ne ba da wani hakki a halin asiri ko da wani hakki don sarrafa fãce hakkin ya dace kwarara daga bayanan sirri."

The key ra'ayi muhimmi kunsa kirki ne mahallin-dangi bayani norms (Nissenbaum 2010) . Waɗannan su ne norms cewa mulkin gudana bayanai takamaiman saituna, kuma suna m by uku sigogi:

• 'yan wasan kwaikwayo (magana, aikawa, magaji)
• halayen (iri bayanai)
• watsa ka'idojin (constraints a karkashin abin da bayanai gudana)

Saboda haka, lokacin da ka a matsayin mai bincike suna yankan shawara ko ka yi amfani da data ba tare da izni shi ne taimako ga tambaya, "Shin, wannan amfani karya mahallin-dangi bayani norms?" Komowa zuwa hali na Panagopoulos (2010) , a cikin wannan harka, da ciwon wani waje bincike buga lists na masu jefa} uri'a, ko wadanda ba masu jefa ƙuri'a a cikin jaridar alama iya karya bayani norms. A gaskiya ma, Panagopoulos bai bi ta kan wa'adin / barazana saboda gida zaben jami'an gano haruffa zuwa gare shi, kuma rinjayi masa cewa shi ne, ba mai kyau ra'ayin (Issenberg 2012, 307) .

A wasu saituna, duk da haka, tunanin mahallin-dangi bayani norms bukatar a bit more shawara. Alal misali, bari mu koma cikin yiwuwar yin amfani da wayar hannu kira rajistan ayyukan waƙa da motsi a lokacin Ebola fashewa a Afrika ta Yamma a shekarar 2014, a yanayin da na tattauna a gabatarwar wannan babi (Wesolowski et al. 2014) . A wannan wuri, za mu iya kwatanta biyu daban-daban yanayi:

• Halin da ake ciki 1: aika complete kira log data [halaye]. to gwamnatocin bai cika halaccinta [ 'yan wasan kwaikwayo]. ga wani yiwu nan gaba amfani da [watsa ka'idojin]
• Halin da ake ciki 2: aika partially anonymized records [halaye]. to mutunta jami'a masu bincike [ 'yan wasan kwaikwayo]. don amfani a mayar da martani ga Ebola fashewa da batun da dubawa na jami'a da'a allon [watsa ka'idojin]

Ko da yake a biyu daga cikin wadannan yanayi kira data suna gudãna daga kamfanin, bayani norms bisa wadannan biyu yanayi ba daya suke ba, domin bambance-bambance tsakanin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo, halaye, da kuma watsa ka'idojin da hannu. Mayar da hankali kan kawai daya daga cikin wadannan sigogi iya haifar da overly simplistic yanke hukunci. A gaskiya ma, Nissenbaum (2015) ya jaddada cewa babu wani daga cikin wadannan uku sigogi za a iya rage ga sãshe, kuma bã za su iya wani daga gare su akayi daban-daban ayyana bayani norms. Wannan uku girma yanayin bayani norms bayyana dalilin da ya sa da} o} arin-da suka mayar da hankali a kan ko dai halayen ko watsa ka'idojin-kasance m at kamawa na kowa-ji notions na tsare sirri.

Daya kalubale tare da yin amfani da ra'ayin mahallin-dangi bayani norms ya shiryar da yanke shawara shi ne cewa masu bincike domin ba su sani ba su gaba da lokaci da kuma su ne sosai wuya a gwada (Acquisti, Brandimarte, and Loewenstein 2015) . Bugu da ari, ko da wani bincike zai karya kunsa-dangi bayani norms da cewa ba ta atomatik nufin cewa bincike ya kamata ba ya faru. A gaskiya ma, Babi na 8 na Nissenbaum (2010) ne gaba ɗaya game da "Breaking Dokokin Good." Duk da waɗannan rikitarwa, mahallin-dangi bayani norms shi ne har yanzu a amfani sosai hanyar hankalta game da tambayoyi da suka shafi tsare sirri.

A karshe, tsare sirri ne yankin inda na taba gani da yawa rashin fahimtar juna a tsakanin masu bincike suka prioritize Mutunta Mutanen da waɗanda suka prioritize karimci. Tunanin al'amarin na kiwon lafiya bincike suka asirce Watches mutane shan shawa domin fahimtar tsabta ne kewayawa don hana yaduwar wani labari cutar. Masu bincike mayar da hankali kan karimci zai mayar da hankali a kan amfanin al'umma daga wannan bincike da kuma ma iya bayar da hujjar cewa babu wata cũta a mahalarta idan bincike ya aikata ta leƙo asirin ƙasa ba tare da ganewa. A daya hannun, masu bincike suka prioritize Mutunta Mutanen zai mayar da hankali a kan gaskiyar cewa bincike ba zalunta mutane tare da girmamawa da yake a gaskiya yin su cutar da aka saba da su tsare sirri. Abin baƙin ciki shi ne, ba sauki warware husũma views wannan halin da ake ciki (ko da yake mafi kyau bayani a cikin wannan harka iya kawai zama a nemi yarda).

A ƙarshe, a lõkacin da muhawwara game da tsare sirri, shi ne m don motsawa a hayin overly simplistic jama'a / masu zaman kansu dichotomy da hankali a maimakon game mahallin-dangi bayani norms, wanda aka sanya daga up uku abubuwa: 'yan wasan kwaikwayo (magana, aikawa, magaji), halayen (iri bayanai), da kuma watsa ka'idojin (constraints a karkashin abin da bayanai gudana) (Nissenbaum 2010) . Wasu masu bincike kimanta bayanin tsare cikin sharuddan cuta da zai iya haifar da daga da take hakkin tsare sirri, alhãli kuwa wasu masu bincike duba da take hakkin tsare sirri a matsayin wata cũta a cikin da na kanta. Domin Ganin cewa na tsare sirri da yawa a cikin digital tsarin da ake canza a kan lokaci, ya bambanta daga mutum zuwa mutum, kuma ya bambanta, daga halin da ake ciki a halin da ake ciki (Acquisti, Brandimarte, and Loewenstein 2015) , tsare sirri ne wata ila ya zama tushen wuya da'a yanke shawara domin masu bincike ga wasu lokaci.