6.6.1 sanar yarda

Masu bincike ya kamata, za a iya, kuma kada ka bi mulki: wasu nau'i na amsa ga mafi yawan bincike.

Ƙididdigewa yarda ne mai foundational ra'ayin-wasu su ce a kusa da kamu da wani ra'ayi (Emanuel, Wendler, and Grady 2000; Manson and O'Neill 2007) -in bincike xa'a. The sauki version of bincike xa'a ya ce: "informed amsa ga dukan kõme." Wannan sauki mulki, duk da haka, ba daidai da data kasance mai da'a mizanan, da'a tsari, ko gudanar da bincike yi. A maimakon haka, masu bincike kamata, iya, kuma suka aikata bi more hadaddun mulki: "wani nau'i na amsa ga mafi yawan bincike."

Na farko, domin ya motsa bayan overly simplistic ra'ayi game da sanar da amsa, ina so in gaya muku game da filin gwajen yi nazarin nuna bambanci (wadannan aka rufe a bit a Babi na 4 da). A cikin wadannan karatu, karya ne nema suke da halaye daban-daban-kamar wani mutum ko mata-tambaya domin daban-daban jobs. Idan daya irin nema samun hayar a wata mafi girma rate, sa'an nan masu bincike iya cewa akwai iya zama nuna bambanci a cikin haya tsari. Ga dalilai na wannan babi, abu mafi muhimmanci game da wadannan gwaje-gwajen ne, mahalarta a cikin wadannan gwaje-gwajen-da ma'aikata-taba samar da yarda. A gaskiya, wadannan mahalarta suna rayayye ta rũɗe karya aikace-aikace. Amma duk da haka, filin gwajen yi nazarin nuna bambanci da aka yi a akalla 117 karatu a 17 kasashen (Riach and Rich 2002; Rich 2014) .

Masu bincike suka yi amfani da filin gwajen yi nazarin nuna bambanci sun gano hudu siffofin wadannan karatu cewa, tare, da su ethically halatta: 1) da iyaka cutar da ma'aikata, 2) mai girma zamantakewa amfanin da ciwon m gwargwado na nuna bambanci, 3) rauni da sauran hanyoyin da aunawa da nuna bambanci, da kuma 4) da cewa yaudara ba karfi karya norms na cewa wuri (Riach and Rich 2004) . Kowace daga cikin wadannan yanayi ne m, kuma yana da wani daga gare su ba bayyana, da da'a harka zai zama mafi kalubale. Uku daga cikin wadannan siffofin da za a iya samu daga mai da'a mizanan a Belmont Report: iyaka cuta (Mutunta Mutanen da karimci,) da kuma mai girma amfani da rauni da sauran hanyoyin da (karimci da kuma Justice). A karshe alama, ba take hakkin kunsa norms, za a iya samu daga Menlo Report ta Mutunta Attaura da Public Interest. A wasu kalmomin, aikin aikace-aikace ne a saitin inda akwai riga wani fata na yiwuwa yaudara. Saboda haka, wadannan gwaje-gwajen ba ƙazantar an riga ruwan tekun Atlantika da'a wuri mai faɗi.

Baya ga wannan ka'idojin tushen shawara, da dama, sun kuma IRBs ƙarasa da cewa rashin yarda a cikin wadannan karatu ne daidai da data kasance dokoki, musamman Common Rule §46.116, part (d). A karshe, US kotuna sun kuma goyon bayan da rashin yarda da yaudara a filin gwajen don auna da nuna bambanci (No. 81-3029. Amurka Kotun [aukaka {ara, na bakwai Circuit). Saboda haka, yin amfani da filin gwaje-gwajen ba tare da izini ne daidai da data kasance mai da'a da ka'idojin data kasance dokoki (akalla dokokin a Amurka). Wannan tattaunawa da aka goyan bayan da m zamantakewa bincike al'umma, da dama, IRBs, da kuma da US Kotun [aukaka {ara. Saboda haka, dole ne mu kãfirta da sauki mulki "informed amsa ga dukan kõme." Wannan ba wani mulki wanda masu bincike bi, kuma ba mai mulkin wanda masu bincike ya kamata ya bi.

Motsi bayan "informed amsa ga dukan kome" bar masu bincike da wuya tambaya: abin da siffofin yarda da ake bukata domin abin da iri bincike? Ta halitta, a can ya kasance gwaji kafin muhawara a kusa da wannan tambaya, ko da yake mafi yawan shi ne a cikin mahallin likita bincike a cikin analog shekaru. Taƙaita cewa muhawara, Eyal (2012) ya rubuta cewa:

"The mafi m da baki, da more shi ne mai high-tasiri ko wani tabbatacce 'm rayuwa zabi', da more shi ne darajar-Laden da kuma rigima, da karin masu zaman kansu yankin na jiki da cewa baki kai tsaye rinjayar, da more conflicted da unsupervised da yin aiki, da hakan da bukatar robust informed yarda. A wasu lokatai, da bukatar sosai robust sanar yarda, kuma lalle ne, yarda da duk wani tsari, shi ne karami. A kan waɗanda lokatai, high halin kaka na iya sauƙi override cewa bukata. "[Ciki sammaci cire]

An muhimmanci m daga wannan kafin muhawara shi ne cewa informed yarda ba duk ko kõme ba, akwai karfi, kuma mafi rauni siffofin yarda. A wasu yanayi, robust informed yarda alama ya cancanta, amma, a wasu yanayi, weaker siffofin amsa iya zama ya dace. Next, Zan bayyana uku yanayi inda masu bincike za fafitikar samun informed yarda daga dukan shafa jam'iyyun da kuma 'yan zažužžukan a cikin wadanda lokuta.

Na farko, wani lokaci tambayar mahalarta su samar da informed yarda na iya kara kasada da suke fuskanta. Alal misali, a Encore, tambayar mutanen da suke rayuwa a karkashin haramta shi gwamnatoci don samar da yarda a yi musu kwamfuta amfani da ji na Internet katsalandan zai sanya waɗanda suka yarda a karin hadarin. A lokacin da amsa take kaiwa zuwa ƙãra hadarin, masu bincike za a iya tabbatar da cewa bayanai game da abin da suke yi shi ne jama'a da kuma cewa shi ne yiwu ga mahalarta su ficewa-fito. Har ila yau, za su iya neman izini daga kungiyoyin da wakilci mahalarta (misali,} ungiyoyin NGO).

Na biyu, wani lokaci da ciwon cikakken informed yarda da nazarin fara iya yin sulhu akai kimiyya tamanin da binciken. Alal misali, a Wani tunanin Contagion, idan mahalarta sun san cewa masu bincike suna yin wani gwaji kamar motsin zuciyarmu, wannan zai sun sauya hali. Hana bayani daga mahalarta, har ma da yaudarar su, ba sabon abu bane a social bincike, musamman a cikin Lab gwaje-gwajen a tunani. Idan sanar yarda ba zai yiwu da wani binciken fara, masu bincike iya (kuma yawanci yi) debrief mahalarta bayan binciken ne a kan. Debriefing general hada bayyana abin faru, remediating wani illolin, kuma samun amsa bayan gaskiyar. Akwai wasu shawarwari, duk da haka, game da ko debriefing a filin gwajen ne ya dace, idan debriefing kanta zai iya sa cutar da mahalarta (Finn and Jakobsson 2007) .

Na uku, wani lokacin shi ne logistically impractical yi maka informed amsa daga kowa da kowa tasiri by your binciken. Alal misali, tunanin wani mai bincike ne yanã son ya yi nazarin Bitcoin blockchain (Bitcoin ne Hikimar-kudin da blockchain ne mai rikodin dukan Bitcoin ma'amaloli (Narayanan et al. 2016) ). Wasu mutane da suke amfani da Bitcoin zata kuma yi nufin anonymity, da kuma wasu mambobi ne na Bitcoin al'umma zai ƙi wani siffofin bincike a kan su al'umma. Abin baƙin ciki, ba shi yiwuwa a samu amsa daga kowa da kowa wanda yayi amfani da Bitcoin, domin da yawa daga cikin wadannan mutane ne m. A wannan yanayin, da bincike iya kokarin tuntube a sample na Bitcoin masu amfani da kuma ka nẽma musu informed yarda.

Wadannan uku dalilan da ya sa masu bincike ba su iya sami informed amsa-kara hadarin, compromising bincike a raga, kuma tafarkin gazawar-ba ne kawai dalilan da masu bincike fafitikar samun informed yarda. Kuma, da mafita da Na shawara-sanar da jama'a game da gudanar da bincike, kunna wani dainawa, neman izini daga uku-jam'iyyun, debriefing, da kuma neman izini daga mai sample mahalarta-bazai yiwu a duk lokuta. Bugu da ari, ko da wadannan zabi ne mai yiwuwa, su bazai isa for your binciken. Abin da wadannan misalai yi show, duk da haka, shi ne cewa informed yarda ba duk ko kõme ba, da kuma cewa m mafita iya inganta da'a balance karatu cewa ba zai iya samu cikakken bayani yarda daga dukan tasiri jam'iyyun.

Don ƙare, maimakon "informed amsa ga dukan kome" masu bincike ya kamata, za a iya, kuma suka aikata bi more hadaddun mulki: "wani nau'i na amsa ga mafi yawan abubuwa." Bayyana cikin sharuddan ka'idojin, sanar da amsa ne ba dole kuma isa ga ka'idodin na Mutunta Mutanen [ Humphreys (2015) . p. 102]. Bugu da ari, Mutunta Mutanen shi ne kawai daya daga cikin ka'idojin da ya kamata a lokacin da adalci la'akari bincike xa'a. shi ya kamata ba ta atomatik rufe karimci, Justice, kuma Mutunta Attaura da Public Interest, wani batu sanya akai-akai da ethicists kan da shekaru 40 [ Gillon (2015) . p. 112-113]. Bayyana cikin sharuddan da'a frameworks, sanar da amsa ga duk abin da yake an overly deontological wuri cewa da dama wanda aka azabtar ya yanayi kamar Timebomb (duba Sashe 6.5).

A karshe, kamar yadda wani m al'amarin, idan kana la'akari da yin bincike ba tare da wani irin amsa, to, ya kamata ka san cewa ka kasance a cikin wani m wuri. Ka mai da hankali. Duba baya a da'a shaida cewa masu bincike sun yi domin a gudanar da gwaji karatu na nuna bambanci ba tare da yardarka. Shin gaskata a matsayin karfi? Saboda informed yarda ne tsakiya da yawa faduwa da'a theories, ya kamata ka san cewa za ka iya a kira a kan kare your yanke shawara.